Nghidn ciiu Gia e3inh va G i i S6 - Thuf phan tich khdi niem vd de xuat ho chi hdo nh$n dien hinh ding gidfl Viet Nam Le Thj Vmh Thi Tdm t^t: Binh ddng gidi Id sii thita nl^n vd coi trpng cac ddc diim gitfng va khde gifla phu nO va nam gidi Ban chtft cua binh diing gidi Id s^ ttfn vd tao dieu kitfn cho ca nam vd nil ciing phat triin vd cong hitfn cho xa h^i; ddng thdi nhu cdu cua cdc cd nhdn cung dUdc dap ttng nhu Td thi^c tiSn nghign cCtu vl gidi d Vi^t Nam, bdi vitft phan tfch vl khdi nitfm binh ding gidi vd cM bdo nhdn ditfn binh ddng gidi b Vi$t Nam qua dd g6p phdn vdo vitfc ddnh gia cu th^ ve thuc tiSn binh ddng gidi, ciing nhu giup cho v i ^ hinh thdnh nhdn thiic xa h$i vl khai nitfm binh ding g^di mtft each dung din, voh Id mot nhOng v&i dtf quan dl Lu^t Binh ddng gidi di vdo cupc Bong Tit khoa: Gidi; Binh ding gidi; Khai niem; CM bao Khdi niem Binh d i n g gidi Binh ddng gidi (KX}) Id khdi nitfm T& trim tupng cd nhllu ndi dung d nhung cdp ddriCtkbdc nhau, phdn dnh mdt bitfn tupng xa hdi phiic hap rit khd ndm bdt, rtft khd dim dl ddnh gid mdt cdeh cu tbl Cdc qudc gia chiu anh hudng khde bdi cdc ytfu id thudc thuong tdng Idtfn true, tdng CO sd, ddc bitft Id anh hudng ciia cdc tdng vdn lida ndi sinh, ngoai S8 Nghien Clhj Gia dinh vi Gidi Quy^n 27, sd 1, tr 57-62 nhap nen thudng co nhOng quan niem khdng gi6ng nhau, ^ cho viec hinh cdc chi sS dac nhan biet vi BDG cung kh6 trinh duoc su khac biet Su phat tri^n kinh ti xa hfti m6i qufic gia Uong cic thcfi kj khic lu6n k6o theo su van dang va phdt driSn cua khai niem BEX} vi sll thay d6i he thfing chi bao nhan bifit v^ BDG thuc tien xa hfii Dfii vai mfit vSii dl quan vita trila tuong viB phiSc hop vi lufin lufin van dfing, phSt ni^n theo diiu kien kinh tSxa hfii nhu khii niem BiXJ thi chiing ta cin bat diu ttt phan tich khii niem da dugc chuSn hfia, chi cic chi sfi ii nhan bitt hien nang BDG; ttt dfi tfing hpp khii quit dua bfi chi bio vi nhiing chi sfi vl BDG Viet Nam Vugt len nhitag khfi khan nky, nfiu Viet Nam co duoc mfit su thfing nhit chung vl khii niem thi nio M BEX), thi tttn co sd dfi se xiy dung mfit he chi sfi dinh gii tinh hinh thuc tiin BDG, cho via sit vfii quan niem chinh thfing cda qufic gia vtta phd hop vdi nhin thiic chung ciia qufic tl vi phin inh dung nhitag thinh tuu, tfin tai cia BEX}, dugc nhiiu ngufii thia nliin dil dfi la mfit viil dl rit khfi, nhung lai cfi j ngMa cho cfing tic nghien ciiu, nhim thiic iiy thuc hien vi dinh gii mfit cich cu thi hienfrangBDG Viet Nam Cach tiep can nghien cuu van de binh ding gidi Cich t i ^ can nghien ciiu v9h dl BEX} b Viet Nam cia chiing tfii li xuit phit ttt phan tich cic dinh nghia BEX} rUt nhttng biiu hien dac mmg khfing thi thiiu, qua dfi he thfing hfia mfit t)fi clii bio dl cfi nhttng nhan biit ban diu cho cic chi sfi BtXi Viet Nam Cufii thiky XX vi nhttng nam diu thiky XXI vin dl "gifii" "dua gifii vio phit triin" vi "Binh dang gifii" da dugc xa hfii tiiao luan, trao dfii rfing kliip Theo dfi khii niem BDG da dugc xic dinh tuong dfii thfing nhit li "Binh ding vl phip luat, vl xa hfii, bao gfim binh d^g tiip can ngufin nhan luc, ngufin vfin vi cic ngufin luc san xuit khic, binh ding uong this lao cfing viec vi binh ding vl tilng nfii" (Thfing qua su