Xa hoi hoc thyc nghiem Xdhgihgc.s62(i42).20i8 i THU'C TRANG VA GlAl PHAP CHINH SACH DAM BAO AN SINH xA HOI CHO GIA DINH HIEN NAY DANG NGUYfiN ANH* Tom tdt: Vi4t Nam dang no It^c ndng cao chdt lugmg cugc song vd phuc lai cho ngirdi ddn Sau han 30 ndm tien hdnh cong cugc Boi Mai, he thong an sinh xd hpi dd timg buac dugrc cai thi$n, song cdn nhiiu thach thirc, bdt cdp Vi^c tiep cgn chinh sdch theo h0 gia dinh vd long ghep giai hgn che, nhdt Id day nghi vd chdm soc ngu&i cao tudi Ty li tham gia bdo hiim xd hgi, huang luang huu cho din vdn thdp Chdt luang djch vu bdo hiim y ti hgn chi Nguai ddn nhgn thirc an sinh xd hgi Id su bao cdp ciia nhd nu&c, nen thieu sv tham gia chu dgng va tich cue thy:c hi?n cdc chinh sdch an sinh Bdi viit tap trung xem xet thi^c trgng cdc nhom chinh sdch ASXH, trin ca sa di xudt mgt so gidi phdp cu the nhdm tdng cuong chinh sdch ASXH cho gia dinh Vi^tNam Tit khoa: an sinh xd hpi, bdo hilm xd hdi, dao tgo nghi, trg giiip xd hpi, chinh sdch an sinh gia dinh, Vipt Nam Nhgn bdi: 02/4/2018 Gid phdn bi^n: 14/4/2018 Duy?t dang: 18/5/2018 Gidi thifu An sinh xa hpi (ASXH) Id mgt nhflng hgp phan quan trpng chien luge phat triln eiia cdc qude gia nhdm myc dich dn dinh chinh tri - xd hgi, gidm phan hoa gidu ngheo, dilu tilt qua trinh phdn tdng miic sdng vd tao nen sy dong thudn gifta cde nhdm ddn cu Do ASXH vCra mang tinh kinh tl, vira cd y nghia xa hpi vd nhdn vdn sdu sde Mgt h^ th6ng ASXH tdt sS gdp phdn quan trgng vao qudn tri qudc gia, sy phdt triln cua c^ng ddng vd gia dinh Thdng qua cac chinh sdch ASXH, nha nude tiln hanh phan phdi lgi thu nhap va dich vy cho cdc nhdm xa hdi dl bj tdn thuang vd cac gia dinh thu nhgp thap, gop phdn gidm ngheo vd chdng nguy ca tai ngheo, tien tdi thu hpp bit binh ddng xa h0i Lien Hgp quoc da thdng qua nguydn tdc ASXH dl mpi ngydi ddn e6 mde thu nhgp tdi thieu va tilp cgn duge cdc dich vy xa hdi thilt ylu, nhdm bdo ddm cdc quyIn CO ban ciia ngudi, phat triln kinh tl, bdo vp mdi trudng, tiln tdi vi^c thye hipn 17 myc tieu phat triln bin vimg (SDGs) vdi su tham gia tich eye ciia cdc chu thi nhd nude ' Vi4n X3 hqi hgc, Vi$n Han ldm Khoa hgc xa hgi Vift Nam 8 Thuc trgng vd gidi phdp chinh sdch ddm bdo an sinh xa hgi tu nhan, cae to chiie xa hdi ty nguyen, doanh nghiep, ngudi ddn v.v (UNDP, 2015) Ddi vdi Vipt Nam, an sinh xa hpi va bdo dam an sinh xd hpi ludn la ehu truang, nhi^m vy Idn Clia Dang va Nha nude, co y nghTa quan trpng ddi vdi su dn dinh va phat trien bin vfing dit nude Nghi quylt so 15-NQ/rW (khoa XI) 1/6/2012 ve mOt so van dl chinh sdch xd hdi giai dogn 2012-2020 la mdt quylt saeh nhdm eai thipn an sinh xd h0i d6i vdi ngudi ddn, ddc bipt Id ngudi ngheo, ngudi cd hodn canh dgc bi$t khd khdn, d^ng bdo ddn tdc thilu so Dang chii y Quylt dinh 622/QD-TTg (nam 2017) ban hdnh kl hogch hdnh ddng qudc gia thye hien chuang trinh Nghi sy 2030 vi sy phat trien bin vihig, Thii tudng Chinh phii neu quan dilm "khdng dl bi bd lai phia sau" tap trung tilp cgn nhihig ddi tugng khd tilp can nhdt, bao gdm tre em, phy nii, ngudi cao tuoi, ngudi ngheo, ngudi khuyet tgt, ngudi dan vimg sau, viing xa vd nhihig doi tugng dl bj tdn thuang khac (Thu tudng Chinh phu, 2017) Mdc du d Viet Nam cdn cd nhilu each hilu khde ve ASXH, song nhgn