Vấn đề cái ác và trừng phạt trong truyền kỳ mạn lục của nguyễn dữ

TRIET HOC, VAN DE CAI A c VA TRtfNG PHAT TRONG TRUYEN KY MAN LUC CUA NGUYEN DXJT Vu Thi Thao' ' Thac Sl, Vi?n Triet hgc, Vifn Hin lim Khoa hgc x3 h^i Vi^t Nam Email: vuthithaonv@gniail.com Nh§n ngiy I thing nim 2017 Chip nh|n dSng ngiy 15 thing nim 2017 T6m tat: Nguyen Dft la tac gia ciia Truyin ky mgn life — tac pham dupe mfnh danh la "thien co tiiy but" Vdi trach nhiem cua mOt tti thiic Nho hpc, du chpn dudng d an, nhung Nguyen Dir khong bang quan ttude nhiing van de cap bich dang dupe dgt cua xd hOi Vift Nam thd kJ XVI, nhu van di thdi cuOc, nhan sinh Ong ttan ttd ve nguydn nhan khien xa hOi logn lac, cac gia ttj dao diic bj bing hoai; cai ac xuat hifn dudi nhieu hinh thftc, thgm chi cdng ttd nen phd bien Xuat phdt tii quan diim cua Nho giao, Nguyin Dft eho ring ngudi la mft thyc thi dgo dftc phan bift vdi muon Ioai vi dugc trdi phii bam cho tinh thifn Vgy tgi xa hOi lai tdn tgi eii ac? Nguon goc ciia no tu dau? Va lam the nao de dift trft cai ac? Trong bai viet nay, tae gia lu§n gidi de lam ro quan diim ciia Nguyen Dii ttong Truyin ky mgn lyc ve: (1) Nguon goc cua cai ac; (2) Sy biiu hifn cua cai ac; (3) Cac hinh thiic trimg phat cai ie Tir khoa: Cai ac, trftng phat, Truyen ky mgn !yc, Nguyin Du / guyen Dft td mft tri thftc Nho hpc tidu I bidu ciia Viet Nam tiid ky XVI Ong la tdc gia ciia Tri^in ky mgn luc - tdc phdm dugc mfnh danh la "thien cd but" Tac phdm khdng chi cd gid tri hen phuong difn nghd thugt, md cdn bao chira nhiing ndi dung tu tudng phong phft, sdu sdc, cd sftc manh cam hda, chinh phue nhan tdm cac thi hf ngudi Vift Nam bdi ttiit ty mang dgm phong each tu cua ngudi Viet Cac tioiyfn ttong Truyin ky mgn lue diu duge vidt bdng van xudi, xen tan vdn bidn ngau vd flia ca Tap truyfn chfta dyng nhidu yeu td tiidn tinh ma quai mang tinh chdt sidu nhidn, hoang dudng, trai vdi truyen thdng bat ngft "qudi, tyc, loan, thdn" eiia Nho gia, nhung tai dugc Nguyin Dft hu cdu cac truydn nhdm phdn dnh liifn thuc xa hOi duong thdi Dd la chd dp chinh tri hii bai cfta giai cap phong kiin suy thoai vdi nhftng ten bao chiia, tham quan nhung lai, doi phong bgi tyc; nhdn dan rai vdo ednh doi khd, lam than; trat ty xa hpi bi dao tOn Vdi ttdch nhidm cfta mOt tri thftc Nho hpe, dii chpn dudng d dn, nhung Nguydn Dft khdng bdng quan tiirdc nhftng van dd cap bach dang dugc d^t vd thdi cuOc, ve nhdn sinh cfta xd hpi duong thdi Didu dd dugc thi liifn mdt cdeh sdu sdc nhftng ldi binh cfta tdc gid d cudi mdi truyfn Truyen ky mgn lue Ong tran ttd vd nguydn nhan khidn xd hdi loan Igc, v u THI THAO cdc gid tri dgo dftc bi bdng hoai, nhdn tam mat phuang hudng va Idch chuan ludn thudng dao I3?; cdi dc xudt hidn dudi nhieu hinh thftc, thdm chi eang ttd ndn phd bien Xuat phdt tft quan diem ciia Nho gido, Nguyen DO cho rdng, ngudi la mOt tiiyc thd dgo dftc phdn bift vdi mudn Ioai vi dugc ttdi phu bam eho tinh thifn Vay tai ttong xa hOi lgi tdn tgi cdi dc? Ngudn gde ciia nd tft dau? Va lam thd nao dd dipt trft cdi ac? Trong Truyen ky mgn luc, bdng cdeh dan truyfn tinh td, Nguydn Dft cd gdng di tim Idi gidi ddp cho cac van dd ndu ttdn Nguon goc cua cai ac Thifn vd dc la nhiing pham