binh ding gifii vl quyin, ngufin luc vi tilng nfii: Dua vih dl gifii vio phit Oriln, 2001) Theo quan niem niy nhfim vSh dl da dugc dl cap: - Binh ding tiip can cic ngufin luc hoat dfing Nghia li nam, ntt diu dugc thfing bio vi phin bfi cic ngufin luc diu vio ciia hoat dfing muu sinh, dit dai tiin vfin, tri thttc, kinh nghiem, gifing ciy, gifing Thfing bio vi phin bfi cttng theo mfit he tilu chuin nhu nhau, khfing phan biet dfii xtt vfii nam hay vfii ntt L#ThiViDhThi 59 - Binh ding thu hudng vl qua boat ddng Nam nu ciing dupe x ^ hang loai lao ddng theo titfu chuIn nhu nhau, ciing tao nhung thdnh tfch, ktft qua nhu nhau, thi cilng dupe nhdn liln luemg, tiin thudng vd cdc dai ngd khde e»mg nhu Khdng cdn nhihig vfln dung vd ly lam gidm Ihilu su thu hudng cOa phu nQ - Binh eldng "Stic ndng*' ciia y kitfn tDng gidi Hitfn d Viet Nam kh4teg chi cd d viing cao miin nui md ca d ddng bdng \ ^ miin xudi vdn cdn tdn tai nhOng trd ngai k h i ^ cbo {diu IH^ khteg dupe tham du cdc hdi nghi quan trpng: hdi nghi san xudt; hdi nghi phdn bd ngudn luc cho cdc ktf hoach, hoat ddng Vi vdy, su Idng nghe titfng ndi cua phu nir bi han chtf rdt nhiiu Thuc ttf cho thdy su thuc hitfn binh ddng ln»ig fA\kn bd ngudn luc ddu vdo, binh ddng thu hudng thdnh qua ddu vd binh ddng vl titfng ndi khdng d l thuc hitfn Mdt nhung nguytfn nhdn gdy ntfn Id su khde bitft namAiu Ngodi nhihig ntft tuong ddng hp e:dn e:d nhung d i ^ khde nhau: chiiu e:ao trung binh; e:dn ndng trung binh; dd co cua co bdp; nhip d ^ cua tim; rdi thai ngbtfn; sinh nd vd chdm sdc thdi ky cdn btf dm ciia frfiu nil khde nam gidi £>ilu dd ddn dtfn chd nhip d6 thao tdc, ktft qua vdn hdnh mdy mdc thitft bi d mdt thfri diim ndo dd khdng nhu nhau, ktft qua ddu khdng bdng Qiung la rtft khd dat dupe binh ddng vl quyin tham gia, quyin thu h i ^ g thu thdnh qua boat ddng cho nam vd cho nfi, ntfu nhu gia eTmh, cdng ddng co sd vd todn xa hdi, khdng tdp uung ddu tu lim kitfm n h ^ g quytft sdch b l trp nhdm khdng chtf di dtfn giam thiiu nhihig khitfm khuytft, khuytfn khi'ch nam vd nu hpp tdc chia se tdt nhihig bdn biu vudng mdc trcmg cudc sdng dl ca hai cimg phdt triin Idu bin Theo tinh thdn ndy, ndm 2003 UNESCX) tai Viet Nam mdt tdi litfu chinh Ihfic da dinh nghia: BDG Id su coi trpng ngang bdng cua xa hdi ddi vdi nhung diim tuong ddng hodc khde bitft giira phu nu vd nam gidi, ddn dtfn tdt ytfu phai coi trpng vai trd md mdi p(A dam nbdn Nam vd nQ diu Id nhihig dcTi ldc ddy du mdt gia dinh, mdi cdng ddng vd todn xa hdi An sdu dinh nghta ndy ela he Id vtM chung ta nhimg diiu kitfn giup xa hdi, gia dinh, cdng ddng thi hitfn su trdn uong d^i vdi nhihig net tuong ddng vd kbdc biet, coi uong vai trd mdi gidi dam nhdn vd xdc dinh nam nii Id nbOng "d6i tdc ddy du" (tdc gia nhi&i manh) gia dinh va cdng ddng NhOng diiu kitfn ndy theo chiing tdi ciing Id nhihig chi bdo dl nhdn ditfn BDG Dd Id: - Htf thdng chinh sdch ddnh rieng cho phu nfi - Htf t h ^ g cdc giai jAdp ban chtf tdc ddng ngupc chiiu cua cdc chmh sdch iru tien phu nil 60 Nghien cihi GEa dinh vd Gidi Quy^n 27, so 1, tr 57-62 - Vd danh muc cdc nghi thfch hop cbo ritfng nam vd nQ Ddng thudn vdi quan diim cua UNESCO nhiiu qudc gia da ban hdnh nhiing chmh sdch ddnh ritfng cho phu nii, ddc bitft linh