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PHAN TACH BAT BINH DANG HANH PHUC BANG HOI QUY: BANG C H t e THlfC NGHIEM M^I Tl/126 QUOC GIA Tran Quang 'Riyen Dqi hoc Kinh te Dai HQC Qudc gia Hd Ngi Email: tuyentq@vnu.edu.vn Ngaynhan: 24/12/2016 Ngaynhpibansiia 8/02/2017 Ngayduyet dang: 25/4/2017 Tom tit: Sic dung da lieu vS hgnh phuc tic 126 nuac tmng giai doan 2009-20J 6, nghien cicu su dung phuangphapphan tdch bat hinh dang bang hoi quy dixem xet donggop cua cdc nhan to tai bat binh dang hgnh phuc tren the giai Kit qua cho thdy mo hinh phan tick giai thick duac khodng 70% bien dong cua bat binh dang hanh phuc thai gian nen tren Trong do, mice thu nhgp binh quan dau nguai co dong gop nhiiu nhdt, chiem tai 40% tSng bat binh dang Cdc nhan to xa hoi khdc nhu hd troxa hoi (khd ndng nhan hd tra tie ban be hay nguai than gap kho khan), mice tu lua chon cuoc song vd su hao phong (cho tiin tit thien) idn luatdong gop khodng 17% 8% vd 3% tai tSng bat binh dang hanh phuc Tham nhUng vd bat binh dang thu nhgp cUng CO dong gop nho tai bdt binh dang hgnh phuc (4% vd 2%) Bdi viet dua ham y chinh sack gop phan gia tang hgnh phiic cho cdc nuac it hgnh phuc han vd qua gidm thieu bdt binh dang ve hgnh phuc giUa cdc nuac tren the gi&i Jit khoa: Tham nhung, hao phong, bat binh ddng hgnh phuc, bSt binh dang thu nhap, h6 tra Regression-based inequality decomposition of happiness: New empirical evidence from 126 countries AbstractUsing happiness data from 126 countries in the period 2009-2016, this study uses the regressionbased inequality decomposition to examine factors contributing to happiness inequality across countries The results show that the model explains about 70% of the variation in happiness inequality during the study period Among other factors, GDP per capita is found to contribute the largest share, accounting for about 40% of total happiness inequality Other social factors such as social support (assistances from relatives or friends when getting in troubles), freedom (to make life choices) and generosity (money donation) are found to contribute about 17%i and 7% of total happiness inequality, respectively Corruption and income inequality are also found to make small contribution to total happiness inequality Based on the empiricalfindings,useful policy implications are proposed to help low happiness countries improve their happiness level and thereby narrow the happiness gap with happier countries Keywords- Corruption: generosity; happiness inequality; income inequality; support Gioi thieu s6 chii quan (do luong bSng cam nhan va mang tinh DS luong chat luong cuoc s6ng, cac nghien chu quan nhu miic hai long cuoc song hay muc cim thirtmg su dyng chi so khach quan (thu nhap, hanh phuc) Chi so luong chat lucmg CUQC tien nghi cuoc song, giao due, tuoi tho ) hay chi song chii quan thucmg dugc coi la muc tieu chinh SS 239 thdng 5/2017 |vjn|| \kA\ im cua cuoc s6ng (Larsen & Eid, 