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SJ TRUYEN BA VA ANH H J^NG CUA BA LA MON GIAO Cl DONG NAM A DO KHtfdNG MANH U N H * PHUNG THI THANH HA** Tom- tdt: Bd La Mdn gido (Brahmanism) la mpt nhiing tdn gido ddi sdm nhdt cda nhdn loai Td ndm 700 trUdc Cong nguyin (tr.CN) trd ve sau, Bd La Mdn gido bdt ddu suy vi, cho din ndm 157 thi cham did thdi dai Upanisad Bd La Mdn gido ddn phdt trien trd thdnh An Dp gido Vdi tU cdch la mpt hinh thdi v&n hda, Bd La Mon gido khong trdnh dUgc viec truyin bd bin ngodi An Dp, bdi bdn chdt cda vdn hoa Id truyin bd, vdn hda thi hiin dugc gid tri cua no thong qua truyen bd Bdng Nam A chinh Id khu vuc ddu tiin Bd La Mon gido truyen din, ddng thdi cdng di lai nhiing dnh hUdng xd hpi sdu dgm d day Tit khoa: Bd La Mon, Ddng Nam A, truyen bd vdn hda Mcf d S u Ba La Mon gido (Brahmanism) la mdt tiong nhung ton giao ddi sdm n h i t cua nhan loai, ve sau phat triin trd An Dp giao Ve mat ban chat, gifla Ba La Mbn giao va An Dp giao khbng cb sfl khde biet, trbn thue te d hai ehinh la mbt Ba La Mbn giao ddi sdm htfn Phat gido khoang 900 - 1000 nam Tbn giao khbng eb ngfltfi sang lap Vi t h i n toi cao n h i t ma Ba La Mbn giao sung bai la Dai Pham Thien (Brahma) Theo truyin thuyet tid kinh dien Phe Da (Veda) ehinh Brahma truyen trflc tiip Giai doan tfl nam 2000 tr.CN d i n 1200 tr.CN dfltfe gpi la thtfi dai Veda, bdi vi giai doan imy, nen van hda CO dai ngfldi Aryen sdng tao nen deu dfltfe dfla vao b i n bb Veda Trilt gia ngfltfi Dflc, Arthur Schopenhauer, sau dgc bb Veda da kinh ngac t h i t len rang: "Tbi da cd dfltfe kho bau tri tug imy thi cube ddi khong ebn nuoi tig'c gi nfla!" * ThS D6 KhUcfng Manh Linh, ••" ThS Phiing Thi Thanh Ha, Vi6n Quan he quIc tl, Hpc vign Chinh tri qub'e gia Ho Chi Minh Bo Khucfng Mgnh Linh, Phdng Thi Thanh Hd - Su truyen bd vd dnh hudng Ba La Mbn gido va An Db giao phat tiiln ve sau la mbt thfl tbn giao ehinh t h i n g mang ham nghia tbn giao bibn dai, khac vdi tin ngiiBng tbn gido nguygn thuy Nd khbng nhiftig la mgt thfl tin ngfldng, ma la mbt thfl hgc thuyg't; vfla la mgt thfl quan niem gia tri, lai la mbt phflcfng thfle sb'ng cua ngfltfi; dong thdi anh hflctng de'n che db chinh tri hien dai Vdi tfl each la mbt hinh thdi van hba, Ba La Mbn giao khbng tranh dflge viec truyin ba bbn ngoai, bdi vi ban chat eiia van hda la truyin ba, van hba t h i hign dflge gia tri eua nd thbng qua truyen ba Dbng Nam A la khu vflc dau tien Bd La Mbn giao truyen den, dong thtfi cung de lai nhiing anh hfldng xa hbi sau dam d day 1, B a L a Mdn g i a o la t d n g i a o d a u t i e n t r u y e n ba v a o D d n g N a m A v a o khoang t h i ky II tr CN, Ba La Mbn giao da truyin vao vfltfng qub'e Phu Nam, day la qub'e gia xuit hign sdm n h i t lich sfl Campuchia Nhijftig ghi chep sach sfl Trung Qub'e v l truyen thuyg't nfl vfltfng Phu Nam la Lieu Diep (Soma) va Hbn Diln'^' la can cfl cho nhan dinh ngu trgn saeh "Nam Te Thfl" quyin 58, Het truyen "Dbng Nam Di" ed vig't: "Nfldc Phu Nam, d phia Tdy biln Idn phia Nam ciia Nhat Nam, chu vi htfn ba ngan dam, cd sbng Idn chay tfl phia Tay d l ve bien Diu tien, cd nfl vfltfng, ten gpi la Lieu Diep Lai cb ngfldi den tfl