tru dao dftc, ttong the hifn su danh gid vd mdt dao dftc hdnh vi ciia ngudi, ciing nhu hidn tugng xd hpi theo quan diem giai cdp nhdt dinh Thidn dugc hidu Id cdi md xd hdi coi la hgp dgo dftc, ddng noi theo Ac cd y nghTa ngugc lgi: Phi dao dftc, dang ldn an Theo ly ludn dao dftc ciia I.Kant, thifn Id edi phii hgp vdi nhiing mdnh tfnh cfta quy tdc dao dftc ndm ttong mdi thuc thd ed ty tinh va khdng tf thugc vdo nhiing didu kifn ma ngudi sinh sdng ttong dd pCem: 5, tt.545] Dgo dftc hgc macxit cho rdng, hdnh vi ciia eon ngudi cd thd dugc ddnh gia Id thifn hay la ac tiiy theo hdnh vi dd thftc ddy hode ngdn ttd vide thda man nhung nhu cdu Uch sft cfta xa hgi ndi chung vd lgi ich ciia giai cdp tidn bd thd hifn nhung nhu cdu [Xem: 5, tt.546] Nguyen Dft ta mdt ngudi trudng thdnh tft "cfta Khdng sdn Trinh" Do do, v i co bdn, dng di tim ngudn gdc xuat hidn cdi de theo quan didm Nho giao 6ng ddt xudt phdt diim tft ngudi, Idy ban tinh ngudi tdm gdc dd tu duy, tudn gidi vd cdi de Nguydn Dft kd thfta tu tudng v i "thidn ly", "nhdn due" eua cac nhd triet hgc Tdng Nho vd trye tiep tft thdy minh Id Nguydn Binh Khidm quan nifm ve tinh Hp cimg thdng nhdt vdi d diim eoi eon ngudi dugc ttdi phu tinh cho, tinh Id ly "Nhdn, le, nghia, tri ta tinh vgy Tinh khdng cd hinh dnh ndn Ichdng thd cham dugc; ttong nd chi cd ly Chi ed Tinh la nhin thay dugc, dd la ldng ttdc dn, long tft nhugng, vd phdn bift thi phi" [3, tt.6I9] Nhung ttong thyc td hanh dgng cfta minh, edi tinh duge bidu hifn thdng qua tinh, ndn nd chiu sy chi phdi eua ngoai vgt va "dudng ldi cua nd thi khftc khuyu tfty theo vdt" [3, tt.6I8] Chu Hy vi: ''Tinh dftng yen nhu su ydn tTnh cfta nude; tinh thi hdnh nhu su xao dOng cua nude Ldng due la cai ldm cho nude ehdy din mfte tran bd" [3, tr.618] Nguydn Binh Khidm vidt: "Xet le, eon ngudi ta tinh vdn la thien, hi cdu thftc vdo chdt bam thu, bi che tap vi vat due, hode ed ngudi khdng bdo todn duge cdi tinh ban ddu; [vi thi], kidu cdng, bi tan, ta vgy, thidn lech Ichdng didu gi Ichdng tam" [4, tt.l23] Tidp tyc quan didm do, Nguyen Dft cho rang, eon ngudi sinh la thifn bdi ngudi dugc ttdi phft bdm cho "tliidn ly": "Trdi, ddt gay dyng, chia hinh dm due duong trong,/ Dan vgt bam sinh, khdc d ehd duydn Idnh nghidp dft./ Bidt bao sy ttang,/ Khdn xidt kd bay./ Bdi ttdi ldy ly phft cho ngudi, d\xgc ngudi ddu hien thdnh,/ Ngudi dem minh noi theo tinh, tchdi dau tinh hoac sang md./ Cho ndn thidn lfch co ngudi,/ Hu tdi ldm kd" [1, ti.209-210] Nhu vay, theo dng, ngudi la chii the mang tinh thidn tidn thidn Nhung mat khdc, ngudi dugc cdu tao tft chat, dd cdn ehiu sy chi phdi cua nd thdng qua cac gide quan Nd ciing Id ngudn gdc ciia dye vgng 43 VAN DE CAI AC VA T R U N G PHAT ngudi Cac nhd nho ggi "nhdn dye" vdi y nghTa ddi lap vdi "thidn ly" Theo ede nha triet hgc Tong Nho, sy khae cfta ngudi la sy bam thy chdt ttong dye khdc Nguyin Dft ddng tinh vdi quan diem dd cho rang khdng phdi ciing trd hidn thanh, ttong xd hpi cung ludn tdn tai nhidu ke hu tdi Nhu vdy, d eon ngudi vdi tu each mdt thye the dgo dftc, ngoai tinh thifn trdi phft eho, eon cd ca tinh bdn ndng dOng vdt Ludn diim ndy duge Nguyin Dft thi hidn nhdn dinh ngudi Id Iodi chim thieng nhat