Su- ^^-.uau Uinn Xd hpi hpc s6 1(137) 2017 55 T H U C TRANG C U A N H O M TRE EM DAI - VIET V A H A N - VIET TAI HAU GIANG: HIEN T U Q N G XA H Q I T R O N G BOI C A N H DI C U HON N H A N CO YEU T O N U c NGOAI DUONG HIEN H ^ N H " Tdm tdt: Tre Ddi - Vi?t vd Hdn - Vi^t dd vd dang co eudc sdng Ihuc liin tai Hdu Giang cung vdi ngudi thdn hogc me cua tre, diiu ki4n hoan loan khdng cd mgl ctia nguoi cha ngudi Ddi Loan hodc Han Qudc, vdphdn Idn tre dang sdng voi dng bd ngoai, lan song nhdp cu ndy cdn dupe xem xet nhu mpt hi^n tupng xd hpi Tre Ddi ~ Viqt vd Hdn - Vi$t dd nhgp cu sdng tai Hdu Giang Ihdi gian trung binh Id 7,42 ndm ddy ciing Id khodng cdch thdi gian tuang ddi ddi Bdi viet difa tren vi$c phdn tich so bg sd li^u thuc dja vao ndm 2016 tgi thdnh phd Vl Thanh, thi xa Nga Bdy va huy^n Vj Thuy nhdm md td ban ddu ve thdn trgng cua Ire Ddi - Vi?t vd Hdn - Vi^t a Hpu Giang nhu la mpt hi^n lupng xd hpi bdi cdnh hien dgi Tir khod: tr^ Dai - Viel, tre H ^ - Viel, hdn nhan cd yeu tb nude ngoai, di cu S3t van de Khi dien giAi nhihig vln de vd dan sd va nhap cu, Richard Schaefer (2003: 682) da md ta di cu la mdt hi?n tu^ng xa hgi phitc tap va la kSt qui cua nhieu ylu lo, dd kinh xi la ySu td quan trpng nhit Tuy nhien, Schaefer chi ban den van de nhap cu ciia ngudi ldn, la nhiing ngudi cd xu hudng quyet djnh duoc v^n menh ciia minh Cdng trinh cOa dng khdng &% cap ddn di cu tr6 em Trudng hop hdn nhan cd yeu to nude ngoai, sau nhOng nam 1990, d Ddng b k g sdng Cim Long xuat hien Iinh trang phu nu ket hdn vdi d ^ dng Dai Loan, va sau dd l^ii quay trd \h Vi?t Nam sau hdn nhan thai b?i, mang theo nhimg dira trS mang hai ddng mSu Dai Loan v^ Vi?t Nam (Dii - Vi?t) (Duong Hien H^nh, 2009) Tinh trang ket hdn vdi ngudi Han Quoc cung nhu vay, va Ire lai Han Qudc Viet Nam (Han - Vi?t) cung dugc dua \k nudi dudng lai Viet Nam Tr^ em D^i - yi?l vk Han - Vi^t dugc sinh giua cdc cSp vg chdng kel hdn cd ylu to nude ngoai bdi cdnh di dan loan cau, vi s\r co m^t cua nhdm tre l?i Vi?t Nam can xem xet nhu mgt hien tugng xa hgi hien bdi canh t o ^ c k hda va lan sdng di dan xuyen quoc gia t^ Vi?t Nam ' NCS Hpc vien Khoa hpc xd hdi- 56 Thuc trpng cua nhdm tre em Dai - Vigt va Hdn - Vift So cugc hdn nhan cd ylu Id nude ngoai tai Dii Ixian din nam 2012 la 152.828 Irudng hgp, dd 87,8% trudng hgp kit hdn vdi nhihig ngudi thugc khu vue phia Nam chau A, va kit hdn vdi ngudi Viet Nam chilm ty 1? 