nflde Kieh, tbn la Hbn Dien, dem mgng thay than ban eho mbt cay cung, day edeh cudi thuyen biln H6n Dien sang sdm tinh day nhan dUtfc cung ten dfldi goc eay den t h i n , ben cfldi thuyin hfldng d i n nflde Phu Nam Ligu Digp trbng t h i y thuyin, dan mgi ngfldi ehb'ng efl Hon Dien gifltfng cung ban tfl xa, ten xuyen mbt ben man thuyen dam trung ngfltfi Lieu Diep stf hai, xin hang Hbn Dien lay Lilu Dibp lam vg Luc ay, dan d db van cdn Iba ll, nbn da k i t eac tam vai lai vdi lam quin ao Sau eai tri nflde do, eon ehdu truyen ddi" Hbn Dien dung t h i n eung ehinh phue Lieu Diep db la ngfltfi Ba La Mbn dg'n tfl An Do Can cfl cac khao chflng cb lign quan, nfldc Kich ehinh la nfldc Mb Phu, nam d Ka#eipura phia Dbng Nam ban dao An Db Htfn nfla, Hon Dien ebn la mgt tang Ifl Ba La Mbn Bdi vi saeh "Nam SiJ("'2) eub'n 78, ligt truygn "Td Mach" (thflgng) cd nbi: 'ThIa Nam cb nfldc Kich, ed mbt vi tu phep than ten la Hon Diln" Nhiing vi than dflge nhac d i n eae thu tieh el v l Dbng Nam A eua Trung Qub'e thfldng chi d i n vi t h i n dflge Ba La Mbn giao tin ngudng, khae vdi dao Phat Vi du, saeh "Nam T l Thu" eub'n 58, liet truygn "Dbng Nam Di" cb ndi: "O nflde l y ed tuc thd than Shiva, t h i n gidng xub'ng nui Meru" Hay nhfl saeh "Cflu Dfltfng Thfl" quyin 147 mue "Chan Lap Tmyen" ed viet: "Nfldc ay ed d dao Phat l l n Thign Than (chi dao Ba La Mbn), Thibn Than Idn nhat, dao Phat xIp sau" Cho nen, chung ta cb t h i xem truyen thuyit Hbn Diln chinh phue Lilu Diep (Soma) la sfl chinh phuc cua van hda Ba La Mon An Do ma Hon Diln la dai dien db'i vdi van hba ban dia Phu Nam ma Lilu Diep la dai dibn Neu Uch sfl that sfl cb nhan vM Hbn Diln thi day ehinh la 46 ngfldi diu tien truyin ba Ba La Mon giao vao khu vflc Dong Nam A Gia sfl cho ring, nhflng d i n chfllig neu tren v l n chfla dii sflc thuyet phuc, chung ta v l n CO t h i libt ke nhflng van vat dflgc khai quat dl lam bang chflng Thdi ky Rama IV vfltfng trilu Chakri, Thdi Lan (1851-1868), xay thap Phat da phat hien mbt bfle dieu khle t h i n Kim Si Diiu (Garuda) duge due bang dong xanh, day la vat efldi cua t h i n Vishnu dflge cae Ba La Mbn giao thtf phung Dieu chflng td, mugn nhat vao t h i ky thfl II tr.CN, trfltfc Phat giao t m y i n vao Dong Nam A thi Ba La Mbn giao da cd mat d khu vflc vao the ky thfl IV, Ba La Mbn giao da tflcftig db'i p h i bien tai Phu Nam, lue qub'e vfltfng cua vfltfng qub'e Phu Nam la mbt ngfltfi Ba La Mbn ten Kieu Tran Nhfl Vao thtfi dai Phu Nam, lanh tu ehinh tri va lanh tu tinh than deu mbt ngfltfi dam nhan, nen vflcftig quyin va t h i n quyin dflge hgp lam mgt Dbi qub'e vfltfng khbng mang than phan Ba La Mbn, nhung hp v l n t h i n g tri dat nflde diia vao quy t i e cua Ba La Mbn giao Than hda vi tri qub'e vfltfng, nang cao ngang tam vdi than thanh, day chinh la k i t qua chinh tri Ba La Mbn giao mang lai, va cung la n i n tang thfle hien ehu nghia ehuygn c b l tmyin thong d phflcftig Dbng A n h h u : ^ g cua Ba La Mdn g i a o dd'i vdti che dp chinh tri k h u vtfc Ddng Nam A co dai - che dO d^ng c a p Ba La Mon gido An Db phan ehia ngudi vao b i n dang d p : Bd La Mbn (Brahman), Sat De Lgi (Kshastriya), Ve Xa (Vaisya) va Thu Da