Việc ra quyết định các vấn đề của gia đình ở đồng bằng sông cửu long trong mối quan hệ giới

Tap chl Khoa hoc Trudng Dgi hgc Can Tha Tap chl Khoa hoc Tru'dng Dai hpc Can ThcJ Phan D: Kinh te va Phap luat website: sj.ctu.edu.v A DOL 10.22144/jvn.2017.057 VIEC RA QUYET DINH C A C VAN D E CUA GIA DINH d D O N G B A N G S N G C U t J L O N G T R O N G M O I Q U A N H E GlOfI Tran Hanh Minh Phuang Truang Dgi hoc Thu Dau Mgt Thong tin chung: Ngdy nkdn bdi' 19/12/2016 Ngdy nhdn bdi sica • 24/03/20! Ngdy duyit dang: 28/06/2017 Title: Decision-making the issues of family in the Mekong delta in gender ralations Tir khda: Quyen quyet dinh, binh dang giai, gia dinh, Dong bdng song Cuu Long Keywords: Decision-making power, gender equality, families, Mekong Delta ABSTRACT Researck on decision-making process in family is not a new topic in sociology The sociologists often tended to investigate "the decision-making process on families 'problems" (along witk the division of labor according to gender) as an indicator to measure tke degree of equality between husbands and wives in tke families But as far as we're concerned, from tke antkropological approach kowever, this research indicator would properly reflect tke essence of inequality, if tke features suck as: academic level of members, income, family's circumstance and livelikood would bedeeply concerned Results ofa research in the four communes ofKkank Hung (Vinh Hung district Long An province) Kien An (Cho Moi district An Giang province), Vink Tnnk (Vink Thank district Can Tko city) and Tan Hung Dong (Cai Nuoc district Ca Mau province) kas proved tkat: Ike key actor working on a certain activity will be the one who makes final decisions on that job TOM TAT Nghien cuu ve quyin quyit dfnk cdc vdn di aia gia dinh khdng phdi Id chu di m&i xa hgi hgc Cdc nkd xa koi koc thu&ng cd khuynk ku&ng xem "viec quyet djnk cdc vdn di cua gia dinh " (cung v&i pkdn cong lao dgng) la mgt cki bdo di tu&ng miic binh ddng giica chong vd vg Irong gia dinh Tuy nhiin tic cdck tiip cgn nkdn hgc, di chi bdo ndy pkdn dnk ddng bdn chdt ciia vdn de bdt binh ddng cdn quan tdm din tink ckdt cua limg su viic gia dink, trink hgc vdn Ihu nhgp bdi cdnk vd sink ki cua 'ung gi'^ dink Kit qud ngkien ciiu & bdn xa Khdnh Hung (kuyin Vink Himg link Long An), Kiin An (huyen Chg M&i, tinh An Giang) VTnk Trink (kuyin VTnh Thgnk, thdnk pko Cdn Tha) vd Tdn Hung Ddng (huyin Cdi Nu&c, tinh Cd Mau) cko tkdy: ldm ckinh cong viec ndo se Id ngu&i quyet dink cuoi cimg cdng viec dy Trich din: Trin Hanh Minh Phugng, 2017 Vi?c quyet djnh cic van dfi ciia gia dinh d Ddng bing sdng Cim Long mdi quan he gidi Tgp chi Khoa hpc Trudng Dai hoc Cin Tho, 50d: 96-107 I GlCfl THIEU Tir sau Cach mang thing Tim 1945, Nha nudc Viet Nam chinh thirc khang djnh quyen binh dang khong phin bifit gidi tinh nam,nii Theo kfit qua Tdng difiu tra din sd {ngay 1/4/2009), ca nudc cd 43.433.854 nii, chilm 50,6% dan sd va Iao ddng nii chiem 46,6% tdng Iuc luong Iao ddng Vifit Nam (Tdng cue Thing ke Viet Nam, 2009).Nhu vgy, d gdc dg cjuan phuong, vi die nam gidi v i nii gidi ngang bang v l dan sd, kha nang