ttong van vat Cdi phan bift eon ngucri vdi vdt ctiinh la d tinh ngudi, tinh dgo dftc Chi tchi eon ngudi xa rdi tinh dao dftc dd khiin cho "tdm thudt Ichdng chinh" thi se bi dye vpng, md Igc quyen rii, ldi keo vd sa ngd Do dd, dng ndi: "Thanh Idng khdng bdng it dye, due ndu ydn ldng thi ldng ttdng rdng ma didu ttiien se vao, bdng phdng ma cai 1^ sd thang, ta quy cdn ddn quay nhieu tdm dugc" [1, tt.72-73] Ong nhan mgnh sftc tdn phd ciia nhdn dye ddi vdi cdi thien klii eon ngudi khdng dugc dinh hudng hanh dOng bdi su chi dan ciia luong tri hay tinh thidn ban ddu Vi thi, mOt "tdng due thd thi khe ngdi khdng dii lap, thdi dc gid thi hiim sdi chua la dft Hi tpi minh dugc, du tdm mdnh gidy ciing khdng tft, he no long dugc, du ong dap ch^u vd cung khdng thpn Hi hyc di tim chai tg, hdm hd di kiim com chdo Gieo rdc tai va, ttOm quydn ciia Hda cdng, kdu ndc ddm budng, rdi tdng ciia dan chiing" [1, tr.247] Tuy nhidn, dii kd tiifta vd tidp thu cdc quan didm cfta Tdng Nho v i Tinh, thidn ly, nhdn dye, song d Nguyin Du, ngudi ed quyen lya chpn hdnh dgng ciia minh thupe vdo hodn canh va thdng qua ren 44 luyfn bdn thdn: "Chao di! Nude sdng Thuang Luang, thi di rfta mii, due thi dd rfta ehdn, diu tu minh cd dd thdi" [1, tt.l93] Ddy Cling Id ly md bdi ednh hon logn ducmg thdi, Nguyin Dft da chpn dudng d dn, khdng ldm quan theo tinh thdn "gift ttong due" Nhu dd ttinh bay d tren, ngudi vdn thidn nhung bi chi phdi vd mdt kiim sodt trude nhiing dye vpng ca nhdn thi hf qud tdt yeu ddn din sy tha hda, xdi mdn ve mdt dao dftc vd Idm ndy sinh cai ac xa hdi Nho gido Id hgc thuyet hudng ngudi tdi hanh dpng thidn thdng qua he thdng nguyen tac, chuan myc xd hpi vdi dao Iy ludn thudng Nd rang bupc ngudi cdc mdi quan hf vua tdi, cha con, vg chdng, thay tro, ban be (iJ cd ndm phuong difn nay, theo nhdn dinh eua Nguydn Dft ttong Truyen ky mgn luc, ddu hi phd vd vd rgn nut nghidm trpng Thyc te dd phdn dnh sy Ichftng hoang y thftc he dfc tdn Nho giao chua cd mOt he tu tudng nao dft manh dd thay thd Con ngudi roi vao tinh trang mat phucmg hudng chua cd mOt chudn vd nguyen tdc hdnh vi dd ldm phuang chdm sdng vdi chinh minh vd ngudi Ichdc Nhu vgy, dftng tft gdc dp hgc thuyet tinh thifn cfta Mgnh Tft, sau niia la Tdng Nho, bdn tinh ngudi thifn nhung dye vpng ldi keo ndn tham Iam vat chat, ham me sac due, tft dd, tao tdc hanh ddng dc Ngudn goc cua nd, sy bdm thy mang tinh vat chdt cfta thd xac khiin cho ngudi xa rdi va Iang qudn cdc gid tri dgo dftc Nho giao Vi thi, mOt d^c vpng khdng dugc kidm tda, nd se ldn sdu vdo hanh vi cfta timg thdnh vien xd hgi va eau mOt xa hOi bat thien v u THI THAO Nhihig bieu hifn cua cdi ac Truyen ky mgn luc CuOc ddi Nguydn Dft da trai qua nhiing bidn CO ldn ciia ddn tde ttong the ky XVI Ong chftng kien rat nhidu su kifn "vdt ddi ddi" Idm xa hdi biin loan, khiin cdc gia tri tinh than cung ddo lOn khdn Iudng Dd Id su dftt gay cfta chd dO phong kidn, dan ddn nhiing cude npi chien dam mdu gifta cdc tOp doan thdng tri vd cdc cuOc ndi dOy cfta nhan dan bdn cftng Cdc gid tri dao dftc nhu trung, nghia, li, tri, tin ttong cdc quan hf nrdng cdt cfta xd hpi ddu chiu nhftng chdn dOng manh mS cfta didn bidn lich sft Chinh bdi ednh chinh tri - xd