La (Soudra) Hai Nghiin cdu Dong Nam A, sd 2/2019 giai elp dau tibn la giai cap t h i n g tri, hai giai d p sau 11 giai d p bi tri Tfl dd, ehe dp binh dang cua bb lae nguyen thuy d Dbng Nam A cl dai da hi pha vd, mbi mbt ngfldi deu thuge ve mbt dang e l p dac dinh Vdi tfl edch la ngfldi trung gian Hen ket gifla d c vi t h i n va eon ngfltfi, gidi tang Ifl Ba La Mbn dfltfe hfldng dae quyen toi eao, y ehi eua hg cb the dai dien cho y ehi d a t h i n hnh Da p h l n gidi tdng Ifl dam n h ^ ebng vigc t l tfl, ed mbt so ngfltfi dam nhan vai trb lam thay day eua quoe vfltfng Sach "Nam T l Thfl" quyin 58 het truybn "Lam Ap Truygn" eb viit: "Thiy cua quan vfltfng la ngfldi Ba La Mbn" Vao the ky thfl V, d nfldc Don Ton nam b phia Nam Myanmar (nay thube tinh Tanintharyi) da eb 500 hb dan An Db dl efl dg'n, cd hai toa thap va htfn 1000 tang Iff Ba La Mbn Ngfldi Dbn Ton da p h l n tin ngudng Ba La Mbn giao, hg ga gai cho d c tang IG Ba La Mbn Chflc trach eua nhflng tang Ifl la tu hanh, tung kinh O Chan Lap tiftig Iflu hanh tuc lb ggi la "trin tham", tflc eae thilu nfl den tuli trfldng se dang h i l n dong trinh cho d c tang Ifl Ba La Mbn Cimg vdi sfl truyen ba Ba La Mbn gido vao khu vflc Dbng Nam A, mbt so quy tbe vfltfng that eung da t i n g Idp Sdt Dl Lgi sach "Tuy Thfl" quyin 28, phan "Chan Lap Truyen" eb viet: "Nfldc Chan Lap, d phia Tay Nam eua Lam Ap, v l n la phibn qub'e cua Phu Nam Vua d mang hp Sdt Lgi (Ksatriya), tbn la Citrasena" Nfldc Chan Lap tgc ngfldi Cao Mibn diftig Ign, tgc ngfldi v l n khbng cd hg, nbn "Sat Lgi" d d i y rd rang la ehi den dang d'p Sit De Lgi (Ksatriya) Dd Khucfng Mgnh Linh, Phung Thi Thanh Hd - Su truyen bd vd dnh hudng Giai ca'p hi tri Chan Lap khbng dung danh xiftig Vg Xd hay Thu Da La nhfl d An Do, nhiftig eung mang y la "ngfldi khbng the tie'p xue" nhu d An Dp Trong sach "Chan Lap phong till ky" eua Chu Dat Quan ed n h l c den "ngfldi d nui", tuc ggi la "chuangs" (phat am theo am cua ngUtfi Cao Mibn, nghia la ke trbm), dia vi tha'p kem, bi ban lam nb ti, "vao thanh, hp diu khbng dam vdo nha ngfldi khac" Tflomg flng vdi e h i db dang cap nghiem ngat eua Ba La Mbn giao la che nghi le va hoat dbng t l tfl tbn giao phflc tap Nghi thfle tbn giao la tai t h i va hinh thfle biiu eiia giao ly tbn giao, ng'u tach rdi khoi nghi thflc tbn giao thi nbi dung tbn gido se trd ngn trifti tflgng va khd hiiu D i n g thdi, nghi thfle tbn giao ebn ed t h i tao nbn khbng nghibm tue trang nghibm, khien mgi ngfldi sinh long kinh sg, euli eCing khien nghi thflc tbn giao trd thfl thu doan ke't nbi va khbng e h i tin vdi L l te tbn giao eua Ba La Mbn giao dflge phan ehia theo dang d p Chi eb nhflng ngfltfi thuge dang d p cao mdi ed tfl cdch l l bai cae vi ehu t h i n nhfl Shiva, Vishnu va B r a h m a Cae nghi thflc deu rat long trgng va quy mb Idn, bdi vi hp cd nen tang vat chat hau Nhflng ngfldi thuge dang d p thap chi ed t h i l l bai ede vi than dang d p t h l p nhfl than nui, than d y , t h i n , vi bb bubc bdi dieu kign kinh td', nen nhiing nghi thfle d a hg eung rat stf sai va tien Vao nhiftig dip Ig tbn giao quan trgng, nhflng ngfltfi dang elp tha'p ehi lam ngfldi phu giup va dbn khach, khong