lao ddng tao Clia cii vgt chit va dupc phap luat thira nhgn.Mat khac Nam Bd ndi chung v i Ddng bang sdng Cuu Long{DBSCL) noi rieng, anh hudng cua Nho giio nhgt nhda, dd cac tu ttjdng tdn giao dia phuong nhu Phit giio Hda Hao, dao Cao Dii dl cao tinh bmh dang nam nii Han niia Nam bp sdm tilp xiic vdi van hda phuang Tiy vdn tdn phy Tgp ch! Khoa hgc Truang Dgi hgc Can Tha nu, Vay lieu nhiing yiu td niy cd inh hudng dfin sy bmh ding gidi quan h | vp - chdng hay khdng? Nghifin ciiu cho thiy"v/ec quyet dinh cdc vdn di cua gia dinh "(ciing vdi su phan cdng lao ddng) la mdt chi bio quan trpng dfi ludng mirc dd binh ding ttong quan he vg chong CO S d LY L U ^ VA THy^C TIEN 2.1 Ctf SO'ly luan 2.11 Kkdi mim giai (gender) Thuat ngii "^giai" xuit hifin vio khoing nhimg thap nien 1980 da tao nfin mdt chuang trinh nghi sir xoay quanh thuat ngii niy v i sau dd van dfi gidi thu hiit nhifiu nghifin ciiu cua nganh xa hdi hgc Gidi Ii mdt phgm ttii xa bpi dupc thifit lip qua cac die tnmg van hda riham xic dinh hinh vi cua nam v i nii, xac lap mdi quan he giiia hai gidi tinh Bdi viy, gidi thfi hien su khac bi?t cac vai ttd vi trich nhifim xa hpi ciia phu nir va nam gidi Gidi dugc thi hifin d vai trd chuyen ddi mang tinh xa hdi ma chimg dugc chip nhin d mdi gidi Oakley (1972) da phan biet hai thuat ngii "gidi ttnh" v i "gidi" nhu sau: "Gidi tinh la sin pham ciia ty nhifin vdi nhiing net die thu sinh hpc bin nhu khdng bifin ddi v i nhiing thudc tinh iy gin nhu ddng nhat Cdn gidi lai li sin phim cua x i hdi vdi nhimg dac tnmg ciia van hda, nd rat dfi bien ddi De la nam hay nu, mdt cau trai hay mpt cd gai thi phai the hien d quan ao, dieu bp, nghe nghiep, mang ludi x i hpi v i tinh each c i nhan, ciing nhu mpt die trung aia bd phin sinh due" (Oakley, 1972) Hay "gidi dupc hifiu li ciu tnic xa hpi v i van hda, Hfin quan dfin tuong quan vj tri cua nam v i nii" (Razavi & Miller, 1995) Tit difin The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) djnh nghia gidi (gender) chi "trgng thai la nam hay nii thudng dugc dimg dl chi sy khac biet xa hgi va van hda, chii khdng phai cic khac bifit sinh hoc" Theo Hesse-Biber va Carger (2000) " Y I U td gidi xa hdi xac dinh; y nghia xa hgi gan cho hai gidi tmh nam va nii Mdi xa hoi nhin manh vai trd die bifit Clia mdi gidi tinh, mac dii phgm vi chip nhan nhiing hinh vi cua mdi gidi kha rdng (HesseBiber va Carger, 2000) Td chuc Y tl tbi gidi nhin mgnh: "Thuat ngii gidi dupc diing dfi md ta nhiing dac tinh ciia phu nii va din dng, nhung dac tmh niy dupc xa hdi kiln tao nen Trong giai tinh yen td sinh hpc quylt dinh Con ngudi Ii nam hay nG mdi sinh phai hoc hdi dfi tra nam gidi hay nir gidi Nhiing hanh vi hpc dupc se xic dinh can tinh gidi Tgp 50 Phdn D (2017y 96-107 va quylt djnh vai tt-d gidi" (World Health Organization, 2002) Tdm Igi: khii nipm gidi dl cap din nhitng khic biet ve mat x i hdi cic nhdm xa hdi ngudi tao Nhiing quan nifim vl gidi ludn niy sinh tir tinh chit ciia cac quan he xa hpi va ciia nhihig hmh thai td chirc xa hdi khac Ban chit xi hdi ciia gldi duac the hifin ro tt^ong sy khac giua cac dac tinh va cic hogt dpng dupc coi Ii ciia