thiic chung dlu cho rdng mpt hp thdng an sinh xa hdi tot the hidn d khd ndng vd cdc bipn phap nhdm che chdn cho eac cd nhan va cac nhdm xd hgi trudc nhfing rui ro, ton thuong thidn tai, ciing nhu trudc nhiing tdc ddng bit lgi ve kinh td - xd hgi, nhdm ddm bao tri duge miie sdng vd didu kidn sinh kl thiet yeu (Nguyin Hiiu Diing, 2014; D^g Nguydn Anh, 2015) An sinh xa hpi duge xay dyng trdn md hinh qudn ly rui ro gdm ba chidn luge; phdng ngira riii ro; giam nhp riii ro va khae phye nii ro (Mai Nggc Cudng, 2009) Qua cdc giai dogn, he thdng ASXH eua Vipt Nam cang phat trien, bao gom cae nhom chinh sach sau ddy (Mdc Van Tidn, 2015): - Nhdm chinh sdch bdo hiem xa hdi nhdm hd trg ngudi ddn gidm thilu rui ro dau dm, thai san, tai nan lao dpng, mat vipe lam, tuoi gia, thdng qua vipe tham gia vao hp thong bdo hidm de bii ddp phdn thu nhap hi mdt di hode suy gidm cac rui ro tren; - Nhdm chinh sdch trg giiip xa hpi bao gdm chinh sdch trg giiip thudng xuyen va trg giiip d^t xudt (khdng thudng xuydn) nhdm giiip ngudi dan khde phye cdc nii ro mdt mua, thidn tai, tai nan, xung ddt, v.v - Nhdm chinh sdch tgo vi^c lam de dam bdo thu nhdp t6i thilu vd gidm ngh^o, nhdm ho trg ngudi ddn chii ddng phdng ngira cdc riii ro thdng qua tham gia thi trudng lao dpng de cd duge vide ldm tdt, thu nhap tdi thilu vd tri cu$e sdng Ben cgnh cdc chinh sach an sinh x3 hgi, cdn ed ede chinh sdch xd hpi cua Nha nude nhdm tdng cudng eho ngudi ddn tilp can hp thong dieh vy co bdn (d miic toi thieu) ve giao due, y te, nhd d, dat sdn xuat, nude sgch va thdng tin truyen thdng Nhiing dich vu xa hpi cd lien hd mdt thilt vdi cdc myc tieu phat triln bin vihig vd Id dilu ki^n dl xda bd ddi ngh^o dudi mgi hinh thurc D6ng thdi ede ehinh sdch cdn mang f nghTa bao triun, bao dam mgi ngudi ddn tham gia vd thy hudng binh ddng cdc qua tdng trudng d nude ta Bai vilt ndy Id sdn phdm eiia dl tai "Chinh saeh an sinh xd h^i cho cae gia dinh d Vipt Nam boi canh hipn dgi hda va hpi nhgp qudc tl" - Md so KHXH-GD/I619/06 thudc Chuang trinh Khoa hpc cdng nghe trgng dilm cap Bd nghien cihi ddnh gid Dgng Nguyen Anh tong the vl gia dinh thdi ky cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hda dit nude va hpi nhap quoc te Vipn Hdn ldm Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam thyc hipn Bdi viet tap trung xem xet thyc trgng ehinh sdch bdo ddm ASXH, trdn co sd dd dl xuit giai phdp ehinh sdch nhdm tdng cudng ASXH eho gia dinh Vipt Nam Chinh sach an sinh xa hdi cho gia dinh hipn Trong qua trinh ehuyin ddi tii md hinh phiie lgi xd hdi dua trdn ndn kinh td kd hogch hda bao cap sang md hinh phiic lgi tuang ling vdi nen kinh td thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa, ASXH d nude ta hidn chua hoan thien, chua ddp ling duge nhu cdu cua thuc tiln xd hdi Dilu duge phdn dnh bdng ty I? bao phu eua bdo hidm xd hdi, bdo hidm thit nghidp edn khidm t6n; chd miie hudng thap; kha nang tidp can ASXH cdn hgn ehd, khd khan ddi vdi nhilu nhdm ddi tugng; ngudn lye huy dpng thuc hipn cdc chinh sach ASXH edn han ehl, chu ylu dya vdo ngdn sdch eo hpp vd ddn trdi cua nhd nude Trong dd, y thiic va ndng lyc ty vuon len eua ngudi ddn cdn yeu Cde thiet che bdo dam an sinh truyen thdng ngdy edng suy giam ve vai trd Gia dinh, hdng