2008) vil vi$c xac djnh cac nhan to quy6t dinh tai no c6 y nglua quan trpng d6i voi cac nha nghien ciiu v^ hogch djnh chinh sach (Heibers & Mulder, 2016) Do la vi chi s6 hai 16ng cuoc song phdn anh duac t5ng the chSt luong cuOc s6ng cua ngudi (Runt Veenhoven, 2002) va lien quan nhieu ted cac chinh sach (Gilbert, CoUey & Roberts, 2016) Veenhoven (2002) Imi ^ rltog c ^ nha lam chinh sdch xa hdi can ca hai chi so luimg mite sdng khach quan va chii quan M^c dil chi so chii quan c6 nhiing h ^ ch6 nhSt dinh, nhiSn chi s6 khach quan cung c6 nhiSu thiSu sot Chinh vi le ma chi s5 h ^ phfic cimg dugc Chuong trinh Phat trien Lien Hop Qu6c (UNDP) su dung dk lucmg chat luong cuoc song bao cao phat trien ngain cac nam gSn day (UNDP, 2015) Da CO nhieu nghien cutu or cap dO cac quoc gia hay cho timg qu6c gia ve cac nhSn t6 tac dpng toi hanh phuc (Dolan, Peasgood & White, 2008) Nhin chung, cac nghiSn ciiu cho thSy rSng muc thu nhap tuyet doi va tuong doi, tinh trang sue khoe, quan he xa hgi, ton giao cd quan h^ tich cue voi muc hanh phuc Ben canh do, m6t sd nghien cuu cho ring cac bign s6 ve moi tnrtmg kinh t6-xa hoi nhu mure s6ng, bit binh ding thu iih|tp, dac diSm vung mien, ciing c6 tac dong tdi mite dp hai long cupc s6ng (Tran, Nguyen & Van Vu, 2017) Tham nhiing va chSt lugng the che ciing dugc tim Ihay c6 tac dgng tdi miic hanh phuc cua ngudi dan mgt vai nghi6n cuu (Dolan & cac cgng su, 2008) Bao cao Hanh phuc ThS gidi nam 2017 da cho thay thu nhip binh quan d3u nguai, su h§ trg, su hao phong va tham nhung c6 tac dgng tich circ toi chi so hgnh phuc a hka hSt cac qu6c gia dugc lira chgn khao sat (Helliwell, Layard & Sachs, 2017) Bao cao ciing cho thSy c6 s\f khac biet dang ke ve mure hanh phiic giua cac qu6c gia Nhom cac nude Bac Au, Canada, Uc va Niu-Di-Lan c6 chi so hanh phuc dka bang, phin 1cm cac nuac a Chau Phi CO chi s6 hanh phuc xep hgng cu6i bang Theo Helliwell & cgng su (2016), bat binh dang hanh phuc la sy khac biet ve muc tir danh gia ve hanh phiic (hay miirc song chii quan, hai long cuoc s6ng) giua cac ca nhan mot xa hoi Nhu vay, bat binh ding hanh phiic c6 thS dugc luimg giiia cac cac nhan mOt cOng dong, mot quoc gia hay giiia cac quoc gia vcd Trong c6 mot so lugng Ian cac nghien curu xem xet cac nhan t6 tac dgng toi hanh phuc, c6 rit it cac nghien ciiru xac djnh cac nhan to quyet dinh tai bat binh ding S6 239 thdng 5/2017 v6 hgnh phuc (Niimi, 2016)- Do c6 the vi khac voi thu nhap, hgnh phuc khong tii6 chuyen nhucmg va phan ph6i 1^ giua cac ca nhan (Becchetti, Massari & Naticchioni, 2013) Do ngucri ddnh gia cdc tai san vgt chit la khac nen mgt so hgc gia cho ring bat binh ding xa hoi nen dugc luong bang s\f cam nhan thytc te tu doi s6ng dugc luong bang muc hai long cugc s6ng, thay vi luorag bang s^I khac biet vk di^u ki?n vgt chit, thucmg dugc bing thu nhgp (Ruut Veenhoven, 2005) Dilu kh6ng c6 nghia la chung ta bo qua tim quan ciia bat ding vk kinh t6 ma chung ta ciing ndn coi trgng