Nhận thức, thái độ của sinh viên về hành vi quấy rối tình dục

Nghien c^iu Gia ainii va Gi6i So 2019 Nhan thuc, thai cua sinh vien ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due Pham Thi Van*, Nguyin Phu'O'ng Chi"* Tom tat: Bai vik phan tich quan diem ve quay roi tinh due (QRTD), hilu bigt vl nguyen nhan cua QRTD va nhan thiic ve hanh vi img v6i QRTD dua tren ba mo hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD (1) Mo hmh sinh hpc tir nhien, (2) Mo hinh van hoa xa hgi va (3) Mo hinh kit hgp Thai dg doi voi hanh vi dugc luong qua mirc xiic cam la nan nhan va nguoi chiing kien hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt, Ket qua nghien ciru cho thay kien thirc ve QRTD ciia sinh vien nir c6 xu huong tit hon sinh vien nam Thai dg ciia sinh vien doi vdi hanh vi QRTD the hien qua mirc cam xiic tieu eye kha cao doi voi hanh vi nay, sinh vien nir co diem cam xiic cao hon sinh vien nam Sinh vien nam nit deu c6 suy nghi, thai dung ddn dii voi hanh vi QRTD, nhien nam gioi lira chgn thai dp im ISng hoSc phot la truoc hanh vi QRTD nhilu hem Su chuyin biln sang hanh vi tich circ phu thupc vao rdt nhilu ylu t6 nhu moi trufmg va hoan canh, nhan thire gioi, truyin thong va tucmg tac xa hpi Tu- khoa: Gioi; Qudy rdi tinh due; Nhan thiic; Thai dp; Smh vienygu td anh hudng Ngay nhan bai: 2/5/2019; chinh siia: 17/5/2019; duyet dang: 3/6/2019 ' Sinh viSn Khoa Gidi v^ Phdt triln, Hgc vi?n Phy nii: Vi?t Nam •• ThS., Khoa Gidi va Phit triln, Hpc vien Phu n& Viet Nam Ph^m Thi Van, Nguyin Phuong Chi 77 LDatvlndl Chuong trinh nghi sy 2030 vl phat triln bin vimg ciia Lien hgp qudc nhan manh muc tieu so 11 "Hinh cac phd va noi dinh cu ciia ngudi toan dien, an toan, cd kha nang chdng chju va bin vung" Muc tieu dang gap trd ngai rat Idn trudc tinh trang phd biln ciia hanh vi QRTD nai cdng cdng va tren cac phucmg tien giao thdng cdng cgng QRTD xay d khdp mpi noi, mpi thdi dilm va biln nhdt dd chinh la noi cdng cgng J a i Viet Nam, 87% phu ntr va tre em gai d Viet Nam timg trai qua it nhdt mgt hinh thiic QRTD noi cdn^ cgng Trong dd, nhom hpc sinh, sinh vien nQ la doi tugng bi quay rdi nhieu nhat (60%) 57% phu nfr/tre em gai cho rdng dudng phd noi cdng cgng, xe buyt va ben xe la cac dja diem phd bien nhdt ciia hanh vi (ActionAid Viet Nam, 2016) ^ Vi vay, de tim hieu nhan thirc, thai ciia sinh vien nii va nam sinh vien vl QRTD, nghien ciru da lya chgn mdu la sinh vien ba trudng Dai hpc d Ha Noi, noi tap trung 14 tuyln xe buyt di qua phuc vu ngudi dan, dd da phan la sinh vien va hpc sinh Muc tieu ciia nghien ciru tap trung md ta va Iudng nhan thirc, thai dp ciia sinh vien ve hanh vi QRTD va cac khi'a canh gidi Trong nghien ciiu nay, nhan thirc ve QRTD dugc khai thac d cac khia canh: (i) nhan biet bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD, (ii) quan dilm vl QRTD ndi chung, (iii) hieu bilt vl nguyen nhan ciia QRTD va (iv) nhan thire ve hanh vi irng