cd tfl each vao mieu thtf tham gia hoat dgng t l le 47 B a L a M d n g i a o m a n g d d n k h u vi^c D d n g N a m A n h f i n g d i i u lu&t d a u ti§n Xa hgi phap tri la mbt sfl tie'n bb rb rang db'i vdi xa hbi khbng luat phap Nhflng nhflng quy tac luat phap Ba La Mbn giao mang d i n khu vflc tfltfng doi dam sae mau tbn giao Chung ta eo t h i khao cflu each dinh tbi eua ngfltfi Cao Mibn vao thdi ky Phu Nam thbng qua cac ghi ehgp thfl tieh eo Trung Hoa Saeh "Nam Sfl" quyin 78 p h l n ligt truygn "Di Mach" (thflgng) co viet: "Luat phap nflde Chan Lap, khbng xfl til, eb ngfldi kien tung, dau tign phai trai gidi ba ngay, lai nung riu, lenh ngfltfi kien e l m di bay bflde Lai dung khuybn vang, trflng ga cho vao nflde sbi, sau db bao tim vdt ra, neu gian db'i thi tay se bong ndt, ngfltfi eb ly se khbng hi Lai eho xuong hao cb nubi ca slu, ehulng nhb't manh thu ngoai cfla thanh, ke eb tpi nhat dinh bi manh thu va ea sau an thit, ke khbng bi an thit la vb tbi, ba se dflgc tha" Nlnn b l ngoai, each thfle dinh tpi rat hoang dfltfng, nhung trbn thfle t l , dieu la sfl d i n tie'n y chi cua t h i n linh vdo ludt phap Vi t h i n tbi eao vb thfltfng, bibn dien khap mpi ntfi da tham gia vao viee phan quye't tbi Hi Bdi vay, trflde kien tung phai "trai gidi trflde ba n g a / ' n h l m t h i hign sfl sung kinh doi vdi cdc vi than Vibe dung sai, sb'ng ehlt phai dfla vao y nguygn cua cac vi t h i n eb xuat hien ky tich hay khbng Saeh "Thai Binh ngfl lam" quyin 786, nUdc Phu Nam dflge trich d i n tfl "Ngoai quoc truyen" cd viit: "Ngfldi Phil Nam n l u nha hi mat cap Nghiin cdu Ddng Nam A, sd 2/2019 48 vat, ben lay mbt thang gao d i n milu t h i n , cau xin t h i n nhin thay dfltfe ke trbm Bay gao dfldi chan than, ngdy hbm sau d i n l l y gao, ggi nb ti nha ehia gao eho vao mieng nhai Ngfltfi nao trbm thi mieng se chay mau, gao ehang vd nat, khbng trbm thi cho vao mibng t i t se nat" Phflcfng phap xfl an eang trflc tiep ehuyen tfl phap dinh mieu t h i n hcfn, va t h i n linh lam phan quan Vl sau xuat hien phap dien, vi du nhfl "Tam an phap diln" eua Thai Lan dflge sinh tfl "Phap dien Manu" eua An Dp Tdm lai, Ba La Mbn giao sau tmyen vao Dbng Nam A da gay nen anh hfldng rat Idn db'i vdi khu vflc Ba La Mbn giao khbng nhflng mang d i n Dbng Nam A mbt thfl tbn giao, ma cung mang theo mgt n i n van hba mdi, mbt phfltfng thfle sing, mbt kilu trat tfl xa hbi, e h i db ehinh tri Chung ta khbng t h i dcfn gian xem Ba La Mbn gido nhfl mgt thfl hfl ao, tach rdi hign thflc, ma ky thflc, diu cua nb da vUcfn den tan Thign qub'e, eon ehan dflng vCftig chon hong tran Dau a n B a La Mdn giao c a c di chi k i e n true noi b^t cf k h u vi/c Ddng Nam A Ba La Mbn gido d l lai rat nhiiu dau I n d cae di chi van hba co dai quan trgng d khu vflc Dbng Nam A, trd nhflng tinh pham va dau moc eua di san van hba nhan loai Qudn thi kiin true Angkor, Campuchia Quan the kien true Angkor d Campuchia chinh la kiet tdc Ba La Mbn giao de lai cho hau t h i Nam 802, vua Jayavarman II (thdi gian tri vi 802-850) thong nhat Luc Chan Lap va Thuy Chan Lap, xay diftig kinh db mdi phia Dbng Bac h i Tonle Sap, la tinh Siem Reap, dat ten la Angkor Thom Angkor Thom