nam gidi va nii gidi dupc so sinh cac nfin van hoa, giiia cic ting ldp xa hpi va cac nhdm din tdc ciing mdt nen van hoi, se thay ddi theo thdi gian 1.2 Quan ke gi&i (gender relations) Theo tii dien Oxford, ttiugt ngu "guan ke giai' ddi thgp nien 1970 nghia la sy ttrang tic giira cac gidi, dgc biSt dugc xem nhu mpt linh vyc nghifin cim Muc tii Gender relations tir dien HIM 12,3 cho ring thuit ngir niy dupc dung dfi chi vai trd cd tinh chit ciu tnic cua tting gidi ttong xa hdi lich sii xa bpi kifin tao nen Diic, thuit ngir niy dac biet dugc chu y, xuat hifin ITnh vyc xa hdi hoc (145 nhan dfi cua bii nghifin ciiu cd hfin quan nhirng nam 1994 — 2000) Theo De Gouges (1791) Declaration ofthe Rights of Man and citizen cho rang nhirng hmh thiic ciia mdi quan hfi gidi phu thupc vio dao dire, su cdng bang v i su tu Nhihig nghifin ciiu vfi mdi quan he gidi (tuang quan quyin lyc nam nii) lich sii xa hpi loai dua vio phuang thiic smh sdng (sin ban - hii lupm, ndng nghiep dung cudc, sy xuit hien cua dd gdm, sat, ndng nghifip diing cay, trdng trpt tich ididi chan nudi) cho thiy mdi quan hfi gidi ttiay ddi theo timg then ky lich sii Mdi quan he gidi dugc Johann Jakob Bachofen, Morgan, Marx, Engels dgc bifit quan tam, Johann Jakob Bachofen (1861) cho iing ehfi dp hdn nhan mdt vg mdt chdng li mdt thing Ipi ciia phy nir sau cudc diu tranh lau dii chdng lgi chl dp logn hdn Ong giai ma sy thing In v i ip biic quan he gidi va cac hinh thiic khdng tudng ngudi d i tgo va van cdn ttjin theo Morgan (1871) cho rang nhirng su phat tafin cila Iuc Iupng sin xuit, phuang thiic sinh sdng va nudi day cai diu cd raoi quan he chat che vdi v i quy dinh mdi quan h? gidi Trong cdng tt-inh diu tifin phe phan nfin kinh tl chinh tt-i, Mani cho ring ci hai gidi tinh diu cd mli quan be xa bpi cua nd Theo Marx v i Engels (2013) moi quan he gidl dupc kiln tao thdng qua Iyc Iupng sin xuat, phan phdi san phim v i phan cdng lao dpng Hip (lu Khoa hac Trudng Dgi hoc Can Tha Nhu viy, mdi quan hp gidi la cac mdi quan he xa hdi giira phu nii va nam gioi, dgc biet Ii each thiic phan chia quyfin Iyc giiia nam v i nu 2.2 Ctf sd thuc tiln 2.2.1 Cdc nghien cuu an •c ngoai Quyfin lyc (quyen quyfit dinh) la mdt khia canh CO bin ciia tat ca cac mdi quan he ciia ngudi, dac bifit Ii quyen quyet dinh gia dinh thfi hien sy tuong quan ve quyen lyc va - chdng Tir nam I960, da cd mdt chuang trinh nghi su ddi thoai lifin tyc giua cic nha khoa hpc xa hdi nhim tim kifim each thiic xac dinh, ludng, giai thich, v i hifiu dugc he qua cua su khac bifit vfi quyen luc quan he vo chong Quyfin lyc gia dmh dugc cu thfi hda li quyfin quyfit dinh cic vin dfi gia dinh, dugc cic nhi xa hdi hpc gia dinh xem la mdt chi bio quan trpng dfi bieu dugc chiic nang ciia gia dinh nhu mpt te bao ciia xa hdi Quyfin lyc gia dinh da duac xac dinh v i ludng theo nhieu each khac Cic dmh nghia dau tien va phd bien nhat ciia quyfin Iyc Ii nang ciia ngudi chdng/vp thuylt phyc dugc ngudi dfi dugc lam nhimg difiu m i minh mudn, ci khl ngudi cd phan ddi Dya trfin dinh nghia niy,_Robert, Blood va Donald Wolfe (1960) da phit tnfin cdng trinh Decision Power Index (Chi