Một số vấn đề về sinh kế các tộc người thiểu số tại chỗ vùng duyên hải miền trung từ sau đổi mới đến nay

LY L U A N - T R A O D | MOT SO VAN Bt VE SINH KE CAC TOC NGlTdl THIEU SO TAI CHO VUNG DUYEN HAI MIEN TRUNG TlT SAU DOI M I DEN NAY(*> Trirong Van Cuimg Tdm tat: Ben canh chii di quan he tdc ngu&i, vdn hda, xd hdi vd mdi tru&ng, hogt ddng sinh ke Id mgt nhung chu di nhdn duoc su quan tdm nghien ciru tir cdc nganh khoa hgc xd hgi, cd nhdn hoc/dan tdc hoc Bdi viit ndy tdng quan mgt sd thdnh tiru vd chi khodng trdng nghien cuu vi sinh ke cdc tdc ngudi thiiu sd vung Duyin hdi mien Trung Viit Nam tir sau ddi mdi din Bdi viet di cap cdc vdn di ndng nghiip, thu cdng nghiip, khai thdc tu nhiin trao ddi mua bdn vd lam thui Qua dd, tim hiiu su thay ddi cdch tiip can vd, hu&ng nghiin cuu sinh ki tir sau Ddi mai (ndm 1986) den Tu" khda: Smh ki; tdc ngu&i thiiu sd; vimg Duyin hdi mien Tning dung tren ca sd cac xa hgi cong nghiep Trong Idii do, nhan hgc kinh te nghien ciiu so sanh tit Nhan bgc kinh tg la chuyen nganh nghien ca cac xa hgi, ea cong nghiep hda va phi cong cim ve ddi sdng vat chat ctia ngudi nghiep (Nguyen Van Minh, 2018) Tien trinh boi canh xa hgi va van hda Nghien ciru ve lich sii nghien ciiu ve nhan hgc kinh te den sinb ke, ciing nhu van hda, xa hgi, cd nhieu cd quan diera khac each tiep can quan diem ed nhieu quan diem khac ve ly Tru&c hit, la quan diem tiep can cua trudng thuyet ciing nhu each tiep can Cd quan diem phai Tan Mac-xit, quan diem cd xu hudng eoi nhan hgc kinh te la phan nganh cua nhan chii y den each ma nhiing nhdm ngudi trudc hgc van hda, quan diem khac xep vao nhan day tuong ddi biet lap lien ket vdi bdi tac hgc xa hgi Theo nghia hep va cu the hon, dgng cua chu nghia thuc dan, thuong mai, bao nhan hgc kinh te nghien ciiu cac loai hang hda luc va bdc lot Thir hai, tinh binh quyen nam va dich vu dugc san xuat, phan phdi va tieu nu, xu hudng cd hai tinh chat, vua hgc thu nhu the nao boi canh van hda tong thuat vira dau tranh ddi binh quyen nam nii the ma chiing la mgt bg phan Nhin chung, Hudng nghien ciiu chu y den mdi lien he nghien ciiu kinh te tap trung chii yen vao ba gidi, quyen luc va kinh te Thir ba, nhan hge ITnh vire ehii yeu la san xuat, phan phdi va tieu phat trien thudng quan tara den van de ndng nghiep d nhung nude dang phat trign Hg quan tam den ngheo ddi, boat dgng cua cac co (*)Bai Viet dua tren tir lieu thugc de tai ca so ciia Vien quan chinh phit, he thong thue, cac ehinh sach Dan tgc hoc nam 2019 ("Mot so vdn de ve vghien cim sinh ke cdc loc ngu&i a Viet NanC Th S Vu Dinh bat binh dang, tham d Thir tu, nghien ciiu ve ngudi ndng dan vai bai quan diera ly va Mudi va Th.S Truong Van Cirdng dong chu nhiem) tinh Thu ndm, nhan hgc sinh thai quan Cac tpc ngirdi thieu so lai cho duoc de cap gdm: BruVan Kiau, Ra-glai; Hre; Ca-tu; Co, Xa-dang; Chatam den su da dang cua cac to chiic xa hgi ro; Co-ho va Ta-6i Gioi thieu PHAT T R | £ N B ^ N V O N G VUNG Q U Y £ N SO (12/2019) Truwng Van Cirimg thugc cac nhdm van hoa khac Thir sdu, qua va qua tang de hieu ve