la kinh db cua vflcftig quoc Chan Lap 630 nam, cae qub'e vfltfng tri vi thdi gian dflge ghi chep lai gom 42 vi Bo cue cua / ^ g k o r Thom dfltfe migu ta chi t i l t "Chan Lap phong tho ky" cua Ngb Dat Quan Bdi vi Ngb Dat Quan tiftig dat chan d i n toa thdnh nay, nen nhiftig ghi chep chi tilt ddng tin eay Ong viet rang: "Chu vi toa khoang 20 dam, gIm cd cfla, mbi cfla gom hai Idp Duy chi ed phia Dbng co hai cfla, nhiftig hfldng lai ehi eb mbt cfla Bbn ngodi deu la hao Idn, trgn cdc hao diu eb eau Idn Hai ben elu tong edng ed 54 tflgng thin bang da, giong nhfl tflgng cac tfldng quan bang da, to Idn va dfl tgn, cf nam cfla diu nhfl vay Cae elu (lan can) lam bang da, dibu k h I e hinh r i n chin dau'^l 54 vi than deu dung tay gifl chat eon ran nhfl t h i khbng mub'n eho thoat Ngoai cda ed diu tfltfng Phdt dd Idn, mat hfldng vl phia Tay Mbt tfltfng d gifla dflpc trang tri bang vang Hai bbn cfla d tflgng voi bang da'*l Tfltfng dflge xep bang da, cao hai trfltfng, da dflgc xep chat khit, k h i l n eo khbng t h i bam r l , nhflhg tfltfng khdng ed vgng gae O tien thanh, mbt so ntfi cb trIng cay t h i t nb't, khap ncfi cd d c ngbi nha tib'ng Di vao la d c die, db day khoang hcfn 10 trflgng Trbn deu ed d e cfla Idn, tii ddng s i n g md, cb ngfltfi canh gdc, cM ed chd khbng dfltfe vao" Bo Khuong Mgnh Linh, Phung Thi Thanh Hd - Sd truyen bd vd dnh hudng 49 Trong "Chan Lap phong tho ky" ebn mieu ta mbt thap bang vang: "O t n m g t a m cua hoang la mbt thap bang vang bao quanh bdi hcfti hai mfltfi thap bang da va hang tram cac can phong bang da O tfldng phia Dbng ed mgt cay eau bang vang" dan bng (Si Linga) Vua Jayavarman VII (thdi gian tri vi 1181 - 1219) tfl xflng la t h i n ehuyen the', sau c h i t xfltfng cot dfltfe chbn d t d Angkor Wat Vi the, Ngb Dat Quan mdi dieh vi t h i n Shiva la L5 Ban, bdi vi L6 Ban dflge xem nhfl la t h i n sang tao eua Trung Qub'e Thfle t l , tda thap vang ehinh la mgt ngpn dii nho nam d ehinh gifla Angkor, d e h eong phia Nam khoang 1500m, tren ngpn doi nho dflng mbt ngbi din, db ggi la Bayon Day chinh la d e h lam nhat quan tiong Ba La Mbn giao Theo eac nghien cflu, den Bayon dflge d i p mo phdng theo nui Meru Nui Meru la ntfi d cua t h i n Vishnu, tUtfng tnftig eho dilm k i t nbi gifla trung t a m vQ tru va trdi dlt Tfldng bao quanh Angkor Thom tugng trtftig cho cac nggn nui vay quanh nui Meru Hg (hao thanh) la bien Idn bgc ngoai d e nggn nui Angkor Thom tren thfle t l la hinh anh thu nhd ve vu tru tfldng tfltfng eiia Ba La Mbn giao Diiu cd nghia la, Angkor Thom ehinh la thibn dfltfng nhan gian theo the gidi quan eua Ba La Mdn giao D i n Mebon d phia Dbng Angkor Thom v l n la mgt tflgng Shiva nam bang dong, da khbng ebn D i n Neak Pean d phia Blc thanh, dieh Id den Ban Xa, cd hai r I n Idn b l n g da nkm eugn dfldi chan thap Bgn h i cdn ed tflgng nhan ma - hda than cua than Vishnu - trang thai tung vb, cd rat nhieu tieu quy vay keo xung quanh T i t ca diu t h i hign dae dilm nghb thuat k i l n true Ba La Mbn D i n /kigkor Wat d phia Nam Angkor Thom, Chu Dat Quan ggi ddy la "Mb cua L6 Ban" Lo Ban nbi d i n d day khong phai la nhan vat Lb Ban tmyen thuyg't Trung Quoc, ma la t