hOi, van hda dgo dftc phftc tap dd, Nguyen Dft da hinh thdnh mpt phuong thd ddc bift ttong suy ngam va kidm nghidm lai nhftng chan gid tri tinh thdn cfta thdi dai dng d i Idm ldng kinh nhin nhan thyc ttang xa hOi va tchdi quat ndn nhiing liinh thftc biiu hifn ciia cdi dc Ddi vdi nhd nho, "vifc sa vdo tgi ich ridng tu vd vi thd ma khdng thuc hifn danh phdn xd hfi [cua minh] ehinh Id diiu dc, vi pham vdo nOi dung vd muc dich cfta ctiinh tri (dftc tri - V.T.T) Id khdi ddu ciia tpi toi Vi thd, CO thi ndi rdng cai ac va tdi loi bdt ngudn tft vide khdng thyc hifn dung ddn danh phdn xa hOi" [6, tt.80] Do dd, bidu hifn cfta cdi ac, theo Nguyin Dft, la nhftng hanh dOng ldm ac cua ngudi nhu tham lam cfta cai vat chat, sdn sdng chd dap ldn lgi ich va mgng sdng cfta ngudi khdc; bdt chdp thu doan va tudn 1^ vi dam me sde due, khdng thyc hien mdt each chinh dftng vdi vi tri va ehftc phgn cfta minh CJ do, vua chfta khdng cdn la vua hidn sdng, thidu ldng nhan di, thuong dan theo dao thudn vuong, tham chi cdn vi pham dudng ldi dftc tri md nhdn dd day Theo dng, vua "ndi tiiudng ddi trd, tinh nhieu tham dye, dem het sftc dan dd dung cung Kim Au, ddc egn cua kho de md phd Hoa Nhai; phao phi gdm la, vung vai chdu ngpc, ddi trd, dftng vang nhu cd rdc, tieu tien nhu ddt bim, hinh ngue cd cfta dftt Id xong, quan ehftc cd tiin mua Id dugc, kd ddng ldi thi gidt, kd ndi dieu ninh thi thudng; ldng dan dgng lay, ndn dd xdy vifc quan sdng Ddy, coi bd ehdch mich, ndn dd mdt ddi dat Co Lau Vdy md cdc ke i^nh thdn ttdn dudi theo hfta, trude sau ndi vet" [1, tr.l59] Mge dft Nguyen Dft am chi nha Ho ttong "Cdu chuypn ddi dap cua ngudi tidu phu mii Na", nhung qua do, dng dd cgp ddn bdi canh lich sft duong thdi vdi nhiing dng vua tha hda ciing sy tiing dogn cfta quan lgi nhd Mac Nguydn Dft eho rdng: "Ke ldm vua chfta ndn lay sy ehinh ldng minh dd tdm cdi gdc, chinh tridu dinh, chinh trdm quan, chinh mudn ddn, dimg de cho ke xft sT phdi ban ndi vdo Id tdt hon ca"[I,tt.l61] Hinh thftc bidu hifn cfta cai ac tdng tdp quan tgi duong thdi duge Nguyen Du khdc hga vdi tinh da dang cfta sy tha hoa, sy vugt ttdi eiia long tham, sy dd ky, ttanh gianh quydn luc Mft sd ngudi "cd tugng nhung chdm chap", "cd hpc nhung Id md", "gidi muu tinh nhung khdng quydt doan", "quan tft nhung chua dugc Id bdc nhan"; cdn lai td tham tidn, "tranh ke quyin hao, gdc bftt khdng dam xet xft", ndt rugu, ehi lay ydn vui ldm thich, lay vi thd ma khuynh todt nhau; chft chua thdy "biit nhftng ke tg muu sdu d^ lo tinh cho ddn chiing" [I, tt.l59], cd ehftc quydn ldn cudp vg cfta dan thudng nhu quan hp Than "Truyfn nang Tfty Tidu" Tat cd nhiing hanh dgng dd deu ttdi vdi chudn myc eiia ngudi Iam quan, di ngugc vdi nhiing tidu 45 VAN DE CAI AC VA TRtTNG PHAT chi chdm sdc dan, an ddn cua ngudi dugc coi la phy mau cfta ddn Luc nay, cai sai khien vd didu chinh hdnh vi ngudi Ichdng cdn Id nhftng chudn mye dgo dftc md dd hi thay thd bdi due vpng ca nhan Tdng Idp tri thftc Nho hpc ciing khdng ndm ngoai sy an mdn dao dftc dang dien duong thdi, bdi "ngay nhung ngudi mac nhd nho, deo dai nha nho thi lai khdc hdn Hp thudng ddi hp d i di hpc, thay ten dd thi, he trugt dd tlii dd ldi md quang cho quan chdm