57% So lugng ket hdn voi ngudi Vi$t Nam la cao nhdl so vdi cac qudc gia khac (Kao, 2015) Tran Thi Nhung (2010) da dua sd tir nam 2001 din nam 2006 la 20 428 ngudi va tilp t\ic gia t&ig Theo thing ke tir phia Han Qudc, den sd ngudi Viet Nam ket hdn vdi ngudi Han Qudc da len din so hon 40,000 trudng hgp (Cyc Lanh su - Bo Ngoai giao, 2011:23) Tilp theo lan sdng kit hdn cd yeu td nude ngoai va ket qua ciia cac cugc hdn nhan xuy6n qudc gia la nhung khd khan, ly hdn, ly than Mdt nhihig dieu ding luu tgm la tre em tir nhimg eugc hdn nhan cd yeu to nude ngoai doi di?n vdi nhihig khd khan nhdl dinh Hien tugng nhap cu ciia Ire Dai - Viet va Han - Viet tai Vi?l Nam vao nhimg nam g ^ day duoc nhSc dSn vdi su quan ngai v6 the che phdp ly, tilp c|n gido diic, liep can y te (Pham Thanh Khdi, 2011; Duong Hien Hanh, 2009), song nhihig quan lam d6 chi dimg lai d cau chuy?n dat van dS nham nghien ciiu tiep Tdi thdi diem chua c6 bao cao khoa hgc nao dugc cdng bd ve tinh trang ciia tre Dai - Vift va Han - Vi^t nhap cu tai Viet Nam Vao thdi diem khao sat, tinh Hau Giang vao ndm 2014 da cd den 169 Ire lai dugc di hgc cap I (Sd Tu Phdp Heiu Giang, 2014), sd ma phia bao chi Trung Qudc (Dai Loan) cong bo sd lai Dai Loan hien dang d Vi?t Nam len din 3.000 chdu, Trong cdc dien dan khoa hgc xa hgi, cac nghien ciiu gan day cd de cap den tinh trang Ire lai lai Vi^t Nam tai cdc dien dan khoa hgc, nhung dudng nhu chi la d miic dS xudt nghien cihi liSp theo sau Bai viet nhdm xem xet ca sd sd li^u theo loi tiep can xem tinh t r ^ g nhap cit ciia Ire em Ddi - Vict va Han - Vigt dang song ciing hg hang nhd ngoai hoac m? ruol t£ii H^u Giang nhu Id mgt hi^n tugng xa hgi boi cdnh di dan hdn nhan cd ylu to nude ngoai Bg dit li?u th\rc dia ndm 2016 lai dja bdn tinh Hau Giang co cd dir li?u dinh lugng vd dinh linh, nhung bai viet ndy chi sir dung so ii|u djnh lugng vl tre Ddi - Viet va Han - Viet ciia bg dir lieu tren de phan lich, chgn mau theo lieu chi mgt don vi cap Ihdnh phd Id Vj Thanh vdi 15 trudng hgp, mgt don vi cdp xa Id Nga Bdy vdi 17 trudng hgp va mgt don vj cap huyfn Id Vj Thuy vdi 68 trudng hgp, bdng cdch trao dot tryc lilp vdi ngudi nuoi duong ire chinh gia dinh Trong mau nghiSn ciiu cd 47 trudng hgp la tre nhap cu Ddi - Vi?t vd Han - Vi?t Id nam vd 53 tnrdng hgp Id nii 72 tnrdng hgp trS cd bo Id ngudi Dai Loan va 28 trudng hgp tre c6 bd Id ngudi Hdn Qudcr Tdng thl mau vdi so lugng 100 mlu Ire Ddi - Viet va Hdn - Vict dugc idy lodn bd tren dja bdn don vj khao sat Nhdm nghien cim xudng dja bdn xa vd thdng qua chinh quyln dja phuong gidi Ihi^u tryc lilp xudng hg dan (Tre Dai - Vi|t vd Hdn - Vi?l) thugc di?n qudn ly ve tre cd ylu tl nude ngodi Duang Hiin Hpnh 57 M^t sS khdi nifm Hdn nhdn cd yeu td nude ngodi Tren co sd van dung dilu 826 Bg luat Dan sy ndm 1995 vl quan h? dan sy cd ylu Id nude ngodi, Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nSm 2000 da dua khai niem quan h^ hdn nhan vd gia dinh cd ylu td nude ngodi Theo quy dinh tai khodn 14 dilu Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 2000 liii quan he hdn nhan vd gia dinh cd yeu td nude ngoai dugc quy djnh nhu sau: 1) giiia cdng dan Viet Nam va ngudi nude ngoai; 2) giiia ngudi nude ngodi vdi thudng Iru tai Viet Nam; 3) giiia cdng ddn Viet Nam vdi md can cii dl xdc I|p, Ihay ddi, cham diit quan h | dd Iheo phap ludt nude ngodi hoac Idi sdn lien quan din mdi quan he nude ngoai Bdi viet ndy sir dyng luan diem: Hdn nhdn co ylu Id nude ngodi la vigc xdc llip quan he vg chdng theo quy dinh cua phdp luat v'h dilu ki|n kit hdn va dang ky ket hdn giiia cdng dan Viet Nam vd nude ngodi vdi Tre nhdp cu Ddi - Viet vd Hdn - Vi&t Tre nhap cu Id nhiing Ire em dugc xem la tir noi khdc den Trong nghien cihi ndy, trd nh§p cu la nhdm tre lai cd m? la ngudi Viet Nam, bo Id ngudi Dai Loan hoiic Hdn Qudc dugc dua ve Viet Nam song cimg ngudi thdn hg ngoai, nghia Id dugc dng/ bd ngoai, m? rugt hay cau di nudi dudng t^ Vi§l Nam, cy thl Id tai tinh Hdu Giang Mgng ludi xS hoi Ly thuylt mang ludi xd hgi dugc sir dyng nghien citu ndy vdi bon djnh dS co bdn: 1) cdc cd nhan cd thl hoa cdc moi quan h?; 2) cdc kinh nghi?m dugc su dung vd mang y nghia tiong cac mdi quan h?; 3) cdc mdi quan h? quylt dinh mdt phan kinh nghi?m thuc tl v^ cdc bilu hi^n ciia nd; 4) nghien cdru cdc moi quan h? giup la hieu dugc mgt hi?n tugng xa hgi Bai vilt ndy su dung djnh dl thit tu: nghien ciru cac mdi quan he giiip ta hilu dugc hign tugng xa hgi nhdm tim hilu cac moi quan he cua m? vd-bo cua tr^ Ddi - Viet vd Hdn - Vift, Id ngudi quyet dinh dua tre vfi nudi tai gia dinh hg ngoai, sy gdn kit sau dd ddi vdi tre va nhiing ngudi cd lien quan gia dinh Ket qua Theo Bdo cdo tong quan vl tinh hinh di cu ciia cong ddn Vi?t Nam, tir thdng 9/2008 den thdng 9/2009, phia bg phan quan ly di dan Hdn Qudc ihdng bdo cd 1700 tnidng hgp tre lai Han - Vi?t dudi tuoi khong dugc dua vl lai nude Hdn (Cyc Lanh sy - Bd Ngoai giao, 2011: 53), hi?n mgng ciing tuong ty nhu hifn tugng tre lai Ddi Loan vd Vift Nam dugc dua vl bgn ngo?i nudi dudng bdi nhilu ly dg nhu: gia dinh bo m? tre khd kh5n, ly hdn, ngudi m? bj tryc xudt, hodc hdn nhan thdt b^i mang thai ve de tai que nhd ChuJ cd qudc gia ndo dua dugc chlnh xdc sd Ire dang sdng tai Vi?t Nam, cd phia Vift Nam ciing chua cd cong bd chinh Ihitc Hdn nhan Ddi - Vift vd Han - Vift dugc xdc lap dya tren co sd phdp ly kilu hdn nhdn tir tinh yeu, hay hdn nhan khdng lir tinh yeu, hdn nhdn trgng nude hay hdn nhan vdi ngudi nude ngodi cy thl Id Dai Loan vd Han Qu6c diu 58 Thpc trpng cua nhdm tre em Dai - Vi?tvdHan- Vi?t cd thl dan din vifc ly hdn hodc