h i n Shiva - vi than sang tao - dflgc Ba La Mbn giao thd phung Angkor Wat la dien thd than Shiva Vi t h i n thfltfng xua't hien dfldi hai hinh dang, mbt la Shiva hien than, hinh ddng gib'ng vdi mgt nha tu hanh, va Shiva khbng hibn than, ed tao hinh la bb phan sinh thuc ciia ngfltfi Din Borobudur, Indonesia Ngoai quIn the k i l n tnic Angkor d Campuchia ra, den Borobudur d Indonesia - mbt bay ky quan t h i gidi eo dai eung dflge xdy dflng vao the ky thfl VIII mang anh hfldng cua Ba La Mbn giao Tang nhan Phap H i l n thdi Dbng T i n vao nam 414 trgn dfltfng quay vl Trung Qub'e tfl An Db da gap phai gid bao, ngn phai gbe vao nfldc Yavadvipa trbn dao Sumatra (Indonesia) Phdp Hien da tiftig ghi chep lai tinh hinh nude dd nhfl sau: "O nflde ngoai dao Ba La Mbn r i t hiftig thinh, Phat phap khbng dang ndi dln"*^' Cung thdi gian vdi viec Phap Hiln dat ehan de'n nfldc Da Ba, phia Dbng dao Kalimantan xuat bibn mbt vfltfng qub'e tgn ggi la C l Ddi Tfl nhflng bia da ve vflcftig qub'e ndy dflgc phdt hign gan day cho thiy, quIe vfltfng t l ehfle l l dat ten, da tiftig thfldng rat nhiiu vang bae eho nhflng ngfltfi Ba La Mdn 50 Trgn nhflng bia da cb khac hinh than Shiva, vat cflBi bb than Nandi cua than Shiva va t h i n diu voi Ganesha - eon trai cua t h i n Shiva Diiu chflng td, vfltfng qub'e cl tin ngfldng phai Shiva giao tiong Ba La Mbn gido phia Nam Jakarta trbn dao Java eung phat hign bia da cb khae hinh diu chan, p h l n chfl ben canh viet rang: "Day la diu ehan cua qub'e vfltfng Taruma, tbn eua bng ggi la Pumavarman, bng la mbt vi vua cd sflc manh, dau chan eiia bng gib'ng vdi than Vishnu"*^' Tin ngfldng cua nfldc Taruma la phai Vishnu, Ba La Mbn giao, thtfi gian ton tai eua eo quoc vao khoang the ky V Tfl sau t h i ky thfl VII, phai Shiva trd nen cflc thinh''^' Cbng trinh kien true Borobudur da t h i hien day du t i m anh hfldng eua Bd La Mbn giao tren dao Java Vl ket d u bgn ngoai, Borobudur rat gib'ng vdi dibn thd Ba La Mbn gido Angkor & Campuchia, toan bb kig'n true gIm cd nam tang, xIp ehing len tfl Idn den be, mbi tang cb hinh vubng, tren eb xay thap trbn va thdp (Stupa) Phat Do thdi ky tren dao Java p h i big'n tin ngfltfng phai Shiva, nen da dung hba kha nhiiu mau sic Phat giao, biiu hien ehinh la 432 thap trbn, moi thap trbn diu eb mpt tflgng Phat ngoi Ve thdi gian xay dflng, Borobudur dUtfc xay dung dfldi vfltfng trieu Shailendra Danh xiftig Shailendra cd nghia la "vfltfng qub'e eua vua nui", y nghia tfltfng tfl vdi ham nghia danh xflng Phu Nam Tran Tfl Kinh eho rang: "Phu Nam cd nghia la nui, , vua Phu Nam eung dflgc ggi la vua nui, each xflng hb cung la each xflng hb eua Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd 2/2019 vfltfng trilu Shailendra d dao Java"'^' Sung bai nui CO Hbn quan deh tin ngfldng Ba La Mbn giao Tflomg truyin than Shiva d trbn nui Meru, d e ngbi dien thd than Shiva deu dflgc dflng Ibn trgn cdc ngpn nui Nlu noi nao khbng eb nui thi phai d i p ngpn doi nhd, sau diftig dibn thtf Ibn tien Ngfldi ta se lay ngbi d i n lam trung tam, xdy dung xung quanh ngbi den, cfl nhfl t h i md rbng ra, nham thflc hien phfltfng thflc thbng tri kg't htfp gifla vfltfng quyen va than