nhieu khia canh khac ve ban chat nguoi thirc tien d mgt thdi diem nhat dmh Thu bay, moi quan he giira van hda va doi ngheo (Nguyen Van Minh, 2018) O nuac ta, khai niem sinh ke dugc giai thich tir dien Tieng Viet vdi nghia "sinh ke la viec lam de kiem an, de muu sdng" Trong gidi nghien ciiu khai niem sinh ke mai chi xuat hien thdi gian gan day tren ca sd tiep thu nhihig khai niem cua cac tac gia nude ngoai Tren thuc te, khai niem sinh ke hay hogt dgng miru sinh, phucmg cdch kiem song, hoat dgng kinh ti va tap qudn muu sinh dugc eac nha nghien ciiu d nude ta sir dung nghien ciiu ve boat dgng kinh te ciia cac toe ngudi gan vdi chuyen nganh dan tgc hgc kinh te hay nhan hoe kinh te (Nguyen Dang Hiep Pho, 2018) Dac biet, tilp can sinh ke theo khung sinh k6 b6n virng Bg Phat triSn Quoc te Anh (DFID) dugc cac hgc gia d nude ta ling dung rgng rai phan tich ve sinh ke va ddi ngheo Dii tiep can nhieu gdc nhin khac nhau, nhien ngi dung eo ban dugc de cap cac nghien ciiu sinh ke gom nong nghiep, thu cong nghiep, khai thac tu nhien, trao doi raua ban va lam thue I Tinh hinh nghien cihi ve sinh ke cac tgc ngii-61 thiiu so vung Duyen hai mien Trung tii' sau D6i mdi 1986 den Den nay, dua tren ket qua nghien ciiu tong quan cac dan tgc d Viet Nara, thdng ke cho thay, ed 380' an pham nghien cuu ve cac toe 'Tu lieu thong ke ciia cac tac gia gom: Bin Thi Bich Lan va cong sir ve dan toe Bru-Van Kieu la 44 cong trinh; Vu Dinh Mudi ve dan toe Ra-glai la 50 va dan tpc Ta-6i la 54 cong trinh; Nguyin Anh Tuan ve dan tpc Hre la 74 cong trinh Dang Minh Ngoc - Via Thi Le ve dan toe Ccr-tu la 40 cong trinh; Pham Thi Cim Van ve dan tpc Co la 33 cong trinh; Tran Hong Thu va cgng cy dan toe Xo-dang la 52 cong trinh; Sa Thi Thanh Mot s^ van de ngudi thigu sd vitng Duyen hai mien Trung, do: bai tap chi ehuyen nganh la 169 an phim (ehilm 44,5%); dimg thii hai la saeh 146 an phara (chiem 38%); ed 29 an phara (chiem 7,6%) tu lieu luu tai thu vien Vien Dan tgc hoc; CO 25 bai viet dang tren Hgi nghi Thong bao Dan tgc hge Ngoai ra, cac tgc ngudi khu vuc cdn la chu de nghien ciiu cua 05 de tai cap Ca sa va 02 de tai cap Bg Vien Dan tgc bgc thuc hien va c6 tuan van - luan an Ngi dung nghien cim bao trura hau het cac van de hen quan den cae tgc ngudi tir truac den Trudc doi mdi, nghien ciiu ve cac tpc ngudi d nude ta ndi chung va vitng duyen hai mien Trung ndi rieng chiu anh hudng tir bdi canh lich sir cua dat nude, vi the nghien ciiu thdi ky cdn nhieu ban che Sau kbi thdng nhat dat nude nam 1975, bd sach ciia Vien Dan toe hge ve cac dan toe it ngudi d Viet Nam phia Bac va phia Nara da dugc xuat ban nam 1979 va 1984 Day la bo sach dau tien gidi thieu khai quat 54 dan tgc d nude ta ve ngon gdc tgc ngudi, cac dac trung ve kinh te xa hgi va van hda Trong thdi gian tren, rapt so nghien eiiu cu the ve tgc ngudi \k boat dgng sinh ke cac tgc ngudi nhu: "Ngudi Bru, Ngudi Pa Co, Ngudi Ca Tu" (Khong Diin va cong su, 1971); "Vai suy nghT ve hoat dgng kinh te ruong ciia ddng bao Hre" (Luu Hung, 1982); "Ngudi Co va nghe que" (Ngd VTnb Binh, 