tirudng, hoi danh thi hgm minh tai gidi hon cd tidn boi, chi ngdng ngdo, tinh tinh ttdo ttd, thay thdy ngheo thi tdng tranh, gap ban ngheo ttii Idm nga, khdng bidt rdng thudng din ddt ren cdp, phdn nhiiu Id cdi cdng dftc cfta tiidy,bgn"[l,tt.l30] ttong "Truydn ngudi nghia phy d Khodi Chdu" Hay vi su ghen tudng, vd minh md ddy vg mmh tim din cdi ehdt d i chftng minh tidt hanh nhu trudng hgp "Ngudi gdi Nam Xuang" Han the, cdi dc cdn dugc bidu hifn d su hon loan eac gid tri dgo dftc dudi hinh thftc thd gidi ydu ma tdn tgi song hdnh, tra tifn, qudy phd, md hoac ngudi Trude hit, la ma quy ddi khdt ttong "Truyfn cai chfta hoang d huydn Ddng Tridu": Chiing rii "quay nhiiu dan chftng, hga hai cd den Iodi luc sftc"; eft nfta dem xudt hifn "thd tay khoang xudng mgt cdi ao, rdi bat eft vd dugc ca ldn, cd nhd deu bd vao mdm ntiai nudt hit" [1, tt.l66] Dd cdn Id ede yeu nii Ichdng doan chinh sau chdt "tde qudi, bien huyin dft ve, hode nh$.p vdo chi a buSn Ben cgnh dd, Nguyin Dft vgch trdn bdn tuong, hoac 6p vdo cd ndng bdn rugu, chat cua tdng Idp ngudi budn ban "phan ngudi cd vai ve thi bi dam sat, ngudi co tien nhidu Id gido quyet, dimg ndn choi than vdi thi bi bdc lOt, sudt mpt ddi dudng mudi hp; ban dau hg thd cho minh dugc, ddm, ngudi ta ddu phdi di trua vd sdm" [1, nhung rdi hp se vet hit cfta minh" [1, tt.I36] Khi xde lap thd gidi yeu ma quyin tt.l29] Hp cdn la nhftng ngudi cd tidn rii ngudi nhu vay, Nguyen Dft da mupn nhung ddi sdng ham md sdc due, nhu Trinh Idi ciia Didm Vuong ttong phidn xdt xft Trung NgO ttong "Truyfn cdy gao" bi "Truyfn ydu qudi d Xuong Giang" dd dua quyen rii bdi ma nft Nhi Khanh, sau canh bdo d6i vdi nhftng ngudi "theo ddi chdt, eft "pham ddm tdi tidi, ngudi ta thdy Nho hgc, dgc sdeh thdnh hidn, ttdi xem hai ngudi ddt tay di ddi, thi hat, nhiing sy tich xua nay, hd khdng biit ldi ran thi khdc; tiiudng bdt ngudi ta phdi khan sdc dpp, cd lgi di vdo dudng ay cau Id bai, hi hai khdng duge nhu f thi lam [ ] Bd nit cucmg eudng, theo dudng ta tai lam vg" [1, tr.42], hay ngudi tai budn hp dye, gidm thg mOt ky" [1, tt.l44] D S ttong "Truyfn ngudi nghia phy d Khodi Vdi nha nho Nguyin Dft, cdc ydu to ma Chau" dung tien dd lira cudp vg ngudi khdc quy thudng xa Ig, nhung dng dd sft dyng Nguyin Dft di tu nhiing bidu hifn edi ac vdi chft f lot ta bftc ttanh cdi dc hoanh hanh cua cdc tdng Idp ttong xa hOi din sy tha hda vd dn mdn tten todn xd hpi Sgi ddy kit ndi dao due ttong pham vi gia dmh, dng nhdn "di nlidn" gifta ngydi vdi dudi su mgnh mdi quan hf vg chdng bi phd vd md td cua Nguyen Dft gan nhu khdng ngudi chong vi ham md cd bac, thua bac Cdi tiiifn dugc dng nhdc din cdc ndn bdn vg cho ngudi khde nhu Trgng Quy truyfn, nhung didm nhdn vin Id nhung gam 46 v u THI THAO mau tdi vdi sy tiif n dien ctia edi de Sy dan xen gifta ngudi vd ma quy - dn dy khia canh due vgng ciia ngudi ttdn cling mpt binh didn ttdn thd phan anh mOt xd hpi hon logn, phftc tgp gifta cdi thien vd cdi dc; ngudi phdi thudng xuydn ddi didn vdi cat dc, vdi due vpng ciia chinh minh Nd diiu Ichiin hanh dpng cfta ngudi ddn vifc Iam tOi Idi, sai trdi Ichi lam mat sy chinh tam, chinh diing theo cdc gid tri dgo dftc Nho gido Do do, Nguyen Dft cho rdng, cdi