quyen, day ehinh la mb thflc xay dung nha nfldc p h i biln d cde quoc gia An Dp hoa d Dbng Nam A Diiu dang chu y la, thdi diem nflde Phu Nam diet vong eung la Shailendra lap nfldc Vi the G Codes cho rang: "Vua nui (Shailendra) & dao Java ed mgt mb'i libn he nao vdi vua nfldc Phil Nam'^' cd eimg danh xflng" f^**.' Cho ngn ban dau vflcftig trilu Shailendra nhat dinh eung tin ngfldng Ba La Mbn giao gib'ng nhfl Phu Nam Diiu dflge chflng minh qua danh xflng Shailendra Codes chi rang: "Che dp sung bai eon ngfltfi imy hig'm gap d An Db, nhung lai rat thinh hanh d Dbng Nam A Cd chflng cfl ro rang rang, vflcftig qub'e Cham eo dai, cf Java va Bali deu thinh hanh tue NhiJng bflc tfltfng dflge ghi tbn la Shiva, Vishnu cae bao tang d Jakarta hay d Ha Lan trgn thfle t l diu la eac tflgng dieu khae vua chua va eac quy tbe" '^'' Cho nen chung ta c6 can efl d l nhdn dinh rang, Borodubur 11 mbt cbng trinh kien true vi dai mang anh hfldng eua Ba La Mbn gido Din Prambanan, Indonesia NgoM Borobudur, ngbi den Ba La Mbn gido Idn nhat d Indonesia can nhac den la Do Khuong Mgnh Linh, Phung Thi Thanh Hd - Su truyen bd vd dnh hudng den Prambanan Trung Java Theo bia Shivagrha, Prambanan eb le bat diu dflge xay diftig tiJf nam 850 dfldi thdi Vua Rakai Pikatan cua vutmg quoe Medang, dugc k i t hgp bdi 250 tba kiln true, vo eimg trdng Ig, cae bflc dibu khle trgn tfltfng da diu d de tai tfl sijt thi "Ramayana" cua An Db Mue dieh la d l chflng to vfltfng trieu Shailendra da tfl bd P h a t giao d l quay vl vdi Bd La Mbn giao nhfl ngfldi sang lap vfltfng trieu Cung gib'ng nhfl d i n Angkor d Campuchia, eac ngbi den Ba La Mbn gido d Indonesia ngoai trfl thd than Shiva ra, eung la lang mg eua eac bae d l vfltfng 51 Garuda - vdi quy vUcfng Havana nhiiu diu nhiiu tay; hay tieh truyen quy Ravana dang bat cdc nang Sita - vtf eiia anh Rama, dem ve dao Lanka lam vtf Theo sfl thi, cube chig'n Jatayu hi thua, nhflng Jatayu da hilt hfldng di eua quy Ravana de ehi eho anh Rama sau Iflu day trd v l va tim dfltfng di giai cflu nang Sita T i t d chflng minh ddy la ngdi d i n Ba La Mbn giao theo phai Vishnu 4.4 Thdnh dia My San, Viit Nam Di ehi dia My Son, Viet Nam dfltfe xem la mgt nhflng trung tam den dai chinh eua Ba La Mbn giao d khu vflc Dbng Tong t h i d i n Prambanan gom 240 thdp Nam A Vl nign dai hinh nbn di chi Idn nho, phan thap ehinh ggi la Loro nay, theo nbi dung eiia mbt tain bia cd nien Jonggrang bao gom sau toa thap bo tri dai the ky thfl IV phdt hien tai My Stfn cho hai hang theo true Blc Nam, ba toa biit, vua Bhadravarman da eho xay dflng thap Idn nhat nam d vi tri tmng tam, vdi tai day mgt ngbi d i n bang gb de thtf Linga thap gifla thd t h i n Shiva eao 47m, hai cua t h i n Shiva Van bia eo doan: "Ngai da thap edn lai thd t h i n Vishnu va Brahma eung ddng cho t h i n Bhadresvara'^^' mgt Ca ba cfla d i n diu quay mat vl hfldng khu vflc vinh viln, phia Dbng la nui Sulaha, Dbng - hfldng eua sfl song - mbt kilu xay phia Nam Id nui Mahaparvata, phia Tay la diftig quen thube thfldng t h i y d den dai Bd nui Kusala, phia Bae la nui lam ranh gidi La Mbn gido Ba thap nhd htfn n i m doi Ngai cung dang cho than t i t ea mgng dat dibn ba toa