so luang quyen quyet dinh) Dfi ludng quyin quyfit dinh, cac nghien ciru dua cic cau hdi chdng, vg hay ca hai la ngudi dua quyet djnh cudi Cling nhimg viec gia dmh nhu: viec lua chpn mgt chiec xe, ngdi nhi hoic can hg, ky nghi, bic sT, cdng viec cua chdng, ngudi vg cd nfin di lim hay khdng Chi sd niy vin li difim cdt loi cua cudc doi thoai ve quyfin quyfit dinh gia dinh La mpt cdng cu don giin v i de dang quin ly, chi bao niy vin tilp tuc dugc diing cac cudc dieu tra trfin toin the gidi, va cd su difiu chinh de phii hop vdi timg qudc gia Nd da dupc phe binh, phit trifin va cii thien Gan mpt thip ky phat trifin, mdt nghien ciiu dua phuong phap luan lifin quan den viec ludng viic quyet djnh cuoi cung (Mizan, 1994) Nhieu vin dfi ciia phuang phip ludng da dugc kifim nghipm thyc tifin Mdt van de dgt la cd sy khic biet giira cic cau tra Idi ciia vp va chdng Tuy nhien, dit lieu tir cac nudcHoa Ky, An Dd va Panama cho thiy vg va chdng cd khuynh hudng tri ldi tuang duang (Allen v i Stt-aus 1984; Danes, Oswald, va De Esnaola 1998) Tir dii lieu nghien ciiii d Canada, Merlin Bnnkerhoff va Eugen Lupri (1978) va Vanaja Dbruvarajan (1992) cho thay rang tam quan ciia nhimg quyet djnh va tin suat quyet dinh phu thudc vio vai trd gidi Phu nir cd xu hudng li Tgp SO Phdn DC I VUC ngudi quyet dinh cufii cung mi dinh nhu cham sdc cii, thyc pham chieu dai ban be va di kham bac sT Cd Igp luin cho ring dilu qu «^g la xac dinh v i ludng quyin lyc nhu im ^i trinh nang ddng, kifim tra cic vin dfi nhn "^n lupc inh budng v i nhiing nd lyc (Aida va Fablo, 1991; Zvonkovicet al, 1994) Sii dung mdt dmh nghia da chifiu kieh cua quyfin Iyc, Aaflce Komter (1989) dinh nghia quyin lyc nhu "kha nang inh hudng cd y tbiic hay vd thiic Ifin cim xuc, thai dp, sy tri nhin, hoac hanh vi cua ngudi khac" (p 192) Nghifin ciiu cic cgp vg chdng ngudi H i Lan, Komter thay rang cic cap vp chdng chia se binh dang viec quyfit dinh, nhung van cdn nhiing chifin lupc v i co che quyfin lyc tiem an chua dupc bde Ip din dfin vipc phy nu muon thay ddi nhifiu han cac mdi quan he vg chdng, nhirag it hp dgt duac cdng Kfit qua li, xa hdi van thua nhan mdt y thirc he vfi quyfin Iyc ciia ngudi chdng hon ngudi vp, Gidng nhu ludng ve quyfin luc, Ly thuyet nguon luc cua Blood v i Wolfe (I960) da cd mdt vai trd ndi bit vific giai thich quyin quylt dinh tt-ong gia dinh Theo Iy thuylt nay, quyin quyet djnh gia dinh la kfit qua tii su ddng gdp ciia cic ngudn lyc, dgc bipt la giao due, thu nhap, v i tinh trang nghe nghiep den cac mdi quan he Vp hoic chdng ngudi nao cd ddng gdp nhifiu nhit se cd quyen quyfit djnh Idn hon Nghifin Clhi ve quyen quyet djnh gia dmh d Israel, Liat Kulik (1999) cho thiy khdng chi cic ngudn lyc vat chat, ma siic khde v i nans luc lao ddng, ngudn luc tam ly (ky nang giai quyfit van de va ky nang xa hpi), v i vdn xa hgi (mgng xa hdi) cd lien quan true tifip hay gian tiep den quyen quyfit dmh gia dinh, Tai Tho NhT Ky va Mexico, sy ring bupc cua mpt ngudi vg ddi vdi gia dmh cd the chuyfin quyen luc quan he vg chdng (Boiak, 1995; Oropesa, 1997) Mat khic, sdng chung vdi gia dinh nha chdng nhu d An Dd, ngudi chdng cd