ddng to khdng phai la sy quay pha cfta ma quy ma chinh la sy khdng kidm sodt dugc dye vpng cfta ngudi [Xem: I, tt.44] Nhu vay, cd the ndi, Nguyen Dft da cho chiing ta thdy didn mgo ciia xd hdi duong thdi the ky XVI vdi nhiing bidu hidn cfta cdi de xuat phdt tft khia canh dye vpng cua ngudi d dd cd sy ttdi day ciia long tham vat chat, sy dam md sdc dye, sy tang qudn cdc gid tri dao dftc Nho giao vdn la nguydn tdc sdng vd kim ctii nam cho tianh dpng ciia moi ca nhan Vay, can lam gi dd ngudi thyc hifn didu tiiifn? Dd ttd tdi cho cdu hdi nay, Nguyen Du da dua cac hinh thftc trimg phgt cdi de mang tinh ran de theo edch ridng, doe dao ctia dng Cdc hinh thu'c trirng phat cdi dc Nguyin Du ta mpt tri thftc Nho hpc, vliy, dng tham nhuan chu truang dftc trj vdi tu each nguyen 1^ co bdn tri ttat ty vd hai hda xd hdi eua Nho gido Tinh than vdn cd cfta nd "ndm tiong tu tudng nhdn quy trpng sinh mfnh ngudi va tu tudng sung dftc - tdn trpng pham gid, nhdn each ngudi" [6, ti.80] Theo do, phuang phdp chinh trj ttong Nho gido ddt sy gido hda Idn tren hinh phat Trdn tgp trudng dd, cdc hinh thftc tning phgt cdi ac dugc Nguyen Dft d i cgp din TriQ>in ky mgn luc Id phuang thftc nhdm rdn de nhftng hdnh dOng dc va hudng den vifc xdy dyng xa hOi dgo dftc Trude hit, theo Nguyin Dft, trai Id mOt thd lyc rat Idn, von hieu sinh nhung eung rdt edng mmh ttong thudng phgt thifn de: "Trdi dftng dftc chft khdng dftng uy, ngudi ua sinh chft khdng ua gidt Vdy md lu nguoi tu lam hga phftc, tha qua kidu ddm Thugng dd khdng dung, hinh phat tdt din, lu nguai dinh ttdn di dang ndo dd khdi tru lye" [1, tt.247] Sy trung phat cfta ttdi ddi vdi cdc hdnh vi dc dugc thyc hifn rdt cdng tdm: "Dft Idnh bdo ung, khdng tdm dye cai, den vdngy Nhan qua ro rdng, gidng hdt tieng vang, hinh bdng./ Ngam Id dy vdn Id ro ret/ Nhung ngudi thgt qua ngoan ngu./ Ghen tftc nhidu diiu/ Ridng tdy ldm chuydn./ Chim sdng nga gieng, ddm duoi cdng sau^ Ldp gieng viii hdm, xd bd da ldm./ U ttdm ddn vdyy Dga Igc cdng thuong./ Vi thi md, ttdi cd dudng bat dO, thftc tinh ngudi mdy Ddt cd nguc Iudn hdi, khuyen rdn ke xdu./ Ldi ma chdng ddi/ TOi dt khdng dung" [1, tt.210] Nhung, Nguyen Dft ciing nhin nhgn vdn dd theo cd hai chidu canh trimg phgt cfta ttdi va sy thi hdnh cfta nd ttong hifn thye duang thdi dd sy tuan gidi dugc Idn ke, thdu ddo vd ddy dft hon Qua cdu chuypn ddi dap ciia Dgo nhan, ngudi ednh bdo nhung toi tam ciia Ttiien TIch va ctiinh Thidn Tich tam cho chftng ta hiiu hon: "Tdi nghe dgo ttdi cdng minh nhu cai cdn cai guong, cd thdn minh de gay dau vdt, cd tgo hda di gift cdng bang; guong tat soi sudt ma khdng ridng, tudi thua thdt md khdng Ipt Phep that chi nghidm ma chi m^t, ngudi ndn khdng odn ciing khdng hdn" Nhung hipn thyc cuOc sdng "nhihig sy khuydn khich rdn de" cfta dgo trdi tai "thdy ldm diiu 47 V A N D E CAI AC VA TRlTNG PH^T , ton xOn": "Ldm lgi sy vdt, chua nghe thay duge phftc; lam su hal nhan, chua nghe thdy mdc nan Ke ngheo cd chi ciing thdnh khdng; ngudi cd mudn gi ciing dugc ndy Cd ngudi chdm hgc md sudt ddi khdng do, cd nha xa hoa ma tfly thi vdn gidu Ai bdo rdng tiao man gid quynh, thh ma van ttdng dua dugcdgu"[I,tt.51] Nguydn Du nhdn thdy thuydt trdi cdng minh chua