bat binh ding vh hanh phuc ciing nhu bit binh ding ve kinh te(Niimi, 2016) TiJc khoang tr6ng tai lieu n g h i ^ cuu noi tren dat cho tac gia bai viSt cau hoi nghien cuu la: cdc nhan td dong gop tai muc dQ bdt binh dang hanh phuc giiia cdc nuac tren thigtan Su dimg dii lieu cip qu6c gia tut Bao cao Hgnh Phuc ThI giai va phuang phap phan tach bat binh ding bing hoi quy, nghien cuu cung cip bing chiing thuc nghi$m diu tien ve dong gop cua thu nhap, su hao phong, s\f ho trg, su tu lya chgn cugc s6ng, tham nhiing va bit binh ding thu nhgp toi bat binh ding v6 hanh phuc tren the gi6i giai dogn 2009-2016 Dua vao c^c ph^t hien nghiSn cijru thuc nghiem, bai viet dk xuit m6t vai h ^ y chinh sach Du liSu va phirong phap 2.1 Md hinh phan tich Mgt vin d8 sinh nghien curu la viec luong biSn s6 hgnh phuc va bit binh dang hgnh phuc a gia tri thii bac tu I tai 10 Viec ph§n tich bat binh ding voi thang chuin thuong gia dinh bien s6 CO gia tn lien tuc va vay cac khoang each gia tri ciia thang tii tod 10 ve hgnh phuc phai dugc gia dinh la bang (Niimi, 2016) Tuy nhien, cae nghien cuu thuc nghiem ve cac nhan t6 tac dgng tai miic dO hanh phiic (Ferrer-i-Carbonell & Ramos, 2014) va miic dg bat binh daig hgnh phiic (Clark, Fleehe & Senik, 2012; Van Praag, 2011) cho thiy ket qua la tin cay sir dung cae mo hinh hoi quy tuyen tinh vai bien so phu thugc la miic hgnh phiic dugc gia dinh c6 gia tri lien tuc Do vay, nghien ciiu nay, chiing toi ciing svr dung mo hinh hdi quy tuyen tinh de phan tich cac nhan to tae dong tdi raiie hanh phiic va miic bat binh dang ve hanh phiic Chiing toi cung sir dung he s6 Gini de lucmg muc dp bat binh dang hanh phuc va each tifip can ciing dugc Clark & cgng sir (2012) va Van kinh teJhat trien Praag (2011) su diing nghien cuu vh bit binh ding hanh ph6c Truac hSt, nghien curu xem xet cac nhan to tac d6ng tdi miic d6 hanh phiic Tac gia six dung chi dinh mo hinh kinh t6 lugng tuong tu voi nghien cuu ciia Helliwell & cgng su (2017) nhung c6 bo sung them bign s6 bit binh ding thu nhap va sijr dung dii liSu mang (panel data) thay vi dii tieu g6p (pooled data) Theo chi dinh mo hinh cua nh6m tac gia neu tren thi miic dp hanh phiic bi anh huang bcri thu nhap (GDP/ngudi); su tu lua chgn (tu quyet dinh); sir hao ph6ng viee lam tir thien dugc cho la e6 quan he tich cue vai hanh phiic (Dolan & cpng su, 2008); su h6 trg (phan anh chit lugng eua v6n xa hOi, cung dupe phat hi6n nghien cim tong quan eua Donal & cpng su (2008)) va tham nhung bdi tham nhung dugc phat hi^n c6 tac dgng tieu cue tdi hgnh phuc nhieu nghien cuu (Wu & Zhu, 2016) Dinh nghia, ludng va thong k8 mo ta cae biln s6 da sii dung dugc trinh bay d Bang va 2, miic 2.2 Phuang trinh (1) dudi day dugc su dung de lugng hda tac dgng ciia cac nhan td tac dpng tdi hanh phue: cac c6ng su, 2017) Vdi du li$u mdng thi cdc nghien cvru thudng phai quyfit dinh xem nen sii dung mo hinh tac d^ng nglu nhien (random effects) hay mo hinh tac dOng