phd vdi QRTD Thai dp ddi vdi hanh vi QRTD dupe phan tich thdng qua Iudng cam xiic la nan nhan va ngudi chirng kien hanh vi, va tim hieu mgt sd yeu to anh hudng tdi nhan thirc, thai dp, tap trung phan tich nhan thirc vl khudn mdu gidi Mot so each tiep can nghien ctiru Hanh vi QRTD dugc hieu la bat ky hanh vi nao cd tinh chat tinh due gay anh hudng den tam ly cua nu- gidi, nam gidi Day la hanh vi khdng dugc chap thuan, khdng mong muon va khdng hgp ly lam xuc pham ddi vdi ngudi nhan, tao mdi trudng bat on, dang sg va Ihii djch (ILO, 2015) Hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt dugc hieu la hanh vi dien tren xe buyt (khdng tinh cac hanh vi dien ngoai xe buyt va cac diem cho xe) Phan tich nguyen nhan va yeu td anh hudng toi QRTD tai noi cong cgng, nghien ciiu ap dung md hinh giai thich vl hanh vi QRTD: (1) Mo hinh sinh hgc tir nhien giai thich hanh vi QRTD dya tren quan diem QRTD la phan ung ty nhien ciia ngudi su thu hiit ca nhan hay QRTD chi la hanh vi the hien ban nang tinh due manh me ciia nam gidi (;Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982); hoac la hanh vi ciia nam gidi cd van dl ve tam ly (O'Donohue, Downs & Yeater, 1998); (2) Md hinh vdn hod xd hgi cho rdng QRTD phan anh he thdng xa hpi gia trudng dd nam gidi cd quyen dat cac chuan myc, iuat le (Tangri, Burt & Johnson, 1982; Stockdale, 1996; O'Donohue, Downs, & Yeater, 1998) Xa hgi cho phep nam gidi cd nhimg hanh vi tinh 78 Nghien ciru Gia dinh vi G\&\ Quy4n 29, s6 3, tr 76-87 due m^nh bao, the hien sy chiem hiiu cdn nu- gidi cd nhtmg hanh vi tinh due thi hien sy thu ddng va sy bdng Idng chap nhan Trong xa hdi gia trudng, nir gidi dugc giao due can phai cd ve ngoai thu hiit, quyin ru, can hoa nha, nhudng nhin tranh mau thuan, thieu sy dung cam va diit khoat viec quyet dinh, ludn cam thdy cd trach nhiem cuoc sdng; khiln phu nu la ddi tugng dl bi qudy rdi; (3) Md hinh kit hap Pryor, Lavite va Stoller (1993) phat trien cho rdng cac ylu to khach quan lien quan tdi dac diem ca nhan, mdi trudng sdng, hoan canh thiic ddy hanh vi Cac dac diem ca nhari cd lien quan tdi nhtrng nam gidi cd thai tieu eye ddi vdi phu nir, cd niem tin vao cac khuon mau, dinh kiln gidi va cd thai chap nhan bao luc gidi Mdi trudng thyc hien hanh vi QRTD la nhiing yeu to thiic day hoEic chap nhan cae hanh vi nhu su vd cam tCr cdng ddng, mdi trudng thieu sy than thien va thai bao ve nan nhan Dya vao ba md hinh giai thich hanh vi QRTD, nghien curu xay dyng bd cdng cu Iudng nhan thirc cua sinh vien nam nu ve hanh vi QRTD tren xe buyt nhu sau: Thii nhat, nhan thirc ciia sinh vien dugc luong thong qua kiln thiic, quan diem, suy nghT ve bieu hien, nguyen nhan va hanh vi img vdi QRTD Ben canh do, nghien ciiu dua 10 nhan djnh sai lam phd biln nhdm giai thich hanh vi QRTD va nhan dinh ve khudn mdu gidi 15 nhan djnh duge phat trien dya tren cac gia dinh sau: (i) QRTD la binh thudng, ty nhien ciia nam gidi va