dft ludn gidi vd kidp nghidp cfta ngudi, dng vifn ddn cd cac gido ly Phgt gido va Dgo giao ttong su trimg phgt nghidm minh d thd gidi bdn Ong ly gidi qua ldi cua dgo nhdn: "Thidn dc nhd cung ro rft, bao ftng dft chdm nhung tdn tao Am cdng cd ro rang ra, phai dpi qua tiiifn dugc tidn ttan, duong phue tieu tan mdt, phai chd mam ac da cao ddi Cd sdp dudi ma tgm co, cd mudn de ma thft ndng Cd hanh ma ngheo hoge bdi tdi khien kiip trude, bat nhdn md khd, hdn td phiic thifn ddi xua Tuy rdng khd bidt sau xa, nhung tiiyc khdng sai ta tdc Cho ndn khdng nen lap ludn mgt b i vd xem ttdi mOt mgt"[l,ti-.51-52] Tft ddy cd the thay, ttong quan nifm v i sy trftng phat cdi dc cfta Nguydn Dft cd sy hOi ty cua ba hgc thuyet Nho gido, Ph|t gido, Dao gido ttong cftng mOt thdi didm, mpt sy vide Do Id thuydt nhdn qud cua Ph$t gido, tiiuyit y phyc hpa phiic, ttiipn dc cfta Dao gido, thuyet cdng bang ciia Nho gido Nguydn Dft cdn ty giai thdng qua thuyet phftc hpa ttong quan diem Dao gido qua tdi ngudi dgo nhan "Truyfn gd Tra b6ng gidng suih": "Dftc Id ndn tft thifn Tich dftc nhu mdm non rd mOt gigt nude, se nd ten, tieh cfta nhu tfta dd gieo mot khdi bdng, se tan tui Hudng chi khdng vun ma ldn td mdm thifn dc, khdng gift ma ddy td co phftc 48 hpa, cdi tinh hinh y phyc ttong dd thgt ddng sg Ong ndn ttdn trpng, co gdng ma ldm didu nhan" [l,tt.51] Tft sy phdn ti'eh vd thifn dc va mdi quan hf cfta nd vdi phftc hga ttong ddi song ngudi, Nguyin Dft cho rdng ngudi lam dc thi phdi chiu sy trftng phgt cdng minh eua ttdi Sy trimg phat cd thd khdi^ bidu hifn ttdn ttan the ngudi sdng md nd dugc thuc thi sau ngudi chit di Do do, ttong nOi hdm quan nifm vi cdi dc, chiing ta khdng chi thdy su kit hgp giiia Nho giao, Phat gido va Dgo giao ma cdn cd sy tham gia ciia cd ydu td tin ngudng ddn gian Nguyen Dft de cap ddn mdt the gidi ngudi sau chdt Khi ngudi sdng va Idm diiu dc thi sd phdi chiu hinh phat d dia ngyc Bdi "ngudi hidn xua noi rdng: [ ] he ttdng dua thi dugc dua, ma ttdng ddu thi dugc dau, ludi ttdi tdng tOng thuy thua ma chdng Ipt dugc ddu" [2, tt.41] Tuy theo mfte dO phgm tOi cd cdc liinh phgt tuong ftng Cd thi gidm tudi thg, co the khdng dugc thdc sinh, ho^c ddu thai vao gia dinh ngheo ddi, hoge phdi chiu hinh nhu rfta ruOt, tdng Cd thd minh chimg bdng mdt tda an xet xft dudi dia nguc ttong "Truyfn Lf tudng qudn": Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi sdng tham ban, hdi 10, hgm hTnh, ngdng nghdnh, khinh miet nhiing ngudi cd dftc, chua timg cat nhdc ke hien sT dd giftp nude se bi tude tdn khdi tda Nam Tao [Xem: 1, tt.206] Ddi vdi ngudi sdng bdt myc vdi anh em, khdng hda vdi tdng tpe, chfta lai chuc thu d i chiim cudp rupng nuong, khidn hg khdng c6 mieng ddt cdm dfti Dftc vua cho thdc sinh vdo nha ke hen, ddi khdt, ndm vg vgt d ngoi rdnh dh din tdi cho sy ttanh cudp trude [Xem: 1, tt.206] VC THJ THAO Ddi vdi nhihig ngudi phgm nhiiu tOi dc khdng thd dung thft nhu tudng quan hp L^: "Kdt ban thi mdy mua ttdo ttd,/ Cu tdm thi ydu qudi gdm ghd./ Vdn hpe xem khinh/ Bgc tiin coi trpng./ Chiim cudp ruOng ngudi nhu Hdng Duong ddi Han^ Gidt hgi mgng ngudi nhu Duong To ddi Tfty./ Vu oan gia hpa, so hftm beo gau sdi cdn ddc bony Cyc dye bdi long