quyfin quyfit dinh cao ban (Conklin, 1988), Trong mdt nghien ciiu han mdt tram xa hpi tien cdng nghifip, nhin chung, phu nii cd quyfin Iuc d gia dinh hgt nhan cao ban d gia dinh md rdng, Tuy nhifin, cac x i hdi noi cic gia dinh md rpng cdn phd bifin, phu nu cd quyfin lyc cu tru ben nhi vg va theo chl mau he cao ban cu tni bfin nhi chdng v i theo chl dp phu he (WamereM/., 1986) Theo Pyke (1994), Bolak (1995), Blaisure va Allen (1995), Iam cdng vific nhi khdng tao thu nhgp ciing phii dugc tinh li ddng gdp cd gia tri moi quan he vp chdng, cdng viec niy phiii inh quyen lyc cua phu nii nai gia dinh Tap chi Khoa hac Tncdng Bai bgc Can Via Bd sung cho 1^ thuyfit Nguon lifc cua Blood va Wolfe, David Heer (1963) da phat trien mpt ly thuyfit trao dSi (Exchange theory) vl ^quyfin lyc gia dinh, cho rang co the tiep can cac ngudn lyc ben ngoai se cd quyin quylt djnh cao hon Phat trifin tir ly thuyet ngudn Iuc ciia Blood v i Wolfe, Hyman Rodman (1967, 1972) cd ging giai thich su miu thuan giiia cac van hda moi quan he giua cic ngudn lyc v i quyfin lyc d Diic, Hoa Ky, Phap, Dan Mach, Bi, Hy Lap, va Nam Tu Ly thuyfit giai thich rang viec phan chia quyen luc gia dinh khdng chi tti su ddng gdp khdng dong dfiu cic nguon Iuc, mi cdn tti cac bdi cinh van hda ciia gia dinh Cic chuan myc gidi Clia mdt nfin van hda tic ddng Ifin sy phan chia quyfin luc, Ly thuyfit ve ngudn luc bdi canh van hda da dupc ip dung d cic nudc trfin khap the gidi Cl cac nirdc Bic Au, v i Bac My dupc coi Ii xa hdi binh dang, cic cap vp chdng d Dan Mach va Hoa ICy cho rang hg binh dang vific quyet dinh cac van de gia dinh nhung sy ddng gdp ngudn lyc ciia va chdng vin cd inh hudng den cin can quyfin Iyc (Kandel v i Lesser 1972) Cac nghifin ciiu d Thuy Dien v i Na Uy cho thay ring c i nhung x i hdi tuang ddi binh dang, quyfin Iyc cda nam gidi cd thfi khdng qui cao hon nii gidi xa hpi nhung quan he quyen luc giiia vg va chdng, quyen quyfit djnh cua ngudi chdng cd phan trpi hon ngudi vg (Calasanti v i Bailey,199I; Thagaard,I997) Cic nudc My Latin thudng duoc gii djnh mang dac tnmg van hda phu he Tuy nhien, dii li^u nghifin ciiu hi Chile, Mexico va Panama cho thiy mac du ngudi chdng cd thfi cd quyen lyc cao han ttong gia dinh, nhung nhilu gia dinh cd xu hudng binh dang giiia vg chdng v i ddng gdp nhifiu han cho gia dinh se cd quyen Iyc hon (Cromwelle/ 1973, Alvarez, 1979; Oropesa, 1997; DaneseC ai, 1998) Tai cic nudc Thd NhT Ky, An Dp, Israel, Rumani, Nga, Trung Qudc va cic qudc^ gia Hdi giao cd su ket hop giiia hifin dai v i tmyfin thdng, che dp gia trudng siia ddi (modified patriarchy), phu nii cd ca hdi bin thio vdi chdng vfi viec quylt djnh cic vin dfi gia dinh, v i sy ddng gdp ciia hp cho kinh tl gia dinh cd inh hudng den quyfin luc ciia hp gia dinh (Fox, 1973; Bolak, 1995) CJ Ddng Au, ca hai vg chdng dfiu lain vific bfin ngoii nen vp chdng cd xu hudng binh ding tt-ong vific quylt dinh, nhung phy nir vln chiu trich nhiem chinh cho viec gia dinh (Lapidus, 1978; Elliot v i Moskoff, 1983) Tdp SO Phdn D (2017)- 96-107 Nhu vgy, quyin quylt dinh cic vin dl tt-ong gia dinh Clia vp chdng da trd thinh chu dl doi thogi