virc thai san, chdm sdc y ttf; da xdc dinh danh muc ngdnh nghi thich hpp vdi phu nii hodc nam gidi Vd budc ddu da tinh dtfn cdc giai ph&p ban chtf tdc ddng ngupc chiiu cua chinh sdch uu titfn phu nQ Vi du nhu su giam thutf cho cdc doanh nghitfp ddng lao ddng nff d Vitft nam Vitft Nam Ludt Binh ddng gidi ndm 2006 quy dinh "Blnb ddng gidi Id vitfc nam vd nii cd vi tri, vai trd ngang nhau, dupe too eJilu kitfn phdt huy ndng luc cua muih cho su phdt triin gia dinh, cdng ddng vd thu hudng nhu thdnh qud phdt triin" Dinh nghia ndy mdt Idn nfia nhdn manh: - nam vd nii cd vi tri ngang nhau; - dupe tao diiu kitfn ngang cho su phdt triin; - vd hudng thu thdnh qua ngang VI mdt ly ludn vd thuc titfn, vai trd thudng dupe nhdn ditfn nhu nhOng boat ddng (hay nhiing cdng vitfc) dupe chd d d Vi bf Id "ehd dihig" md ngutt chitfm giii dupe, nhd vdo ktft qua thuc hitfn vai trd vd nhd vdo su eldnh gid d^i vdi ktft qua dy Ktft qud thuc hitfn vai trd Id ytfu td cd Ihl lufmg dupe (do bdng tiin, b ^ g dai lupng thdi gian hay bdng gid tri sit dung ngay) ntfn thudng mang i ^ khdch quan Su ddnh gid ktft qud thuc hitfn vai trd thudng mang tinh chii quan nhiiu hon, vl phai phu thudc vdo nhllu ytfu td chii quan (eh6 quan ehu thi ddnh gid vd bj chi phd! bdi phong luc tdp qudn, nhdt Id tdp qudn trpng nam khinh nff) VI vdy, d ddu cdn cd su bdt cdp giiia vai trd vd vi tri eua phu nG Ihl b dd vSn cd nguy co tao nhiiu bdt cdp khde Su irtiil hpp giiia vai trd vd vi trf khdng nhihig Id thudc quan trpng di ddnh gid litfn bd phu nii Suy cho cClng dd cQng Id nhfing thudc c(ia BEKj vd tu ban thdn nd da khdng dinh nhimg v3h d l litfn quan, cdc diiu kitfn dupe tao cho su ^in ddu cua hai gidi sa tham gia cua hai gidi vdo boat ddng chung, ddc bitft Id lao ddng vitfc 1dm, gido due - ddo taio, hoat ddng quan IJ lanh dao Ty Itf nam nfi Onb vuc ndy Id nhfing thdng sd quan trpng nhdL Thdnh qua phdt triin cd thi gdm nhiiu ytfu td: tiin luong, liln thudng, mdc sdng vdt chdi, linh thdn, su suy tdn ciia xa bdi su ndng cao siic khde, thuytfn giam btfnh tdt vd ktfo ddi tudi Ihp Le Thi Vinh Thi 61 De xuat cac chi bao nhan biet binh d ^ g gidi d Viet Nam Tii nhiing phdn tfch trtfn, chiing ta cd ihl tdng hpp rdt chi bdo nhdn bitft BEKJ d Viet Nam nhu sau: 3.1 Cdc ditfu kitfn dupe tao nhu cho su phin diu cua hai gidi nam vd nfi Nhfing diiu kitfn ndy cd tfnh dtfn eldc diim tdm sinh 1^ cua mdi gidi, hodn canh ndi chung ciia todn xa hdi va ddc diim viing niiln 3.2 Dd Id mtic dd tham gia nhu cua e:a hai gidi vdo boat ddng ehung, ddc bitft Id cdc boat ddng quan trpng nhu vitfc lam, lao ddng nghi nghitfp, gido due ddo tao, quan ly lanh elao Ty Itf nam nfi, tuong quan cua ly le dd Id chi sd quan trpng nhdt 3.3 Nam nfi dupe hudng thu cdng bdng thdnh qua cua su phdt triin 3.4 Dd la sir tu nguyCn hop ldc, tfch cue chia se vdi phu nfi cdng viec ndi trp, gido due chdu, chdm sdc ngudi gid, ngudi dm dau tdn tdt, khdng cdn quan niem cbo r ^ g nhfing cdng vitfc dy Id viec cua rieng phu nfi, khdng cdn bao hdnh vdi phu nfi vd em gdi 3.5 Cd thi cd nhiing don vi tien titfn, nhfing md hinh td chfic thuc titfn dupe ddu lu xdy dung cho nen dd nhung thdnh qua cua BDG dupe biiu hiCn rd ret, khdng chi mong mudn, tren Idi ndi cua eon nguin md Id thuc titfn