giai do?n khimg hodng ly hdn Nhdm trf Ddi - Vift va Hdn - Viet tdch khdi bo, m? vd mdi trudng sdng d Dai Loan vd Han Qudc, va song vdi hg hdng nha ngoai t£ii Hdu Giang 3.1, Thtrc frgng ddi sdng Ire nh^p cir Ddi - Vift va Hdn- Vi^t Mau nghien cihj cd 72 Irudng hgp tri cd bo Id ngudi Ddi Loan vd mg Id ngudi Vift Nam, Irong cd 34 tre Id nam vd 38 Ire la nii Co 28 Irudng hgp cd bd Id ngugj Hdn Qudc, m? la ngudi Vift nam, Irong dd co 13 tre em Id nam vd 15 Ire em Id nit (bdng 1) Bang PhSn bo mlu t r i D ^ i - V i | t v i Mdn-Vj|l theo gidi tfnh v^qu6ctjcfib6 Quiic lieh hh G\(n tinh cijacre Nam Nil Tong Dai Loan 34 38 72 Tfing H^Quoc 13 15 28 47 53 100 Ngudn Di hiu ihuc dja, 2016 Trinh dp hgc vdn cua tre Ddi - Vi?t vd Hdn - Viet Tre Ddi - Vift vd Han - Vift mlu khao sal cd tj" If tuoi di hgc khd cao Da sd tudi den trudng Ire deu dugc di hgc, 51% Irf co trinh dg hgc vdn cdp (hgc tif ldp din ldp 5) tai Vift Nam, 19 trudng hop hgc cdp 2; 03 trudng hgp hgc cdp 3; 15 trudng hgc di hgc mau gido, cdn lai cd trudng hgp dudi tuoi khdng di hgc, vd Irong mau khdo sdt cd trudng hgp Irong dg tu6i di hgc nhung khdng di hgc vd khdng bilt dgc, bilt viil tieng Vift Qudc tich ciia tre Ddi - Viit vd Hdn - Viet Quoc tich cda trf Ddi - Viet va Han - Vift nghifn cim ndy khdng ddng dfu, da so Ire c6 qude dch Ddi Loan Tre mang quoc tjch Vift Nam Id trudng hgp mg mang vf d ludn hoac giti cho hg hang nudi duong, hoac tnrdng hgp sinh tai Vift Nam Tnrdng hgp khdng cd bdt ky qudc tich ndo dugc gidi thich Id khdng Idm dugc qudc tjch vd Ire khong cd gidy chiing sinh tai Vift Nam, Tre Ddl - Vift vd Han - Vift Irong mau cd bdn truong hgp quoc tjch: Ire cd qudc tjch Vift Nam Id 17 trudng hpp, qudc tich Ddi Loan la 58 Irudng hgp, Quoc tjch Han Qudc la 24 trudng hgp vd trudng hgp khdng cd quoc tjch ndo Dg tuditrung binh ciia tre Ddi - Vift va Hdn - Vift nghifn ciiu Id 9.42 (mean), dg tudi trung binh cua tie cd quIc ijch Viet Nam la 10.12, dg ludi trung binh cua tre Ddi Loan Id 10.19, dg tuoi trung binh ciia Ire cd qudc tjch Hdn Quoc Id 7.38 Ket qud eho thdy tuoi trung binh eua tie cd qudc tjch Hdn Quoc thip hon so vdi Ddi Loan, bdi ket hon giita phy nu Vift Nam va ddn ong Hdn Qudc xudt hifn sau ldn sdng kit hon giii phu nii Viet Nam va Dai Loan nhilu ndm Tmh trgng cu trii ciia ire Ddi - Vi^t vd Hdn - Vi^l Tre Dai - Vift va Hdn - Vift dugc sinh l^ii Vift Nam hole sau sinh d nude Duong Hien Hpnh 59 ngoai vd dua ve sdng tgi Vift Nam cy the Id d Hdu Giang vcd hg hdng ben m? ciia tre Xac nhdn linh trang cu tni ciia tre dd cd 23 trudng hgp c6 hd khdu tgi Hau Giang, chilm ty If 23% mau khdo sdt, 18 trudng hgp gia han thdng chilm ty If 18%, 39 trudng hgp