1977); "Nhiing nghi 12 cd lien quan den cay lua ciia ddng bao cac dan tpc tinh Gia LaiKon Tum" (Trin Cat, 1979) Nhin ehung, trudc ddi radi, boat dgng nghien ciiu cac toe ngudi thieu so ndi chung va sinh ke ndi rieng ddi vdi cac tgc ngudi viing Duyen hai mien Trung chu yeu tiep can theo huong dan toe hgc truyen thdng Day la each tiep can chu yeu bang phuang phap rad ta, thong ke dan tpc hpc Nga ve dan tpc Cho-ro la 20 cong trinh; Le Thj Huong ve dan tpc Co-ho 35 cong trinh P H A T T R I ^ N B E N VIJNG VUNG QUY^N 9, S (12/2019) LY L U A N - T R A O D O I truyen thong eac boat ddng kinh te truyen thong cua cac tgc ngudi Sau doi mdi 1986 d6n nay, sd lugng cdng trinh nghien ciiu dudi goc dd tgc ngudi hay van de cu the ve cae beat dgng sinh ke gia tang Dudi gdc nhin tgc ngudi la "Cae dan tgc it ngudi d Viet Nam" (Vien Dan tpc hgc, 2014) dugc tai ban, bd sung tu heu kien thirc mdi sau 30 nam xuat ban Ben canh do, "Tdng quan van hda truyen thdng cac dan tdc Viet Nam" (Hoang Nam, 2013), gidi thieu khai quat ve dan sd, lich sir cu tni cua tgc ngudi, dd tim bieu ve sinb ke truyen thong va van hda truyen thong ciia dan toe Van hda truyen thong duac xem xet qua cac yeu to: an, d, mac, ngdn ngii, tin nguong, tdn giao, le hgi, phgng tuc tap quan Dac biet, bg sach gom tap v^ "Cac dan tgc d Viet Nam" Vuong Xuan Tinh (Chu bien) dugc xuat ban tir nam 2015 den 2018 Day la bp sach dugc bien soan va cap nhat tu lieu dien da cua 19 trgng tdng so 30 dan tgc it dugc nghien ciiu ke tir nam 1986 den nay, dan tdc Ta-6i, Xodang, Bm-Van Kieu va Ra-glai dugc cap nhat tu lieu Den nay, hau bet cac tpc ngudi thieu so viing Duyen bai mien Trung deu dugc quan tara nghien cliu chuyen biet nhu: "Nguai Xodang d Viet Nam" (Tmng tam KHXN&NV Qudc gia, 1998); "Ngudi Ra-glai d Viet Nam" (Nguyen Tuin Tn6t, 1995); "Ngudi Ta-di d Thira Thien HuS" (Nguyin Khoa Binh, 1999 va Hoang San, 2007); "Ngudi Cor d Viet Nara" (Trin Tuin Vinh, Cao Chu, 2013); "Gdp phan tim hieu van hda Ca tu" (Luu Hung, 2006); "Dan tpc Co ho d Viet Nara" (Biii Van Dao, 2003); "Van hda ngudi Charo" (Huynh Van Tdi, 2014) Day la nhung nghien cuu ed tinh bao quat chung ve tpc ngudi, dd boat dgng sinh ke nhu mot bp phan ciing vdi ten gpi, ngudn goc va qua trinh tgc ngudi, dia ban cu tni va eac dac diem ve van hda - xa hoi Nhiing nghien ciiu dudi goc nhin toe ngudi chii yeu tiep can theo hudng mo ta, thong ke Ciing vai nhiing nghien ciiu toe ngudi, chu de sinh k6 dugc de cap theo hudng tdng quat v6 "Mot sd van de ca ban ve kinh te - xa hgi d cac viing bien gidi Viet Nam" (Biii Xuan Dinh - Nguyen Ngpc Thanh, 2013); "Ddi sdng kinh te cae dan toe thieu so d tinh Quang Ngai" (Nguyen Van Manh, 1994); "Van hda muu sinh cua ngudi Bru-Van Kieu" (Ho Chu, 2008); "Vai net v6 kinh te truyen thong ciia ngudi Bru-Van Kieu d viing bien gidi thugc thi trin Lao Bao, huyen Hudng Hda, tinh Quang Tri" (Nguyin Thi Tam, 2013); "Bign doi kinh te - xa hgi cua dan tpc BruVan Ki6u" (Biii Thi Bich Lan va cdng sir, 2014); "Bi6n ddi ve kinh te - xa hgi cua dan tpc Ta-6i" (1980-2014) va "Bi6n