xdm, cpng dong khdng cdn la thiet che an toan de bdo v^ vd chdm sde cdc thdnh vien nhu trude ddy, dan den nhGng khd khdn, thdch thiic ddi vdi eae ehinh sdch ddm bao ASXH hidn Npi dung chinh duge xem xet phan bao gom cdc ehinh saeh ASXH lien quan ddn gia dinh duge tridn khai hien Trudc het la chinh sach bdo hiem xd hdi try cgt quan trgng cua h$ thdng ASXH 2.1, Chinh sdch bdo hiim xa hpi Bdo hilm xa hgi la sy bdo dam thay thi hoac bii ddp mdt phdn thu nhgp cua ngudi lao ddng hp hi suy gidm hoac mit thu nhdp 6m dau, thai sdn, tai nan lao ddng, bpnh nghi nghiep, thit nghiep, hit tudi lao ddng hodc chit, trdn ca sd ddng vdo qu5' bdo hilm xa hdi Bdo hidm xd hpi bao gdm nhihig nii ro md cung cd thd g^p pha: nhu: thit nghidp, dm dau, tdn tat, tudi gid Tuy nhien, theo bao eao cua Bdo hiem xd hpi Vipt Nam, ddn eudi ndm 2017 sd ngudi tham gia bdo hiem xd hpi cdn rdt thdp Cd nude mdi cd 13,9 tripu lao ddng tham gia bao hidm xa hdi (ehi dat gdn 29% lyc lupng lao ddng dO tu6i tham gia bdo hilm), dd hdu het Id tham gia bdo hidm xd hdi bdt bupc (13,6 tripu), ehi cd 300 nghin ngudi tham gia bao hiem xa hgi ty nguypn (Bdo hidm xd hpi Vi$t Nam, 2018) Sy md rpng ddi tugng tham gia bdo hiem xa hdi ehii ylu nhdm lam vipe d khu vyc nha nude Dieu eho thay ngudi dan chua man ma vdi Chuang trinh bdo hidm, vdi khdng it bat cap, thieu siic hiit S6 ngudi xin hudng bdo hiem xd hpi mpt Ian hipn tang nhanh, moi nam khoang 700 nghin ngudi, dong nghia vdi vipe khdi hp thdng bdo hiem xa hpi, khdng cd luang huu vd gia Day Id nhihig lao d^ng bi thai loai khdi cdc doanh nghipp, kho tim vipe d nai khde vd khdng thi tilp tuc tham gia bdo hidm nen mudn nhgn trg cdp mgt Idn Ben canh do, khdng thi khdng dl cap tinh trang cdc doanh nghipp ng dpng, trdn, tranh va chay i ddng bdo hilm xd hgi bdt bupc cho ngudi lao dpng diln bidn nhieu ndm vdi sd tiln len din hang nghin ty ddng Trong bai phdt bilu bl mgc H^i nghi Ian thii bay Ban chip hanh Trung uang 10 Th\rc trgng vd gidi phdp chinh sdch ddm bdo an sinh xd hgi khda XII dl e$p tdi vin dd eai each chinh sdch bdo hilm xd hOi, Tong Bi thu Nguyin Phli Trpng da nhin mgnh thyc trgng vipe phat tridn vd md rgng doi tugng tham gia bdo hiem xd hgi d nude ta hipn cdn dudi miic tilm ndng, ddi hdi nhiing gidi phdp mdi dpt phd linh vye ndy (Bdo Nhan ddn, 2018: 4) Chinh sdch bdo hilm xa hpi cho phep ngudi lao dpng Idm vi^c d ede phan kinh tl khac nhau, vdi nhftng ngdnh nghi khde nhau, sinh sdng d cac dja bdn khde nhau, theo cac hinh thiie khae deu duge tham gia bdo hilm xd hdi Ngudn tdi ehinh duge hinh chu ylu tir ddng gdp eua chu sii dyng lao dpng va ban thdn ngudi lao dgng Ngodi edn cd nguon bd sung tii ngan sach nha nude va quf bdo hilm xa hpi duge d§t dudi sy bao trg vd gidm sdt ciia Nha nude Tinh hinh bdo hilm y te ciing khdng kha quan han m|c dii ty lp ngudi dan cd the bdo hilm y tl khd cao (hipn la gdn 81 trieu ngudi tham gia, chidm tj' Id 86,4% dan sd) Ly la vi sd ehii yeu la cac doi tugng ehinh saeh, duge nhd nude bao cip, chi tra Dtrng luu y la chit lugng kham chiia b§nh vd chdm sde eiia bdo hiem y te cdn chua ddp img nhu cdu vd nguydn vpng cua ngudi dan Mdc du Lugt Bao hiem Y td (siia doi) da duge ban hdnh nhung quy dinh mua bdo hiem y te theo h$ gia dinh cd