cua cac nhi khoa hoc xa hoi tu nhiing quan difim, nen van hda v i phuang phap tilp can khic Kfit qua ciia chuang trinh nghi sy cho ddi nhieu cdng trinh Iy thuyfit va thyc nghi?m quyin quyfit dinh gia dinh 2.2 Cdc ngkien cim irong nu&c Van de "vific quyfit dinh cic vin dfi gia dinh" ludn la chu dfi ly thu thu hiit su quan tam nghien ciiu ciia nhieu nhi xa hdi hpc.Cac tic gia tip trung phin tich hai vin dfi:chdng hay va la ngudl quyfitdjnh chinh cac vin dfi ciia gia dinh va nhung yfiu td nao quyfit dinh quyfin quyfit dinh Theo ngudn tai lieu tham khio, hifin cd hai nhgn dinh trii chieu vfi quyen quyfit dinh ciia ngudi chdng v i ngudi vg gia dinh; (1) Nhung nhin dinh cho ring mdi tuang quan vg - chdng vific quylt dinh cac cdng vific gia dinh ngiy cang cd xu hudng binh ding Ching hgn Mai Kim Chau (1986) cho rang ddi vdi nhiing cdng viec va chi tifiu hing ngiy diu phy nii quyfit dinh, va nhirng cdng viec ldn nhu diu tu sin xuat, mua thfim dat dai, nha cua, mua sim cic thii dat tien ngudi chdng quyet dinh Tuy nhien, khdng cdn sy dpc quyfin quylt djnh nai ngudi chdng ma cd sy bin bgc cua hai vg chdng Tudi tac cd anh hudng dfin su bin thio niy Nhirng cap vo chdng dudi 30 tudi, cd khuynh hudng ban Iuan trudc ngudi chdng quyet djnh cao ban; lira tudi cing cao, nhirng cdng viec quan trpng chuyen din cho ngudi chdng quyet dinh Ii chinh Trong nghifin cuu gan diy nhit ciia Vu Manh Lpi va cic nhifiu ngudi khac (2013) cho thay quyfin quyfit dinh ciia phy nii cang tang len hai vp chdng cimg ban bac quyet dinh la hinh thirc phd bien nhat ddi vdi hiu hfit cac khia canh ciia ddi sdng gia dinh Tuy nhifin, vg la ngudi quyfit dinh nhifiu ban chdng ddi vdi cdng viec san xuat ciia gia dinh, Ty Ifi phy nii la ngudi quyfit djnh chinh hay la ngudi ddng quyfit djnh chinh cung ngang bang vdi nam gidi d nhirng vi$c hen quan dfin cham sdc sire khde cho cac thinh vifin v i nhiing hoat dpng xa hdi chung Clia c i hai vg chdng Difiu niy gpi ring phy nii dang cd xu hudng gia tang anh hudng cua minh nhung hoat ddng xa hoi ngoai gia dinh Day la dieu rit khac vdi cic nghifin ciiu trudc day (Vii Mgnh Lpi va ctv., 2013) Nghien ciiu trudng hpp tgi xa Phu Unh, huyfin Sdc San Ha Npi, khao sat quyfin quyfit dinh giira vg v i chdng sin xuit kinh doanh, vific mua ban dd dac dit tien, quan hfi gia dinh ya hp hang, hoat ddng xa hpi, VQ Thj Ciic (2007) kfit Iuan "md hinh quyfin quylt djnh gia dinh ( ) hifin d i cd sy Ihay ddi theo chieu Tap thi Khoa hgc Tru&ng Dai hgc Can Tho huong cang binh dang ban thfi hifin d ty le vp chdng Cling bin bac di dfin quylt la Wong ddi cao hau hfit cac viec .quyen quylt dinh nhilu ban thudc ve ngudi nio Iim thudng xuyen cdng vific dd chit khdng han la ngudi cd nam quyfin Iyc kmh tfi" va ciing nghien ciiu trudng hpp cua Vu Thj Clic, Vu Thi Thanh (2009) cd kfit luan ttiong tu Le Ngoc Van (2012) cho ring "md hinh quyet dinh gia dinh da cd nhieu thay ddi so vdi truyen thdng Ngudi phy nir, ngudi vg tham gia dang ke vao viec quyfit djnh cac vin de quan trpng gia dinh nhu cdng vific sin xuit kinh doanh, cic khoan chi tieu ldn, sd " Tgp 50 Phdn £ 'ang nhdm Ddi vdi thdng tin dinh lupr 