thdp ehinh, ggi la Candi va dan efl pham vi do, hoa lgi phai Vahana, thtf ba vat cUdi: bb than Nandin dfltfe dang eung eho than, "*^^\ Vao the' ky d a than Shiva, nging t h i n Hamsa cua thfl VI - VII, nhflng ngbi din bang go bi t h i n Brahma va ehim t h i n Garuda cua thieu rui bdi hoa hoan, sau dxxgc vi vua than Vishnu Trong ba den chi cd ngoi ke vi la Sambhuvarman khbi phuc lai De'n den ehinh gifla la d Unh vat bb t h i n Nandin duge tac tfl mbt khb'i dd rat Idn, the 1^ thfl VII - VIII, anh hfldng cua d c cbn lai hai toa thap k l can thtf chim than dien thtf phia Nam An Do, nen nhiftig dien Gamda va ngong than Hamsa, nhiftig thtf d day dfltfe xay lai bang gaeh, da khbng ed linh vat ben gian thd nhiftig ehat hbu quy de dang eung cho than chinh Ngoai ra, nhflng hga t i l t digu k h l c linh vdo thtfi vdi d e sfl tich sfl thi anh ea Dfldi t r i l u dai eiia hai vi vua Ramayana nhfl; Cube chien cua Jatayu - vi Vikrantavarman I va Vikrantavarman II than lunh chim, ehau ciia chim t h i n (629 - 757), tai My Stfn, vi t h i n vua 52 Bhadresvara vln dfltfe ehu y dac biet Sau db, nhiiu nguyen nhan, cd t h i sfl thinh eua Phat gido nbn suit mgt thtfi gian dai My Stfn va vi t h i n d My Son khbng cbn gifl vai trb la dia qub'e gia va vi ehu than cua qub'e gia D i n dau thg' ky thfl X, Siva gido l l y lai dflgc vi tri ehu dao ddi sb'ng vfltfng quyin d Champa nbn Thanh dia My Scfn dflgc phue hoi Phan Idn nhutng kiln true dep nhat, Idn n h i t d My Stfn nhfl thdp AI, nhieu kiln tnic cua cae nhdm B, C, D, H, G, L, deu dflge xay diftig vao thg' ky thfl X Din thtfi vua Jaya Harivarman (khoang nam 1157), bng da cho dflng d My Stfn mgt quIn the k i l n tnic quan trgng de thtf t h i n Harivarman va cha me bng trbn mbt nggn dii nho md van bia ggi la nui Vugvan (ngbia la Hoan Vu) tflc nhdm thap G Bia ky cua vua Paramesvaravarman, k h d n g nam 1234, phat hibn gan ngoi d i n chinh Bl, eho biit dng la vi vua euli eimg tu sfla va dang cung l l vat vao ngbi den nay, ngoai ra, khbng eon phat hien thay nhflng bia ky eua nhiing nign dai vl sau Nhfl vay, vao euli the ky XIII, tich My Son da bi bo phe Nghien cdu Dong Nam A, sd^2/2019 hfldng eua t h i n Tai Lbc Kuvera, gpi la Kosagrha, d l chfla d l t l nhuyln hoae nau thflc an dang eung chfl than Phia trflde d i n ehinh thfldng cd mbt ngbi thdp nh6 c6 b i n cfla dl diflig bia Do dia t h i nam mbt thung lung hep nen nhflng Kalan d My Stfn vfla xoay vl hfldng Dbng, vfla xoay ve hfldng Tay, ngoai trfl mbt ngoi din n h i t ed hai cfla ehinh xoay vl d hai hfldng Dbng vaTay la ngoi den AI Tdm lai, den thap d My Scfn dflgc xem nhfl tieu biiu eho kien true tbn gido Champa Ngdi den chinh la kiln true quan trgng n h i t quan the d i n thap Kalan tflgng trflng eho mbt tiiu vu tru Theo quan nigm eua An D6 giao, Kalan gIm co p h l n : De thap ggi la Bhurloka, tfltfng trflng eho the gidi tran tue; Than thap gpi la Bhuwarloka, tufgng tnftig cho t h i gidi tam linh, ntfi eon ngfltfi tfl tinh de co t h i tiep xue vdi t l tien da hda nhap vdi t h i n linh; Mai thap gpi la Swarloka, tflgng trflng eho the gidi t h i n linh, ntfi chfl thin tu tap
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