nhilu bit cgp Thogt nhin thi quy dinh triln khai thyc hi^n bdo hiem y te theo h0 gia dinh la hgp ly song thyc tl gay nhilu khd khdn, trd ngai eho ngudi ddn bdi vipe xac dinh thdnh vidn hg gia dinh dya tren cuon sd hp khau lgc hau vd khdng phdn dnh dung tinh trgng cu tni cua hp gia dinh Ngudi mudn mua bdo hidm y td phdi cd tdn so hp khiu vd quy dinh ndy d^ logi trii nhiing ngudi khdng cd hd khdu, nhftng thdnh vien khdng cd tdn hp Vipe bdo hidm y tl "dn theo hp khdu" cdn gdy khd khdn cho nhilu lao dOng tgi doanh nghipp vi cdc lao ddng ndy khdng duge cip md s6 mdi (do da cd ma sd bao hiem y te mua tgi hg gia dinh hay dia phuang noi dang ky hg khau thudng tni) Nidm tin cua ngudi dan vdo hp thong bdo hiem cdng gidm, d ^ ddn nhihig nhdn thiic yeu kem, sai Ipch ve ASXH RS rdng la ehinh saeh bao hiem y te hipn ehua bdo dam nguyen tde chia se nii ro giiia ngudi tham gia Chit lugng khdm chiia bpnh bdng bao hiem chua thuylt phye duge ngudi ddn yen tdm sir dyng ede dieh vy ndy, gay nen sy Idng phi chinh h? thdng Vdi trinh d^ vd phuong ti$n qudn Iy bao hilm cdn lac hdu nhu hi^n nay, vdi nhiing bit cgp cdc quy dinh chinh sdch thi try cpt quan trgng nhit cua ASXH la bdo hiem hiem xa hpi van khdng ddp ling duge nhu eiu xd hpi, ddp ung duge ydu cau phat triln ciia gia dinh Vipt Nam Cau hdi ddt Id ndn xdy dung chinh sdch vl bao hiem xd hpi va bdo hilm y td cho giai doan tdi nhu thi nao cho hipu qua va phd hgp vdi myc tidu phdt triln bin vihig din ndm 2030? 2.2 Chinh sdch thj tru&ng lao dgng Cae chinh sdch thi trudng lao dpng khudn kh6 ASXH bao gom chinh sdch phdt tridn thj trudng lao dgng; chinh sdch tin dyng uu ddi ho trg phat triln san xuit kinh doanh, tgo vi^c Iam; chinh sdch ho trg ddo tgo nghi; chinh sach dua lao dgng di lam vi^c cd thdi han d nude ngodi theo hgp dong Mgt nhihig mye tieu ciia cac chinh sach ndy nhdm chii ddng ho trg ngudi lao dgng, ndng eao ca h^i tim vipe ldm Dgng Nguyen Anh 11 tham gia tlu trudng lao dgng dl cd thu nhdp, timg budc bdo ddm thu nh$p t6i thilu Cac nhdm duge hudng Igi tii chinh sach ndy gdm: nien mdi budc vdo thi trudng lao dOng, lao dOng thit nghidp, thidu vi^c ldm vd ca nhihig ngudi dang cd nhu cau tim vipe lam t6t hon Nhin chung, thyc te cho thdy lao dpng nft thidu vipe lam' ed ty 1§ thdp hon lao dOng nam d ed khu vyc thi vd ndng thdn Nguydn nhan Id do: 1) Lao dpng nii thudng sdn sdng ldm nhieu logi cdng vipe khde cung mpt thdi gian de cd thdm thu nhdp; 2) Lao dpng vat it "ken ehgn" cdng vide hon lao d0ng nam, hg chip nhgn edng vipe kem hdp dan, tra cdng thap han dd cd thdm thu nhdp, du it di, doi vdi lao dpng nam nhiing didu kipn khd duge chip nhgn (Mgc Van Tiln, 2015) Cdc chinh sdch h5 trg tham gia thi trudng lao dpng hipn chua thyc sy ddi mdi, chua dap ling duge nhu cdu, nhat la cho lao dpng nii vd tidp tyc gdp phdn tri bit binh ddng gidi Hdu qud Id mpt bp phan lao ddng nix, d^c bidt la nhdm ngheo, trinh hgc vdn thdp, d ndng thdn, ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd gap khd khdn nhat tiep cgn vd thy hudng chinh sdch h5 trg thi trudng lao dgng 2.3 Chinh sdch ddo tgo nghi vd hd tr^ vifC ldm sau hpc nghi Kd tir ban hdnh Luat Day nghd (2006) ddn nay, nhilu chinh sach quan trpng vl dgy nghe vd ho trg vipe lam sau hpc nghe dd