smh ddng, tren thuc ttf cudc sdng thudng ngdy Don vi dd khdng cdn nan bao hdnh ddi vdi phu nfi, \ii em gdi khdng phdi nghi d nhd, nhudng quyin dtfn Idp cho em trai, titfng ndi cua phu nfi dupe Idng nghe, ^ kitfn ddng ciia ho dupe tdn Khdi vpng cua [^u nfi dupe chd ^ thdm dd Fhu nfi cung dupe hudng cdng bdng nhu nam, cdc chtf dd bao trp bao hiim y ttf- xa hdi cdc phdc Id cdng cdng cilng vdi nhflng suy tdn vl linh thdn lao d ^ g bdc cao, lao ddng lien titfn, chitfn sy thi dua, anh hilng lao ddng 3.6 Cudi ciing id chi bdo phan dnh su trudng thdnh cda ca hai gidi Ddc biet Id gidi nu cdn dupe Idn hon vl tdm vdc, cao hon vl trinh dd thdng thao hon ky ndng sdng vd ky ndng nghi, thuytfn giam nhiiu hon vl nhfing benh tdt phd bitfn tudi tho dupe ktfo ddi hon Tfi nhfing dinh nghia da dupe phdn U'ch, ehdng tdi rut chi bdo nhdn ditfn BDG nhu da iruih bdy d trtfn \^ mdi chi bdo diu chda dung dd nhfing thdng tin dinh tfnh, dinh lupng rd ret Khi khao sdt thuc liln, ngudi ta phai phdn U'ch bd chi bao, Idy nhfing thdng Un dinh tfnh, dinh lupng cdn thu thdp, rdi sfi dung nd nhu nhung chi sd nhflng cdng cu chuyCn dung, dl ludng thuc trang BDG mdt cdeh true titfp, true dien 6i NghlSn curu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyjn 27, so 1, tr 57-62 Trong chi bao ntfu trtfn, edc chi bao 1,2, Id quan trpng bon cd Nd phan dnh thuc chdt ndi dimg quan trpng nhdt cua BDG Khdng tao ditfu kitfn xudt phdt nhu d l phu nfi Oiam gia nhu nam gidi vdo boat ddng chung thi khdng thi cd su hudng thu nhu thdnh qua thu dupe Do dd, mpi su nd luc d l thuc bitfn BDG chi la vd vpng khdng tbl trd thdnh hitfn thuc dupe Chi bdo thd Id diiu kitfn khdng tbl thitfu Nd phdn dnh su Ian Ida cda tu'uidng binh ddng gidi vdo Hnh vuc gia dlnb, tao tbtfm hpp luc thdc diy su thuc hitfn BDG chdng di dtfn thdnh cdng Chi bao thd khdng dinh su chdp nhdn hay chua chdp nbdn cua thuc tiin ddi vdi cac chi bao da chpn Do dd nd cung khdng dinh mdc dd bin vihig cua thdnh qua thu dupe Chi bdo thd dtfm thdnh qua BDG uong Rnh vuc Irudng thdnh ciia ngudi b hai gidi Thdc diy thuc hitfn BfXJ khdng chi cdn cho su phdt triin san xudt, hodn thien quan he cho gia dhih, cho cdng ddng md hon thtf nd edn dem dtfn hanh phdc vd phat triin todn ditfn ngudi Sdu chi bdo neu trtfn hpp thdnh bd cdng cu ddnh gid thuc Uln thuc thi BDG Ddng then dd cung Id titfu thfic ndm muc titfu p h ^ ddu thuc hitfn BDG mdt cdeh bin vung.H Tai li^u trich ddn Thdng qua su binh d^g gidi vi quy^n, ngudn luc vi titfng ndi: Dua vdh dl gidi vdo phdi uiln 2001 Nxb Vdn hda d&n tdc Ludt Binh ding gidi 2006 Nxb U o d0ng - xa hdi Hd Ndi UNESCO 2003 Thiic diy binh ddng gidi Uong gido due ... gidi d Viet Nam Tii nhiing phdn tfch trtfn, chiing ta cd ihl tdng hpp rdt chi bdo nhdn bitft BEKJ d Viet Nam nhu sau: 3.1 Cdc ditfu kitfn dupe tao nhu cho su phin diu cua hai gidi nam vd nfi Nhfing... vi dinh gii mfit cich cu thi hienfrangBDG Viet Nam Cach tiep can nghien cuu van de binh ding gidi Cich t i ^ can nghien ciiu v9h dl BEX} b Viet Nam cia chiing tfii li xuit phit ttt phan tich... hfia mfit t)fi clii bio dl cfi nhttng nhan biit ban diu cho cic chi sfi BtXi Viet Nam Cufii thiky XX vi nhttng nam diu thiky XXI vin dl "gifii" "dua gifii vio phit triin" vi "Binh dang gifii"