ddi kinh t8 xa hoi cua dan tgc Ra-glai (1980-2014) "(Vii Dinh Mudi, 2014 va 2015) Nghien ciru ve boat dgng kinh te chuyen biet theg dugc nhieu hpc gia quan tam Trong dd, boat dgng trdng trgt va eac nghi le vai 25 an pham da cong bo cd lien quan true tiep Cac nghien ciru chi su da dang canh tac thugc vao dieu kien tu nhien tung viing/khu vuc va tap quan canh tac tmyen thdng cac tpc ngudi hinh cac loai hinh, ky thuat va phuong thtic canh tac khac Trong do, dien hinh nhu "Cay liia Ta-6i va nhung nghi le nong nghiep" va "Tri thiie ban dia cita ngudi Ta Oi trdng trgt" (Tran Nguyin Khanh Phong, 2007, 2013); "Bdng lua tir truyen thdng den phong tuc eua ngudi Ca Dong" (Dinh Long Ta, 1999); "Le Thirc gieo cua ngudi Co" (Biii Cong Ba, 2007); "Mgt sd nghi le cd lien quan den nong nghiep cua ngudi Ca Dong d San Ha - Quang Ngai" (Anh Vu, 1997); "Le hoi cau miia cita cac dan tpc d Viet Nam" (Nhieu tac gia, 1993) Cac nghien eiiu cho rang hoat dong trdng trgt cua cac tgc ngudi thieu so vimg Duyen hai PHAT T R l t N B £ N V O ' N G VUNG Q U Y E N S (12/2019) IVI^t so van de Trinmg VSn Cuomg mien Trung gom hai hinh thiic canh tac ea ban la Ilia nude va nucmg rSy Trong lua ray la hinh thiic canh tac bien cd tir lau ddi, lua nude xuat hien d mot sd tgc ngudi thieu sd sinh song d viing thung lung, vimg cao giap bien gidi Mgt bp phan ngudi Xa- dang, Hre, ngudi Ca-ho (nhom Xre va Ca - ho Lat), Ta-6i (nhdm Pahy) da canh tac lua nude tir kha sdm Cac toe ngudi tiep nhan phuang phap earth tac hgc tu ngudi Kinh dien tir the ky XVI, XVII giag tiep ciia ngudi Thuong^ va ngudi Kinh bat diu phat trien (Nguyen Anh Tuan, 2017) hoac tir can bp dia phuong phu trach ndng nghiep tuyen truyen nhieu thdi ky khac Mugn hon la tir nam 1975, lua nude dugc trdng bien d nhieu lang ngudi Ra-glai va trd mdt boat dgng kinh te quan trgng Ngudi Ra-glai Ilia thung liing ven chan niii, nhirng nai tuang ddi bang phang, gan ngudn nude sdng sudi de dan nude vao ruong va thuc hien cong viec cay, bira, gieo, cay, cham sdc va thu hoach theo ky thuat canh tac radi xa la vdi tap quan truyen thdng (Phan Xuan Bien, 1998) Ngoai ra, mgt so tgc ngudi khac nhu Hre, Xo-dang ciing canh tac liia nude kha sdm Tuy nhien, boat dgng canh tac nuong rSy chiera vai trd chu dao dugc cac nghien cim kbing dinh Bai cac tgc ngudi nhu Hre, Raglai, Bru-Van Ki6u, Ca-tu, Tho, Xa-dang, Ta6i, Co, Ca-ho cu tru ehu yen d viing niii cag, vi the hg la nhung cu dan ed truyen thdng canh tac nuang ray tit lau doi Day la hgat dgng chi phdi mgi mat san xuat va nhieu mat sinh hoat tinh thin cua ngudi dan nai day Ve quy trinh, ky thuat va eong eu canh tac, dia hinh canh tae kha da dang nen mdi viing, mdi tgc ngudi cd quy trinh va ky thuat canh tac khac nhu: chgn dit, phat, dot, chuan bj gidng, h-ong (tria), cham sdc (lam cd, bao ve riy ), bao ve riy, each thu hoach (dung tay, diing dao nhip, dimg hera ) khac Ngudi Xa-dang canh tac nuong ray theo phuang phap hda canh thuy nau (Vien Dan tgc hgc, 2014) Phuang thiic canh tac truyen thong cita nguai Ra-glai la luon canh (luon khoanh khep