gia han thdng chilm 39% va cdn lai 20 tnrdng hgp khdng gia han cu tni cho tre chiem 20% Vifc gia han cu tni ciing cho thdy tre van dugc mong dgi eho vl lai Dai Loan hoac Hdn Qudc thdi gian sau ndy, Nhimg tnidng hgp tre cd dugc hg khdu tai dia phuong thi khong lam gia han Tnidng hgp khdng 1dm gia han hoSc khdng cd loai gidy td ndo ke cd gia hem cu tru da so Id nhiing Ire Dai - Vift vd Han - Viet dugc dua vl sdng lai Hdu Giang d qud lau, ho^c gia dinh khong mudn dua Ire vl \syi Ddi Loan hay Hdn Qudc, gia dinh nhan nudi tre khdng ed du dieu kifn tai ehinh dl ddng cho tre 3.2 Nguyen nhdn tri song cung hp ngopi tgi Hgu Giang Nguoi sdng cimg tre Thdi gian binh quan cua nhdm trf Id tren ndm (tnmg binh Id 7,4, trung vj Id 7), cho thay thdi gian ciia tre d Vift Nam ciing khd ddi, mau khao sat, phan ldn tr^ dugc dua ve song cung ong ba ngoai, ciing cd trudng hgp sdng ciing me mdt vd cau di Cd 73 trudng hgp sdng ciuig ong ba ngoai vd dng ba Id ngudi chdm sde tre, 19 trudng hgp sdng vdi gia dinh hg ngoai vd cau di la ngudi cham soc trf Id chinh, vd trudng hgp tre sdng cimg m? rugt (trong cd trudng hgp m? tdi hdn nfn Ire d ciing vol mc vd bo dugng) Nguyen nhdn tre Dai • Viet vd Hdn - Vi$t ve sdng ciing gia dinh hg ngogi Nhiing nguyen nhan dugc nfu phdn ldn bdi hdn nhdn tryc trdc cua bo m? tre, dd ty If bd me ly hdn/ ly thdn ma dua tre vl Vift Nam cao nhdt chilm 37%, ke din bd m? ban giri ve nudi tam chilm 22%, trudng hgp m? mang thai ve Vift Nam sinh chifm 16% Ly ong bd ndi khong gidp trdng chdu nfn giii ve Vift Nam chilm so khong nhd Id 12% phdn cdn lai vdi ly m? len mang vl Vift Nam roi qua lai ben 1dm vifc, hay bd me ciia tre mdt dilu chilm ty le rdt Ihdp, trudng hgp m? cua tre qua ddi van xem xet phan tich day vi cd kha nang ngudi m? van df tiln lai nudi (Hmh I) Hinh Ly tre Axnfc aira ve Vi|t Nam song ciing nha ngoai Ongbsnoit hong giD giup Bo mcbinluDginllDi « Viel Nam Bomtmil (ten mang COnv« VIeiNam gultalqui 30 Nguon Du lieu thuc dia, 2016 35 40 60 Thyc Irang cua nhom tre em Dai - Vift va Hdn - Vi^t 3J Mang ludi xS bgi tac dpng den ddi s^Bg cda nbdm trd Dai - ViftviHanVai trd gidi Irong quyit dinh cho tre di cu Vift Vai trd cua ngudi me hit silc quan trgng viec quyet djnh dua tre vl s6ng ben ngoai, sy quylt dinh ndy da sd tu ngudi phy nir quyet dinh, it cd tnidng hgp cd hai vg chdng ciing ddng ^ Khi hdi Id ngudi quylt djnh dua irh vl ciing ong bd phdn Idn ngudi trd ldi cho rang: m? tre Id ngudi quyet djnh, chiem 74%, cd bd vd me ciia tre ciing quylt dinh chiln 19%, dng bd ngoai quylt dinh chilm 5%, cdn lai 2% la ngudi bd quylt djnh Ngudi nuoi duong vd cham soc tre lai dja phuong dudng nhu phu thugc theo sy quylt