320 bd gia dinh theo ban hdi cd ca 2.3.2 Phucmg phdp pkdn tic' - Phin tich dinh lugng dd' jli?ukfit qua dilu tra bing bang cau hdi "^ '^^^ °^^^ phan t l ttidng kfi, ttong dd cd '^" n^img yfiu td gidi tinh va cac cdng viec tt-n.ig gia dinh Khai tiiic thdng tin tir cac ket qua phdng vin sau va cic bio cio nhit ky diln da cic vifin thuc hifin tgi cic dja bin khio sit KET QUA NGHIEN C t r u 3.1 Md ta doi tupng nghifin ciJii (2) Nhimg tac gii cho rang "du gia dmh ngudi vp la ngudi phai dam nhgn biu bfit cic cdng vific, tham chi hp cdn la ngudi mang Iai thu nhip chinh cho gia dinh, nhung phan Idn quyfin quyfit djnh thudc ve ngudi chdng, ngudi vp cbi Ii ngudi thuc thi cic quyen quyet dinh dd" (Mai Huy Bich va Lfi Thj Kim Lan, 1999; Dang Thi Hoa, 2001) va thu nhip la yiu td cd inh hudng den quyen quyfit dmh iy Cimg quan difim Truang Phuc Hung (2008) kit Iuin"phu nii hiu nhu cd rat it quyin quyfit djnh ttong gia dinh" (bit ngudn tit nhiing djnh kiln gidi ring phu nir thudng ndng ndi, dy v i dd khdng cd ning quyfit dinh v i chii hd Ii nam gidi Tic gia cbo ring "nhiing phin tich siu cho thiy quyfin quyfit dinh cudi cung nhiing van dfi quan trpng thudng vin thudc vfi nam gidi Khdng it nhi nghifin ciiu d Viet Nam dudi gdc dp van hda d i co gang chi rang phy nu cung cd quyfin quyfit djnh gia dinh nhu quyen quyet chi tifiu "tay hdm chia khda" hoac cd quyfin quyfit djnh ngim gia dinh "lenh dng khdng bang cdng bi", Tuy nhien, xet dudi khia canh gidi, lip luin niy khdng phan anh dung vi tri thap kem cua phu nir so vdi nam gidi Mpt chi bio rd ve dja vi thap han ciia ngutri phu nii yong gia dinh la quyen quyet dinh cudi ciing thucmg thudc vfi ngudi chdng Mat khac, ngudi vg thudng phai ttj bd thdi quen ciia minh, nhugng bp tt-udc nhung ddi hdi cua chdng hoac thay ddi cac quyfit dinh de Iam hai long chdng giua hai ngudi khdng cd sy thdng nhat vfi Idi sdng v i quan difim Sy nhudng nhjn, cam chju, it ddi hdi ciia phy nir mgt mat phan inh nhiing gii uj gidi thinh hanh nen van hda, mat khic phin anh sy hgn che kha nang thuang lupng v i nang Iyc quyet dmh cua phu nii" (Truang Philc Hung, 2008), 2.3 Phmmg p h i p nghifin ciiu 2.3 Phuangphdp thu thgp tu lieu bao gom ngkien cuu dinh linh vd dinh tugng Dung lupng mau khao sit Ii 320 hd gia dinh cd dil va chdng va cii, 320 ngudi tri ldi cd 119 nam va 201 nQ, ngudi Idn tudi nhat sinh nam 1945 v i ngudi nhd tuoi nhat sinh nam 1992 Phan theo nhdm tudi cd ty Ifi nhu sau: Dudi 30 tuoi chilm 10,6%, tti 31-49 tudi chilm 65,3% va tt-fin 50 tudi cd 24,1% Trinh dp hpc van tuong ddi thip' mii chii 11,6%, cap I: 41,6%, cap II: 36,6%, cap III: 7,2% va trung cip, cao dang, dgi hpc: 3,1 % Phin Ion cic hd dan theo Phgt giio Hda Hao (43,8%) va khdng theo tdn giio (34,1%), Phat giao (15,6%), sd hd theo Cdng giio (2,2%) v i Cao dai (4,4,%) khdng dang kl Nghi nghifip chinh Ii trdng trpt (29,4%), lam thue ndng nghiep (15,9%), budn ban va dich vu (15%), vien chuc chi chiem 4,4%, chin nudi va tieu thu cdng nghiep chi chilm 1,9%, cdn 33,4% cdn Iai khdng lao dpng tgo thu nhip bfinh tit, di hpc, lim ndi trp Trung binh tdng sd ngudi hd gia dinh la ngudi, gdm thfi he, sd