kin),nam thii nhit h-dng lua, nam thir bai ngd, nam thii ba trdng san, nam thii tu dau rdi nam thii nam quay lai trdng lua; sau dd dat bi bo hoang, ddng bao chuyen sang canh tac manh khac (Vu Dinh Mudi, 2017) Canh tac nuong rSy ciia ngudi Hre la ehgc Id tra bat (Nguyen Anh Tuan, 2017) Ngudi Ca-tu lam nuong ray hinh tbiic du canh, va canh tac xen canh cac loai cay trdng (Dang Minh Nggc - Vii Thi Le, 2017) Nguai Ta-6i la ray da canh va du canh, lam theo loi cd truyen phat, dot, tria, cham sdc va thu hoach (Vu Dinh Mudi, 2017) Cdn theo Dang Nghiem Van, ngudi Gie-trieng ed ba hinh thiic trdng trgt: riy trdng theo chu ky kin (trong den nam bac roi bd boa 10 den 20 nam sau quay trd lai canh tac), chu ky md (trdng hai hoac ba vu sau bd ban - hinh thirc phd bien trudc nam 1975) (Vien Dan toe hpc, 2014) Ngay nay, ben canh viec tan dung tri thiic canh tac truyen thdng, cac tgc ngudi thieu sd viing Duyen hai mien Trung tiep nhan mot so gidng mdi, tuu khoa hge ky thuat, quy trinh va muc dich cua trdng trgt Ve giong cay trong, ben canh mot so giong nhiing truyen thdng dupe giii lai trong, hg tiep nhan, sir dung nhieu gidng eay mdi nhu ngo lai Ilia lai, san eao san cd nang suat eao, chiu benh tat Budc dau ap dung nhieu tu khoa hgc ky thuat vao san xuat viec va cham sdc cung nhu sir dung cac cong cu hd trg (may cay, may bira, may tuit Iiia, may vd lua, may phat cd ), sir dung phan bdn, thuoc bag ve thuc vat, thudc trir cd nhara giam sire lao dgng Ghi nhan tir nam 2002, ngudi Hre d Quang Ngai da nam bat duac ky - Ten goi chung cac tpc ngudi d viing Tay Nguyen P H A T T R I E N B ^ N V O N G VUNG Q U Y £ N S (12/2019) LY LUAN - TRAO D O I thuat h-ong va cham sdc cay cdng nghiep, cd su dau tu va mgt sd hg da lam giau nhd cac hgat dgng cay cdng nghiep, nhung nguoi Hre mia, ehuoi, mit, diia, eau, ca phe, che, hd tieu, eay giai, choi liia, que (Nguyen Anh Tuin, 2017) mudi, cdng chieng (Ngo Vinh Binh, 1977) Ngay nay, nghe que eiia ngudi Co rit phat trien, bdi tren ciing dien tich, neu que lai gap lan diia, lan trdng che, gap 9-10 lan ea phe (Pham Thi Cim Van, 2017) Cung vdi cay luong thuc, nhiing nam gan day, trdng rimg trd mot nhiing hoat dgng sinh ke mang lai thu nhap quan trgng Trong do, ngudi Hre chuyen sang va quan ly rimg ket hgp vdi cac boat dgng sinh te bd trg khac (Nguyin Anh Tuan, 2017) Ngudi Ca-tu dupe nhan hgp ddng khoan bao ve rimg tir nam 1994 va 2003 hg dupe giag dat, giao rimg den timg ho dan Trong dd, lam trudng cao su d Tay Giang, Quang Nam, tao viec lam cho 1.400 lao dgng la ngudi Ca-tu vdi miic lucmg 2,3 trieu/thang (Dang Minh Ngpc-Vii Thi Le, 2017) Ngudi Bru-Van Kieu phat huy quyen tu chii san xuat, dd phat trien kinh te rung d bie Hudng Hda (cac xa Hudng Tan, Hudng Son, Hudng Phimg, Hudng Lap, Hudng Viet ) trdng rimg la mgt trgng nhiing boat dgng kinh te ehii luc vdi cac iaai cay nhu tram, trau, bdi ldi Cdn d nam Huang Hda (cac xa Thuan, Thanh, Xi, A Tiic, A Dai, A Ping ), ngoai cay cao su va bai ldi thi mdt sd cay an qua cung phat h-ien (chudi, diia ) Trong do, ragt sd hg cd nguon