duge ban hdnh nhdm cy thi hda ngi dung Lugt, nang cao chat lugng ngudn nhdn luc Thay vi ho trg cho gia dinh, cdc chinh saeh hudng vdo viec dgy nghd cho cd nhdn cac thdnh vidn hg nhu phu nG, nien, nam gidi Mdt so ehinh sdch dgy nghe ed uu tidn ddi tugng Id lao ddng nii, ddc biet cd De an ho trg phy nu hpc nghi, tgo vide Idm giai doan 2011-2015 (Dd an 205) Tuy nhien, ciing nhu chinh sdch thi trudng lao ddng, ehinh saeh vd dao tgo nghi chua thyc hipn Idng ghep vdn dd binh dang gidi day dii va hipu qud Lao ddng nfl- Id ddi tugng ehua duge uu tien tgo dieu kipn chinh sdch Phy nii, dac bipt la phy nii ndng thdn, *phy nii ddn tdc thidu sd, phy nii tir 35 tudi trd Ien phan Idn khdng tham gia cdc khda dao tgo nghe dai hgn, tap tnmg va khdng tiep cgn duge chinh sdch vd chuong trinh dgy nghi (Mdc Vdn Tien, 2015) Hau het cac chuang trinh, dy dn dgy nghd khudn khd ASXH la day nghd ngdn han (dudi thang), tham ehi cd noi tl chiic dao tgo luu dpng tgi dia bdn ddn cu Tuy nhidn, nhung hinh thiic ddo tgo nhu vay chi tgp tnmg vao mpt s6 it nghi khdng ddi hdi hpc vidn sir dung mdy mdc, thidt bi nhu may, thdu, dan Idt, niu dn, chdm sde sde dpp, trgt, chan nudi, v.v Vdi thai gian ddo tgo ngdn, thyc hdnh it; thidu hodc khdng ed vipe ldm sau hpc xong nen hipu qua ddo tao nghi khdng dap ling duge mong dgi Tu gdc d$ ASXH, nhihig quy dinh ve dilu kipn thi hay xdt tuydn ddu vdo eho cde khda hpc nghi ddi hgn dang Id rdo can doi vdi ngudi hpc Mpt sd ea chl vd ehinh sdch vd ho trg ngudi hge nghd khdng cdn phii hgp, khdng khuyen khich phy nii, ddc bi^t la phu nti: ndng thdn, phy nii vung sdu, vung xa, viing dan tgc thilu s6 tham gia hpc nghd Tinh tr^ng thilu vi^c Itai bao glm nh(hig ngir6i \hm vi?c dutH 35 giir mpt tu^, nhung c6 nguydn vpng vk khd n3ng l^m vi^c them 12 Thyc trgng vd gidi phdp chinh sdch ddm bdo an sinh xa hgi Cu thi, cdc quy dinh vl miic hd trg dn d, di Igi thdi gian hgc nghe qud thap, khdng cd tac dyng khuyin khich tham gia chuang trinh Chinh sdch uu ddi tin dyng edn chong cheo, chua kit hgp ddng bg vdi eac chinh sach ho trg dao tgo nghi, h5 trg sdn xudt, tieu thy san phdm Quy dinh vl miie vay, thdi hgn vay, dilu kipn vay ehua phu hgp vdi nhu cdu thye tl sdn xuit - kinh doanh cua ngudi ddn theo ddc thu cua dia phuong va ngdnh nghi cy thi Ngodi ra, ddi ngu edn bd tuydn truyen, tu vin dao tao nghd d cap eo sd (xd, thdn) chua phdt triln, chua du kiln thiic, kinh nghipm dl thyc hi^n nhipm vu, ddc^bipt d nhOng dia ban ndng thdn, vimg sau viing xa, viing dan tdc thilu sd Dieu cd thd de ddng nhan thiy Id cdn thilu cdc chinh sach dua cdc doanh nghipp vl dia phuang dgy nghe tgi cho ciing nhu lap cdc nhdm sdn xuit tai dia phuong dl ngudi lao dgng tiet kipm duge chi phi di Igi hpc nghi tgi nhihig vimg khd khdn, vd cd duge vide lam hgc xong 2,4 Chinh sdch trpf giAp xS h^i Cdc chinh sach trg giiip xd hdi duge thyc hi^n thudng xuydn hode khdng thudng xuydn ngudi eao tudi Id ddi tugng nhgn duge sy quan tdm, ho trg hipn Ngudi cao tudi cd duge trg cip xd hpi hang thdng thupe hd ngheo khdng cd ngudi phyng dudng; ddi tugng thy hudng cdn bao g6m nhihig ngudi tir du 80 tudi trd len khdng cd luang huu, trg cip bdo hilm xa hgi hdng thdng Tuy nhidn, trdn thyc td, nhdm ngucfi cao tudi d ndng thdn rit khd