hanh vi khdng vi pham phap luat; (ii) QRTD la nhu cau tinh due, ham mudn sinh ly cua nam gidi cao han phu nti:; (iii) QRTD la each an mac, loi sdng va hanh vi ciia phu ntr; (iv) Phu nQ- sinh la de nam gidi chinh phuc, nen hg thudng phdng dai hau qua cua QRTD, thuc chat hp rat thich dieu dd (thich dugc tan tinh, treu c h g c ) ; va (v) Phu nif se mat hinh anh neu hg ed bat ky hanh vi phan img hoac to cao QRTD; va thir hai, thai dp ciia sinh vien dugc Iudng thdng qua miic dp cam xiic trd nan nhan/ngudi chimg kien hanh vi QRTD Phu'O'ng phap nghien cu-u Nghien ciiu sir dung phuang phap chgn mdu cd chii dich - day la phuang phap tap hgp danh sach sinh vien sii dung ve thang xe buyt thudng xuyen it nhat tuan Ddng thdi sir dung phuang phap dilu tra bdng bang hdi tu diln, vdi tdng cgng la 118 sinh vien tir tudi 19-24 42,4% la sinh vien nam, 57,6% la sinh vien ntr Mdu tham gia chilm ty le kha ddng dIu gitra trudng la Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ndi, Dai hgc Su Pham Ha Ngi va Hpc vien Phu nti Viet Nam Nghien ciru thyc hien cugc phdng vdn sau cd trucmg hgp (nir) da timg bi QRTD, trudng hop la ngudi chiing kiln (trong dd cd nam gidi) Nhan thifC ve hanh vi q u i y r6i tinh duo 4.1 Nhan biet bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD Hinh thirc ciia QRTD dugc phan loai cac bilu hien sau: (i) gj-^ Pham Thj Van, Nguyen Phuang Chi 79 hien mang tinh the chat, (ii) Bilu hien bdng Idi ndi, (iii) Bilu hien phi ngdn ngCt (hay phi Idi ndi), (iv) Bilu hien qua cac hanh vi ep buoc hen tuc, (v) Hanh vi hilp dam, cd y dinh hilp dam hoac ep huge quan he tinh due (ILO, 2015) Cac hanh vi dugc cu the hoa 15 bilu hien ve QRTD Bang Hieu biet ve cac bidu hi^n cua hanh vi QRTD theo gioi tinh (%) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Bilu hl^n ciia hanh vi QRTD Huyt treu gheo Liec mdt dua tinh Binh pham hinh thiic ben ngo^i hoSc co thi Diia giOn, binh luan van de tinh due Tan tinh, quay r6i lien tuc bdng tin nhan, email, mang xa hgi Dang nhimg binh luan, hinh anh va video ve tinh due tren mang xa hgi Ep nghe cac cau chuy?n/lai noi lien quan tdi tinh due tai noi cong cgng Nhin chdm chdm vao ca the So mo, dung cham mgt each co y Bj nguoi khdc bay bg phan sinh due Ep xem tranh anh/video khieu dam Yeu cau giri cac hinh anh khoa than Yeu cau cac cugc gap gO hoac quan he khong mong muon Yeu cau hoac chii dgng ngoi gan, ngoi canh noi cong cong chua co sy dong y Tr\rc tiep de nghj quan hf tinh due Nam 18 16 42 34 42 NQ- Chung 52,9 35.3 45.6 61,8 45,6 38,1 27,1 39,8 44,1 80 94 68 64 60 36 64,7 94.1 69,1 64,7 60,3 44,1 71,2 94.1 69.6 64,4 60,2 40,7 28 32,4 30,5 64 64,7 64,4 50 So lieu Bang cho thay, da sd sinh vien cd nhan thiic kha tdt ve mgt so bieu hien cua hanh vi QRTD (ty le nhan bilt hon 50% d 8/15 bieu hien) Tuy nhien 7/15 bilu hien dugc dua cd ty le nhan thirc dudi 50% cho thay, mdt bd phan khdng nhd sinh vien chua nhan biet day dii cac