c6 dinh (fixed effects) va viec lua chgn chi dinh mo hinh thudng dugc tign hanh bang ki6m dinh Hausman (Woolchidge, 2013) Tuy nhien, kiSm dinh Hausman cd dp tin cay khong cao bdi no dua tren mgt gia dinh rit it thi^c te la tham s6 udc tinh tir mo hinh tac dpng ngiu nhien la hoan toan hipu qua (Cameron & Tridedi, 2009) D6 khic phyc han ch8 nay, Woolridge (2010)' da phat triln mpt phuong phap kiSm dinh Hausman vitng de dam bao ket qua tin cay han cho viec lua chpn mo hinh (Cameron & Trivedi, 2009) Do vay, tac gid da su dyng ki6m dinh Hausman viing cua Wooldridge (2010) dS lira chpn md hinh udc lugng phii hgp cho nghien ciiu Ben canh dd, tac gia cung sir dung kiSm djnh nhan tir Breusch va Pagan Lagrangian de xem xet nen sir dung mo hinh tac dgng ngiu nhien vdi dii lieu mang hay chi su dung mo hinh hdi quy binh phuang nhd nhat (OLS) vdi dii lieu gop (Cameron & Tridedi, 2009)^ De phan tach dong gop ciia cac nhan to neu Happiness^^ = a + p, GDP^^ + ^, H6 trg^^ +pj Hao tren vao bat binh dang hanh phiic, tac gia sir dung phong +p Tif + ^Tham nhung^^ + pJJini^^ • phuang phap phan tach bat binh dang bang hdi quy e„ (1) " ' ciia Fields (2012) va phuang phap ciing dugc su Trong phuang trinh (1), tac gia dua them bien dyng de phan tach bat binh dang ve hanh phiic d mot so bat binh dang thu nhap vao phan tich Rat nhieu so nghien cuu (vi du: Graham & Nikolova (2015)) nghien ciiu thuc nghiem da khang djnh bat binh dang Theo pliuang phap phan tach bat binh dang bang hdi kinh te cd tac dpng tieu cue tdi hanh phiic (Tran & quy eua Fields (2012) thi sir bien dpng bien cgng sir, 2017) Bat binh dang thu nhap c6 tac dpng phu thupe (thu nhap, miic hanh phiic) dupe phan tigu cue bdi no gay eac ngoai img tieu cue xa hpi tach tdng bien dpng bang vdi su bien dpng nhu su cang thang, giam thieu niem tin, nii ro ve suy dupe giai thieh bdi mdi biSn doc lap Phuang phap giam miic song (Tran & cgng su, 2017) Tuy nhien, eua Fields (2012) cd the duoe bieu dien nhu sau: mgt sd it trudng hgp, bat binh dang thu nhap lai cd the c6 tac dgng tich cue tdi hanh phiic Sir Hap"+5^;^*j(?*+£,K-=l, (2) dung dir lieu bang tir 11 cugc dieu tra hg gia dinh d Anh, Clark (2003) phat hien ring bit binh ding bang he so Gini hay chenh lech thap phan vi giauTrong Hap la biln phu thudc ludng mire ngheo deu c6 tac dgng tich cue tdi dan s6 cd viec dp hanh phiie, va sir bien dpng ciia bien sd dugc lam Nghien ciiu ciia Ohtake & Tomioka (2004) phan tach cung cho thay bat binh dang thu nhap cd quan he duang nhung nhd vdi hanh phuc d Nhat Ban Tac A Var(Hap) = ^ cov[A'' ^ ,Y] + cov[£, Y] dong tich cue eua bat binh ding tdi hanh phuc cd IhS (3) dupe [y giai bing ly thuyet ky vpng ve djch chuygn xa hpi Ngudi dan van hanh phiic mot xa hgi Trong do, ty le thay doi bien hanh phuc CO bat binh dang kinh tg cao bdi ho nghi ring ho se dupe cho la thay ddi ctia bien giai thich thii k gay cd the cung giau c6 nhu nhiing ngudi xung quanh dugc bieu dien thanh: tuong lai (Donal & cac cong su, 2008; Tran & A ' So 239 thdng 5/2017 A kJitftliU'liiiUi'Jrn var{Hap) (4) Va ty le dong gop bdi phan du (phan khong giai thich dupe mo hinh) la: s(e) COV[£,r] (5) var(i/ap)' Chiing ta cd the bieu dien dong gop theo ty le phan tram cua timg bien giai thich tdi he so R binh phuong nhu sau: piX") (6) Bien so phu thupe phdn tach bat binh dang hanh phue (md hinh 3) la he sd Gim va eac bien giai thieh md hinh ciing dugc sir dung tuang tu nhu md hinh Viec lua chpn cac bien sd tren phan tich la phu hgp bdi theo Fields (2012) thi cae bien giai thich tac dong tdi miie sdng (thu nhap, hanh phiic) ciing se tae dpng tdi bdt binh dang ve muc sdng Ben cgnh do, eac nghien ciiu trude dd eho thay mice thu nhap, chSt luong cac mdi quan he xa hgi (su hd trg) (Niimi, 2016) va bat binh dang thu nhap cung dugc phat hien ed dong gop tdi bSt binh dang hanh phue (Oishi, Kesebir & Diener, 2011) 2.2 DO-lieu Nghien eiru sir dung dii lieu dieu tra cap qude gia tii Bao cao Hanh phiic The gidi nam 2017 dupe thuc hien bdi Vien Nghien eim Trai Dat tai Dai hoc Columbia (Helliwell & cpng su, 2017) Td chirc da tien hanh khao sat ve miic hanh phtic tai 126 qudc gia thdi gian tir 2006 tdi 2016 Do dii lieu v§ bit binh ding thu nhgp va mgt so chi so khac hi thilu nen nghien ciru ndy tap trung khoang thdi gian tir 2009-2016 Bang mo ta t6n, dinh nghia va ludng cac bi6n dugc sit d\mg nghien ciiu nky Bang trinh bay eac gia tri thdng ke mo ta cua eae biSn sd ciia cac nude dugc khao sat thdi gian tir 2009 tdi 2016 Chi sd hanh phde trung binh tren th^ gidi la khoang 5,4 (thang tii tdi 10) cho thdi gian ndi tren Sd lieu cung cho thiy cac nude Bic Au, Canada, Niu-Di-Lan va Uc luon din diu ve chi sd hanh phuc va xep eudi bang la phan Idn cdc nude d Chau Phi He sd Gini v6 hanh phue tuong ddi thip, tri d miic khoang 0,12 thdi ky 2009-2016 Chi sd GDP binh quan diu ngudi dugc diSu chinh ngang gid siic mua dat 17163 USD nam 2009, tang nhe ISn tdi 17762 USD vao nam 2016 Cdc chi s6 khac nhu sir hd trg, tu quySt dinh, s\r hao phdng, tham nhung va he sd Gini thu nhgp Cling khong khac biet dang ke giiia cac nam ndi tren Ket qua va thao luan Bang trinh bay ket qua hoi quy sir dung dii lieu mang khong can bang, giai doan 2009-2016 Ket qua kiem dinh Hausman viing cua Woolridge (2012) cho thay gid tri thdng ke Saigan-Hansen statistic la 11,289 vdi y nghia thdng ke tuong img la 0,0799 va vay ham y rang sir dung md hinh tdc dgng ngau nhien la phii hgp Ket qua su dung kiem dinh Breuseh va Pagan Lagrangian muhiplier cQng khang dinh viec su dung md hinh tac dgng ngau nhien la phu hgp han so vdi md hinh hdi quy OLS vdi dii lieu gdp (gia tri thdng ke chibar2 la 1447,39 vdi y nghia thong ke tuang ling nhd han 1%) Ket qua eho thay tat ea eac he sd deu ed y nghia Bang 1: Cac bien so duoc su dung nghien cihi Hanh phuc GDP/ngirdi Bat binh dang thu nhap Pjnh nghia Duacdo ludngbang muc^6hai Iqng^vaicuoc song _ _ _ GDP binh