khdn tidp cdn vdi ede dich vy cham sde siic khde dil chiem sd ddng hien Tgi nhidu dia phuong, ngudi eao tudi dang phdi song mpt minh (do cdi di lam dn xa, lap gia dinh d noi khac) khdng duge chdm sde, bpnh tat Tinh trang di cu cua nidn din cdc khu cdng nghipp va tlu tim vi$c, sdng xa nha dd khiln eho vide chdm sde ngudi cao tudi gia dinh gap nhidu khd khdn Trong dd, hoat ddng chdm soc ngudi cao tuoi hien edn nhilu bit cap Nhdn thiie ve gid hda ddn sd va tdc ddng tdi phat triln kinh tl - xd h^i cdn hgn ehl; ede cdp Idnh dao chua quan tdm din vdn dl gia hda dan s6, bdn thdn ngudi cao tudi ehua nhan thiic duge su cin thidt phdi chdm sde, bao vp bdn thdn, thgm chi chua chu dpng chudn bi cho tuli gid Ddi sdng tinh than cua ngudi eao tudi d dia phuong hipn chu yeu dya vao cdc hpi (ngudi cao tuoi, bdo thg) vdi hogt dpng ngheo ndn va ngudn kinh phi eo hpp (D^g Nguydn Anh vd Trinh Duy Ludn, 2015) Day la mpt van de ehua duge cdc cdp thyc sy quan tdm nhihig nam qua vl chinh sdch Xu hudng gid hda ddn so Id hi^n hiiu d Vipt Nam tilp tyc ddt nhilu khd khdn thach thiic, tgo dp lyc Idn len hp thdng y td, bdo hilm xd hOi, bao hidm huu tri, va cdc dieh vy chdm sde xd hpi eho ngudi cao tuoi Dieu ndy ddi hdi phdi cd mpt hp thong chinh saeh ASXH phii hgp han vdi nhu cau vd ddc diem eua mgt xd hdi gid hda, ddt bdi cdnh kinh te thi trudng vd nhiing biln ddng qudc te Cdc dich vy ASXH, ddc bidt luong huu, bdo hidm vd cham soc ngudi eao tudi ddi hdi ddng ke nguIn lye vd thdi gian, vd nhit Id mdt tdm nhin xa Thue td an sinh xd hgi cho ngudi eao tudi phdi dat mdi quan hp vdi gia dinh va sy cham sde vdt chat va tinh cam cua chinh ngudi thdn gia dinh ddi vdi ngudi eao tudi Ddng Nguyen Anh 13 Mpt so kit lu^n - khuyin nghj Dudi tde ddng cua qud trinh cdng nghipp hda, di dan va hpi nhdp qudc tl, miic sinh thdp cung vdi gia hda dan sd, quy md gia dinh Vipt Nam khdng chi ngdy cang nhd lgi, dong thdi cde quan h§ gia dinh, quan he giiia cde thi he va cac thdnh vidn ciing trd nen thieu ch^t che, gdn kit Idng leo horn (Dang Nguydn Anh, 2015) Tdng trudng kinh te lien tyc thgp ky qua Id co hgi de cdi thipn phiic lpi ciia cdc gia dinh Vipt Nam Tuy nhien, hipn van cdn sy chdnh l^eh Idn vipe tiep cgn cdc ngudn lyc giiia cae nhdm ddn eu, giiia hp ngheo vd h$ gidu/kha gia, vd nhit la bit binh ddng gidi Cdc chinh sach an sinh xa hdi hidn edn bat cgp chua ddp ung duge yeu edu eua gia dinh, chua tgo duge niem tin cua ngudi ddn, ehua cdng khai minh bgeh va hieu qud thip Tinh bao cip thyc hi$n chinh sdch van phd bien khdng it ngudi ddn eho bidt hg van nhdn hd trg Clia nha nude khdng dung vdi nhu eiu hay mong mudn cua minh (Vipn Xa hpi hpc, 2018) Nhihig eii sde kinh tl - xa hgi vd cdc bdt dn vT md ed dnh hudng nghidm trgng din thyc hipn an sinh xd hpi, ddn vide ldm va ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan Dich vy tgo viec lam va dao tgo nghd chua ddp dng nhu eau cua ngudi dan, ehua chii y ddn phuang thiic ho trg cho an sinh gia dinh bdng tidp can thi trudng lao dpng, ddc bidt Id ehua ddm bdo tidp can binh ddng gidi S6 hgc sinh tdt nghipp dgi hpc khdng tim duge vide ldm dd Ien din hang trdm nghin Ddi vdi Chuang trinh dgy nghi ndng thdn, ngudi lao d^ng sau hpc nghi khdng cd duge vi^c ldm vd nang cao