ngudi tudi Iao ddng nam la v i sd ngudi Iao ddng nir cung la I Phin ldn nha d cap (nhi Ipp tole, nen xi mang, tudng gach) 62,8%, nhi don so ciing cdn bifin (20,6%), nhi cip (5,3%), nhi cip (7,8%), nhi kifin CO (3,4%) Sd hg gia dinh da sir dyng ludi difin qudc gia chifim 64,2%, sd cdn igi sii dung binh acquy, diu hda, cii!, gd, than viec thip sang va lam chat dot Da sd cac hp da cd nudc miy (cd ddng hd chinh) diing an udng (52,3%), sd khac dimg nudc mua (17,9%) v i ngiy cang cd nhieu hd chpn viec mua nudc thung dl udng (16,8%) Nhirng hp dugc hdi da sd danh gia vfi miic sdng ciia gia dinh minh la ttimg binh (51,6%), sd hg cd mirc sdng ngheo chifim 27,5%, gia chifim 18,8%, rat ngheo la 9%, chi cd 1,3% hp giiu Nguyfin nhan nghfio la gia dmh khdng cd dit sin xuit (33,3%), gia dinh cd ngudi dm dau, bpnh tit (28,9%), vg khdng cd tbu nhgp dn dinh (22,2%), chdng khdng cd thu nhip In dinh (12,2) Ddi vdi thdng tin dmh tinh, sir dung phuang phap quan sat tham dy, phdng vin siu v i thao luan Nhin chung, 320 hp khio sit chii yfiu sdng bing nghfi ndng, lim thue ndng nghifip, dich \i, ^ ••, budn Tdp 50, Phan D (2017) 96-107 Tap chi Khoa hoc Truang Dgi hgc Cdn Tha ban Thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi thap nen miic sing ttung bhih va nghfio Nhung hp chii yeu sdng nhirng ngdi nha cip va nha don so, phin Idn da cd ddng h i difin vi dong hd nudc rifing Ngudi dan cd khuynh hudng mua nudc thiing dfi udng Ct mdi hd s l nam va sd nir tham gia Iao dpng ngang bang nhau, difiu phu hgp cho vific phan tich mdi quan hfi gidi vl quyen quyfit djnh cic viec ttong gia dinh ttieo gidi quyfit dinh chmh hay ca hai vp chdng cung bin bgc dfi quyet dinh 3.2 dinh Quyfin quylt dinh sir dung dat gia Trong 320 hp dugc khio sat cd 168 hp (52,5%) duoc gia dinh bfin chdng hd ttp dit dai (dit nin nhi d va dat sin xuat) v i chi cd 10,6% hd dupc gia dinh ben vp hd trp, dilu cho thiy ro hinh thitc cu tni sau hdn nhan d phia nha chdng vin chilm uu ttie Trong so nhirng ho dugc cha me chdng hd tt-p dit dai thi ngudi chdng cd quyen quylt dinh rit cao (70,8%) ngudi vp it cd quyfin quyet dinh (2,4%), ca hai vp chdng (22,6%) Ngugc Iai, ddi vdi dit dai cha me vg ho trg thi ngudi chdng van cd quyen quyfit dmh cao han vp (32,4%), vp (26,5%^ dieu cho thiy ngudi dan dng Ii ngudi cd quyfin quylt dmh vific sir dung dat dai cha me hai ben hd trg, khdng kfi den ben chfing hay bfin vg Tuy nhien, nfiu dit cha me vg hd trg miic dp hai vp chdng cimg quyfit dinh cao han (35,3%) so vdi dat cha rae chdng hd trp Trong cuoc sdng hing ngay, mdi gia dinh deu cd nhiing dilu can phii dupc quyet dinh mdt each dung din de dinh hudng su phit trien ciia gia dinh Dd li nhiing quyet djnh viec sir dung dat cha me hd trg, viec mua, bin dit gia dinh ndi chung, cdng viec sin xuit kinh doanh, nhiing cdng viec quan trpng khac (vay ng, cich dieu tri cho ngudi benh, td chiic Ie cudi, Ifi tang), quyet dinh viec hpc hanh, dinh hudng nghe nghipp v i hdn nhan cho cai, quyet djnh viec chi tifiu hing ngiy Tiiy theo tinh chit cua mdi cdng vific m i chdng hay vp se Ii ngudi cd quyfin Bang 1; Ngirdi cd quyen quyet dinh viec su dyng dat (