tham sai khidn,/ Thyc tudng gian hogt tdt vdi./ Phdi dung phep nghidm,/ Lam rdn ke khdc" [1, tt.210211] Ddi vdi tOi ddm vdi vg ngudi khdc, vi ddm ehim ttong bd di nen tdy nude sdi riia rudt dd cho tinh dye khdng sinh; chiem rupng ddt cfta ngudi khdc vi sufli tham dhn no, ndn ldy luoi chfty thft moi ruOt d i cho long tham khdng ndi len nfta; tOi phd md ma eiia ngudi xua, hfty dao vdi ngudi ruOt tint bi dp gidi vdo nguc Cftu U ldy day da chet lay dau, lay dui Ifta ddng vdo chdn, ehim eat md vao ngyc, rdn ddc cdn vdo byng, ttdm ludn kiip kiip khdng bao gid dugc khdi Cdc hinh phat cho thdy, tft ttong suy nghT ciia Nguyin Dft, van dd cdn bdn Id cdn phai tam cho ngudi thoat khoi be tinh di, suoi tham, nhu quan nifm ciia Phdt giao Neu ngudi ta khdng vugt qua dugc thi se mai ludn quan ttong vdng trdm luan Nhu thd, sy xdc lap thd gidi ngucri sau chdt vdi tda an nai dia phft da cho thdy anh hudng cfta Dao giao vd luat nghidp luan hdi ttong Phdt giao ddi vdi nha nho Nguyin Dft sinh Nguyin Dft quay vd vdi cac chdn gia tri ctia Nho gido ket hgp vdi Phdt gido, Dgo gido nhu mOt phuang each d i rdn de ngudi trude cdi dc, hudng tdi cai thifn vd xdy dyng ndn tdng dgo dftc eho mOt xd hOi thdi binh, thinh tri Ong da chpn dudng rdi xa nhiing cam cfta danh Ipd, v^t due, sdng hda minh vdi thien nhidn nhu ngudi tidu phu niii Na, khdng mu6n phyc vy cho trieu dinh thdi ndt Tuy each gidi quyet ciia Nguyen Du mang tinh tidu cyc nhung bdng ngdi but dng da vach nhthig vdn di mang tinh thdi dai xd hpi duong thdi d i thftc tinh ngudi Quan nidm dd cfta Nguyen Dft dupe chiing tdi phan tich d ttdn ehftng td mOt dieu la cai ae ludn hifn difn ttoi^ bat ky thdi diem n ^ , khdng gian ndo niu nhu nd Ichdng b} kidm sodt, bi du tudn xa hdi ldn an Nhu vgy, bdng mgt phuong thftc bidu liifn khac ttong vifc md ta cdi ac cua ngudi, chiing ta nhgn thdy quan nifm cua Nguyen Dft ve cai ac vd cdc hinh thftc triing phat thich dang ddu khdng ndm ngodi nhftng trdn ttd trdeh nhifm xd hOi ciia mOt tri thftc Nho hpc doi vdi tiidi cuOc, vdi nhdn [5] Tai lifu tham khdo [1] NguySn Dii (2016), Truyin ky mgn Iuc, Nxb HOi Nhi van Hi NOi [2] Tnrong Vinh Ky (phifin dich) (1991), Minh tdm hOu gidm Nxb HOi NghiSn clhi vi giing d^y vin hpc Tp Hi Ch( Minh [3] PhCing HOu Lan (2013), Lfch su Triil hgc Trung Qudc - Thdi dgi Kinh hgc t.2, Nxb Khoah9cxih0i,HiN0i [4] Ph6ng van hgc c i tnmg dgi, Vi^n Vin hpc & HOi ding Ijch se Hii Phing (2014), Tha vdn Nguyin Binh Khiim (Ting t^ip), Nxb Vin hgc H i NOi Tir diin Triit hgc (1986), Nxb Tiin BO, Mitxcova [6] Choi Young Chan (2011), "Quan diim eda Nho giio v i tOi v i sy xii phgt", Ky yiu H0i thdo: Mdi quan hi giUa Nho gido va cdc trdo luu tu tudng khdc ljch si tu ttrdng Vift Nam vd Hdn Qudc, Vi$n Triit hpc & Trung tSm nghien Cliu Nho hpc, D^i hpc Chungnam, Hui  ... ttong xa hOi lgi tdn tgi cdi dc? Ngudn gde ciia nd tft dau? Va lam thd nao dd dipt trft cdi ac? Trong Truyen ky mgn luc, bdng cdeh dan truyfn tinh td, Nguydn Dft cd gdng di tim Idi gidi ddp cho... thifn bdi ngudi dugc ttdi phft bdm cho "tliidn ly": "Trdi, ddt gay dyng, chia hinh dm due duong trong, / Dan vgt bam sinh, khdc d ehd duydn Idnh nghidp dft./ Bidt bao sy ttang,/ Khdn xidt kd bay./