thu nhgp nhu k^^ vgng, hiu hit lgi quay vl vdi ndng nghipp nhu trudc di hge (Vidn Xd hOi hgc, 2018) Cac chu truong, chinh saeh cua Ddng vd Nhd nude ta vl an sinh xa hpi la diing ddn Tuy nhidn, cac ehinh sdch chua duge tridn khai hieu qud tren thuc td Khau thyc thi chinh sach tir bp may ddn ngudn lyc tdi chinh chua minh bgeh, dan trdi theo phong trao khien eho hipu qua cua chinh sach bi hgn ehd Mac du hp thdng ASXH d nude ta timg budc duge md rgng ve pham vi, d6i tugng vd miie hudng, song cde chinh sach an sinh xd hgi eho gia dinh Vipt Nam chua dap ling yeu cau ngudi ddn vd ehua bin viing Ngogi trir mgt so chinh sdch ddi vdi gia dinh cd edng, hd trg chdm sde siic khde ddnh eho hd ngheo, hg ngudi dan tdc thieu sd, cdc chinh sdch an sinh xd hgi hidn tdp trung ho trg cho timg ddi tugng cu thd, dd ed ngudi eao tuoi, phy nit, tre em hay ngudi khuyet tdt Kit qud \bng ghep gidi vao chinh sach ASXH chua nhu mong dgi Phy nii vd tre em gdi vln Id nhiing ddi tugng thipt thdi gia dinh, ddc bipt d hd ngheo, hp ddn tOe thidu sd (Vipn Khoa hpe Lao dpng va Xd hdi, 2015) Sy gia tdng vd so lugng va ty trgng ngudi eao tuoi dan so ddi hdi phdi ed cdc ehinh sach ASXH phu hpp tir bdy gid dl img phd vdi su ehuyin ddi nhdn khdu ndy (UNFPA, 2011) Cde can thi^p chinh sach ASXH cdn tap trung vdo han ehl miic dg tdn thuang ciia gia dinh, qudn Iy rui ro, ndng cao khd ndng bdo vp ciia cac thdnh vidn hd trude nhiing bdt dn cugc song Phuang thire "ty an sinh" vdn cdn biln vd khdng ddm bdo bdn viing bdi cdc hd gia dinh dang diing trudc nhilu nii ro vd nguy ea tdn thuang Ben cgnh dd, cdc hogt dgng hd trg ngudi cao tudi, ngudi gid neo don khdng noi nuong tya, hg nghdo, hO ed cdng, hp dan tdc, ngudi khuylt tat, v.v duge nhilu ngudi 14 Thyc trgng va gidi phdp chinh sdch ddm bdo an sinh xa hpi ddn hilu la sy bao cdp eda nha nude chii khdng phdi Id chuang trinh ASXH Do dd, can xem xet mgt sd khuyen nghi - de xuat sau day: Thii nhat, bd dilu ki$n thyc hipn bdo hilm y tl gdn vdi h0 khiu hidn gdy khd khdn cho vi$c mua bdo hidm y tl, nhit Id hg gia dinh thu nhap thip Muc dp bao phii cda bdo hilm xd hdi thyc tl edn thip vd ehua ed chilu hudng cdi thipn Vide tilp can dich vy bdo hilm y tl cd chit lugng cdn khd khdn ndn can nghidn ciiu xay dyng co ehl phoi hgp giiia cae loai hinh bdo hilm nhdm cung cip dich vy bdo hiem tdng hgp, bao triim, lay ngudi dan la tnmg tdm Thii hai, day mgnh cdng tac tuydn truyln, nang eao n h ^ thiie vd an sinh xd hpi cho ngudi ddn hilu vd ndm duge cdc chinh sdch ciia Ddng vd Nha nude, cde thdnh vien gia dinh hilu diing vl chinh sach ASXH dang duge triln khai nhdm tranh gay nen nhihig hilu Idm rdng an sinh xd hpi la sy bao cip cua nha nude Nhung gidi phdp chinh sdeh ASXH cin tinh din bdi cdnh phdt triln kinh tl thi trudng, phdn hda gidu - nghdo vdi nhiing bidn dgng qudc te khd dodn dinh Thii ba, cdn phdt triln cdc dich vy tu vin dgy nghd, tu vin gidi thipu vipe ldm, tu vin mien phi cho nhdm phy nii nghdo, phy nii dan tpe, phy nii trinh d^ hgc van thap, phy nii di cu Quy dinh rd co chl ph6i hgp ch^t chd, cd phdn cdng trach nhipm cy thi eho timg ca quan/to chiic lien quan din dao tao nghi d cdc cip Trung uong vd dia phuang (bao gdm; co quan qudn ly nhd nude vd lao dpng, ehinh quyen dia