dinh cua con, chdu, hay em gdi ciia hg.Vif c thieu vang vai trd quyet dinh eua ngudi bd ed Ihf bdi nhieu nguyen nhdn khdc nhu vifc ngudi m? Ien dua vf Vift Nam roi qua lal de di lam, hoac Id ve sinh vd d lai ludn Tien giti ve cho tre Ddt • Vi^t vd Hdn - Vi^t Trong s6 Ire Ddi - Vift vd Hdn - Vift dang s6 t^ H|u Giang nhung khong sdng cimg ngudi me rugt mau khdo sdt cd 91 trudng hgp cho biet me cd giii tif n nudi Ire la 79 liudng hgp, 12 trudng hgp khdng gui tiln cho ngudi nudi Irf Trong 17 Iruong hgp song tai Hdu Giang nhung khdng nudi dudng trf, cd trudng hgp giri tiln cho ngudi nudi tre vd 11 trudng hop khdng giri, nhiing ngudi m? ciia tre dang d tinh khdc nude Vift Nam cd 14 trudng hgp, dd 14 trudng hgp Id cd giti tiln vf nudi Irf, nhiing ngudi m? dang song g Ddi Loan la 41 trudng hgp dd 40 tiudng hgp giii tiln ve nudi Ire, nhiing ngudi m? dang d Han Qudc la 18 trudng hgp va cd 18 trudng hgp ed giii tiln vf nuoi tre, Hinh Trung binh tien gui ve ciia m; tri de nuoi tre Dai - Vijt va Hdn - Vi^t _ HjoGBBg •nnhfciac DaiLoB KiMQaic Qn&cpaUiic Ngudn- Da hiu llurcdia 2016 Lugng liln giii vl dl ngudi nha nudi tre tuong ddi cao (3,612,670 VND), nhifn sy chenh Ifch vl ddng tien giri giQa nhthig midng hgp noi d cua m? 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d Ddi Loan hay Hdn Qu6c h o ^ quIc gia khdc tJ If giM tiln cao Vdi trudng hgp m? vl Vift 62 Thirc trail); cua nhom tre em Ddi - Vt('l vd Hdn - Vijl ^ N a m va song tai H a u Giang, t> le khdng giii Uen ral cao P h a n trinh bay c h u a lim hieu d u o c \ e dong tien g u i ve c h a m sue Ire va phuc vu cho m u c ueu gi, dieu can lam ro ihcm nhiing nghien cim sap tdi Ban luan ve m a n g ludi xS hgi ciia Ire nhap cu hien na\ cho lha\ tre Dai - ViCn \ a Han - Viet hoan loan p h y t h u o c vdo quyen quyet dinh ciia ngudi me la chinh sdng dieu kieu thieu v a n g n g u d i cha \ a ngucri m? ciing la van de can luu y, n g u d i chain soc chinh lai la ong, ba d que ngoai T d m lai, nhOng phat hien \i ire Ddi - %'iet \ a Han - Vifl tai H a u G i a n g xac nhan thuc trang ve su cd mat ciia Ire n h a p cu, d d n g Ihdi qua phan tich cQng cho Ihay s y gidi han cLia mang ludi di cu ciia tre quyen quyel d m h cho tre n h a p c u lai H a u Giang sdng ciing ho hang nha ngoai mot k h o a n g thoi gian khong ngan lai k h d n g cd vai iro ciia ngucri cha, n h u n g trucmg h g p cd quoc tich Vift N a m , Dieu dd vd linli t u d c di c o hdi duoc cham soc, giao due \ a ca trach nhifm nudi d u o n g ciia n g u d i bd \ a eiing cdi di moi quan hf ciia tre vdi bo vd hg hang nha ngi Tinh trang nhap c u ciia tre c m c m? 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