quan dau ngudi theo nam tinh theo ngang gia siic mua He so Gmi thu nhap Ty ngirdi dupe phong van cho rang se nhan dupe giiip tij ban be ho hang Idii gap Idio khan Ty quyet dmh Ty ngirdi dupe phong van hai long voi sir tit cac quyet dinh ciia minh Su hao phong Ty ngirdi dupe phong van da cho tien tu thien thang \"ira qua Ty le ngudi dupe phong van cho rang tham nhung lan rpng ea khu vuc cong va ItJiu vire doanh nghiep (tinli trung binh cho ca hai Idiu vuc) Tham nhung NguSn • Helliwell & cong su (2017j So 239 thdng 5/2017 Thang TiH tai ^ Logant Bang 2: Thong kS mo tk vk cac bien so dirtfc sfr dung 2009 Nam/cac chi so Chi s8 hanh phiic cua cac mi6c HS s6 Gmi hanh phiic txcQ the giiM GDP/nguoi/imm 5,46 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 200916 5,50 5,42 5,44 5,39 5,39 5,40 5,40 5,43 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 0,12 17163 18691 17608 18619 17715 17905 19145 18950 17762 SuhStTO Tir quySt dinh Sv hao phong 0,82 0,83 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,81 0,80 0,81 0,81 0,69 0,71 0,73 0,71 0,73 0,73 0,75 0,76 0,72 0,01 0,00 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,00 Tham nhtmg He so Gini thu nhap S6 nuac 0,76 0,76 0,76 0,76 0,76 0,74 0,74 0,75 0,76 0,45 0,43 0.44 0,44 0,43 0,46 0,45 0,45 0,44 122 119 946 102 HI 119 120 127 Nguon • Tinh todn cua tdc gid su dung die lieu tu World Happiness 126 Report 2017 thdng ke eao vdi dau tac dgng nhu k y vgng K i t qua (Donal & edng su, 2008) Sau cung, miic bat binh chi rang tang trudng thu nhap giiip gia tang m d e dang thu nhap ciing d u g c phat hien cd tac dgng tieu hanh phuc Ty le dan sd cam nhan dugc su hd trg cue tdi su hai long cugc sdng, va ket qua nghi6n ciiu eao han cd quan he tich cue vdi m u e hanh phue ciing d u g e phat hien d cac nghien eiru noi Su hao phong, d u a c b i n g viec cho ti^n tir thien, bd mgt n u d e (Tran & cgng sir, 2017) v a nghien ciiu ciing cd quan he duang vdi m u c hanh phue Ben cap cac qudc gia (Ferrer-i-Carbonell & Ramos, canh dd, mire tu viec lira chpn cac quyet 2014) dinh ciia cugc song cung cd tae dgng tich cue tdi Hinh trinh bay ket qua p h a n tach bdt binh ddng hanh phuc Ket qua nghien ciiu ciing cho t h i y miic hanh phiic sir dung hdi quy v a ket qua chi tiSt dugc tham nhiing cao han thudng lam giam hanh phiic trinh bay d Phu lue K8t qua cho thdy tinh trung eua ngudi dan Cae phat hien nghien euu ddng binh thdi k y 2009-2016 thi cac nhan t6 nhu thuan vdi eac phat hien nghien cuu v6 hanh phiic thu nhap, s u hd trg, s u t u do, tham nhiing, miic Bang : Nhan td t a c ddng tdi hanh phuc tren the gidi, 2009-2016 Bien si Sai so chuan virng Log cua GDP/ngudi Su h6 trp (0,246) Sir hao phong TIT quygt dinh Tham nhiing (0,156) (0,168) (0,172) Gini (thu nhap) He so chan (0,194) (0,429) So quan sat He so R binh phuong chung Bien dpng noibo nhom Bien dong giija cac nhom Ynghiath6ngke^^'^p
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