bieu hien ciia QRTD, dac biet cac bieu hien phi ngon ngir nhu huyt treu gheo, binh phdm vl hinh thiic, tan tinh qudy rdi lien tuc bang tin nhan, email, yeu cdu hoac chu ddng ngoi gan ddi phuang khdng ddng y Nam va nir gidi co nhan bilt tuong ddng ve bieu hien ciia hanh vi QRTD thi hien rd rang thdng qua hanh vi thi chat, loi ndi va hinh anh Tuy nhien nQ- gidi vugt troi ban nam giai vl kha nang nhan biet cac hanh vi QRTD phi ngdn ngir nhu "Huyt treu gheo" (52,6% sinh vien nir nhan biet so vdi 18% sinh vien nam); "Liic mdt dua tinh" ty le sinh vien nu nhan bilt cao hem nam sinh vien 2,2 ldn (35,3% so vdj 16%) Mgt sd hanh vi qudy rdi qua Idi ndi nhu "Diia gidn, binh luan van de tinh due" ty le sinh vien nti' nhan bilt cao hem nam sinh vien la 27,8 diem phan tram 80 Nghifin cifu Gia dinh vS Gib-i Quy^n 29, s6 3, tr 76-87 Dilu eho thdy, nam sinh vien c6 xu hudng cho rdng mgt so hanh yi QRTD la hanh vi ty nhien cd sy thu hut ca nhan, cho thdy nam gioi thieu sy phan tich cac cam xuc va thai dp tir nii gidi Day cung la khudn mau gidi phd bien xa hgi nam gidi dugc coi la ngudi chu ddng chinh phuc va phu ntr thuang ddn nhan nhu la mgt sy khen ngai, tan duang 4.2 Quan diem cua sinh vien ve hanh vi quay roi tinh due ndi chung Quan dilm vl hanh vi QRTD dugc nghien ciru Iudng dya tren 10 nhan djnh sai idm phd bien xa hpi ve thyc trang, nguyen nhan, giai phap va hau qua ciia QRTD Cac nhan dinh dugc lucmg dua tren thang diem Likert 1-4 (thang diem the hien quan diem "hoan toan diing", thang dilm thi hien quan diem "hoan toan sai") Miic dilm 40 the hien nhan thire tot nhdt va 10-20 the hien nhan thirc yeu Bang Quan diem ve Quay roi tinh due theo gioi tinh (Diem trung binh) Cac quan diem Hanh vi QRTD la hanh vi binh thuong, tir nhien, khdng vi pham phap luat 2.Hanhvi QRTD khong biln xa hpi Viet Nam 3.Nhirng cau chuyen dCia ve quan he tinh due, ngoai hinh va nhimg bp phan nhay cam cua phu nit dupe coi la binh thugng v^ ty nhien T cao hanh vi QRTD la phan img thai qua vi h^nh vi chua den mirc nghiem trpng S.Hanh vi QRTD gia tang la each an mac, l6i sing v^ hinh vi ciia phy nCr N I U phu nCr bi QRTD, chac hdn ban dy da lam dilu gi khoi ggi ke qudy r6i 7.Tdt ca cac hanh vi QRTD sS khong tilp diln nlu phy nu chi don gian yeu cau ke quay rli dimg lai 8.QRTD chi dcm gian la may liri n6i bong diia, khong gay h^u qua gi cho phu nir ca 9.Phy nO nen tranh xa cac dia diem cong cpng nhu bin xe, xe buyt, cac doan duong vdng dl phong trdnh QRTD lO.Phy nir thucmg ph6ng dai hau qua ciia Nii- Chung 3,64 3,56 3,59 3,23 3,24 3,23 0,79 0,993 3,34 3,46 3,41 0,72 0,403 3,28 3,43 3,37 0,78 0,318 2,74 3,16 2,99 0,77 0,004** 2,74 3,35 3,18 0,81 0,006** 3,04 3,35 3,205 0,72 0,024* 3,30 3,51 3,395 0,72 0,097 2,98 3,29 3,145 0.89 0,061 2,74 3.29 0,85 o,00] *•* QRTD • KiSm Dp dinh Tl|ch chuan Test (gii trip) 0,66 0,528 Nam J_^ Tdng diem trung binh 31,02 33,64 32,515 ^^~~~~~~-— Mirc y nghTa thong ke: *p