phuang, ede ca sd dgy nghi, cac doanh nghipp sir dyng lao dpng va cde td chire chinh trj - xd hpi) Cae dich vy cu thi gdm dgy nghd, gidi thipu vipe ldm, bao tidu sdn phdm, di lam vipe d nude ngoai theo hgp ddng, v.v liy gia dinh Id don vi thyc hi$n vd thy hudng Thii tu, trg giiip va ehdm sde ngudi cao tu6i la m^t nOi dung quan trgng can duge chii y xem xet ede chinh sdch an sinh xd hpi Xu hudng gid hda dan sd d Vipt Nam tilp tyc ddt nhidu khd khdn thach thdc, tgo dp lyc Idn Idn h^ thdng y te, bdo hiem xd hpi, bdo hilm huu tri, vd cde dich vy chdm sde cho ngudi cao tudi Dieu ndy ddi hdi phdi cd ede chinh sdch ASXH cho gia dinh, phu hgp han vdi nhu cau va d§c diem cua m^t xd hdi gid hda Doi vdi ngudi cao tuoi, cac chinh saeh ASXH can phye vy trye tiep eho ydu eiu phdt tridn cua gia dinh bdi vai trd vd mdi quan h^ true tilp cua cdc thdnh vidn dli vdi ngudi cao tudi Ddy ciing Id mgt gidi phdp chinh sdch nhdm ling phd vdi qua trinh gia hda ddn s6 dang diln vdi toe d§ nhanh d Vi^t Nam Tdi li^u tham khao Bdo Nh^ dfin 2018 Hudng t(H bSo hilm x3 h$i t o ^ dSn Chuyen myc LSng kinh an sinh, ng&y 11-6-2018 H4Npi B4o hi^m xi h^i Vi^t Nam 2018 Bdo cdo Tdng kit ndm 2017 cua Bdo hiim x3 hgi Vi$t Nam Hi NOi D$ng Nguyfin Anh 2015 An sinh xS h^i it Vi^t Nam sau 30 nSm D6i mdi v4 djnh hudng den 2030 Tgp chi JTaApi Ape, so 2(130): 4-12 Dgng Nguyen Anh 15 D$ng Nguyen Anh vi Trinh Duy LuSn 2014 Bio cio rh soSt phip !u9t, chinh s4ch trp gidp xS hOi cho ngudi cao tu6i d Vi^t Nam Cyc Bio trp xa h0i vk Quy DSn s6 LiSn Hpp qu6c Hi NOi Mai Ngpc Cudng 2009 X^ dung va hodn thi4n h? thong chinh sdch an sinh xd hgi & Vi^t Nam Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Hi Npi M^c van Tien 2005 An sinh xdhgi vdphdt triin ngudn nhdn luc Nxb Lao dOng - Xa hOi Hi NOi Thu tudng Chinh phii 2017 Quy^ djnh 662/ TTg ngiy 10/5/2017 v^ vi^c ban hinh K I ho?ch hinh dOng quoc gia fliijc hi?n Chuang trinh Nghi s\r 2030 vi s\f phit triln bin vOng Truy c§p tir https://thuvienphapluat.vii/van-ban.aspx, ngiy 22/5/2018 UNDP (Chuong trinh Phit triln LiSn Hpp qu6c) 2015 Cic myc tieu phit trien bin vfhig SDGs New York UNFPA (Quy Dan s6 LiSn Hpp qu6c) 2011 Gid hoa ddn sd vd nguoi cao tudi Vi4t Nam: Thifc trgng, du bdo vd m0l s6 kht^in nghi chinh sdch Quy Dan s6 Lien hpp qu6c Hi NOi Vi§n Khoa hpc Lao dpng vi Xa hOi 2015 Bdo cdo An sinh xa hgi doi v&iphv nS: vd tre em gdi Vipt Nam BO Lao dpng - Thuong binh & Xa hOi Hi NOi Vi§n xa hOi hpc 2018 Bio cio t6ng hpp Dl tii Chinh sdch an sinh xa hgi cho cdc gia dinh a Vi4t Nam boi cdnh hi4n dgi hda vd hgi nhdp q"ic ti MS s6 KHXH-GD/16-19/06 Vifn Xa hOi hpc Hi NOi ... sdch ddm bdo an sinh xa hgi tu nhan, cae to chiie xa hdi ty nguyen, doanh nghiep, ngudi ddn v.v (UNDP, 2015) Ddi vdi Vipt Nam, an sinh xa hpi va bdo dam an sinh xd hpi ludn la ehu truang, nhi^m... thyc hipn an sinh xd hpi, ddn vide ldm va ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan Dich vy tgo viec lam va dao tgo nghd chua ddp dng nhu eau cua ngudi dan, ehua chii y ddn phuang thiic ho trg cho an sinh gia dinh... lye vd thdi gian, vd nhit Id mdt tdm nhin xa Thue td an sinh xd hgi cho ngudi eao tudi phdi dat mdi quan hp vdi gia dinh va sy cham sde vdt chat va tinh cam cua chinh ngudi thdn gia dinh ddi