thu tir lara nghiep tren dudi 20 rieu/nam (Bui Thi Bich Lan va cdng su, 2017) Ngudi Ta-di d xa Nham da trdng va cham sdc, bao ve 158,6 rimg (VU Dmh Mudi, 2017) Ngudi Co co truyen thdng que va h-au la loai dac san noi tiSng tham ngon Ddng bao cd gidng que ndi tieng va quy hiem nhu que giing va que trdi, cac giong que radi cho nang suit cao la qu6 thanh, quS ding va que biii Trong xa hgi truyen thong ciia ngudi Co, cay que cd gia tri cao, nhu d Tra Bdng xua, I gui que c6 thi ddi dugc din gui hang vdi du thii quan ao, vai vdc, mim Ve chan nuoi, cae tpc ngudi thieu so d vung Duyen hai mien Trung deu chan nudi gia siic (trau, bd, ngua, de, lgn ), gia cim (vit, ga, ngan, ngdng, ), thiiy san (tom, eua, ca, ) Mgt so nghien ciiu ve nhu "Chan nudi truyen thdng cac dan tgc" (Le Be, 1994); "Tap quan chan nudi va su dung trau ciia ngudi Thai d miin Tay Nghe An" (Mai Thanh Scm, 1992); "Trong rirng va chan nudi hieu qua d Ba To" (Minh Tri, 2015); "Mot sd van de phat triin nganh chan nudi khu vue Nam Trung Bg theo hudng tang trudng xanh" (Pham Quoc Tri, 2017) deu cho rang, chan nuoi ddi vai cac tgc ngudi thieu so deu mang tinh phu trg, hd tra chg boat dong trdng trot Muc dich cua chan nudi nham phuc vu nhu cau thuc pham, nghi le, siic keo canh tac nong nghiep Tap quan, ky thuat chan nuoi truyen thdng chu yeu la tha rdng, it quan tam den chuong trai va phdng dich benh Tuy nhien, moi tpc ngudi hay nhdm cdng ddng thuang cd the manh chan nudi mgt hgae hai loai vat nuoi chiem vi tri chu dao Nghe thu cong cac toe ngudi thieu sd vung Duyen hai mien Trung kha da dang vdi du cac nghe va san pham Tu lieu tong quan cho thiy, cac tpc ngudi nhu Hre, Ra-glai, Bru-Van Kilu, Ca-tu, Xa-dang, Ta-di, Co, Ca-ho, Gietrieng deu cd nghi thii cong truyin thdng Trong dd nghe det dugc quan tam nghien ciiu nhieu ban ca nhu: "Det thu cdng cua ngudi Xa-dang" (Nguyen Thiiy Trang, 1988); "Nghe det vai ciia ngudi Ca ho Chii" (Ly Ngpc Hiin, 2009); "Lang det thd cim cua ngudi Hre" (Trin Dang, 1998); "Lang det tho cim cua ngudi Hre" (Hiin Van, 1999); "Nghe det thd P H A T T R I ^ N B £ N V O N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, S (12/2019) Trutmg Van Cutmg cam truyen thdng cua ngudi Ca-ba d Quang Nara" (Nguyin Van Son, 2004); "Hoa van tten vai zeng ciia ngudi Ta-di" (Tran Nguyen Khanh Phong (2005) Cung vdi nghe det, nghe nan dat lam gdra ciia ngudi Stieng d Quang Nam Da Ning (Pham Lgi, 1995); "Nghe thuat gom dan gian Ca-ho" (Dmh Hdng Hai, 2003); "Nghi ren cua ngudi Ta-Dra" (Luu Hiing, 1997) Cac san pham thu eong chu yeu la dan lat (nong, nia, dan, sang, tbiing, giii, phen tre, chieu la ) va san pham det phuc vu nhu eau sinh hoat va san xuat thudng San phara dan lat dugc tan dung tir nguyen lieu cd san nhu tre, niia, may, giang tao nhirng san pham da dang phuc vu sinb hoat va lao dgng Cdng viec dan lat ehii yeu ngudi dan ong dara nhiera, det la phan viec cua phu nu Thdi diem tien hanh dan lat hoac det thudng dugc thirc hien vao liic nong nhan Ngay nay, nghe thii cong truyen thdng cac tdc ngudi thieu so raai rapt tac dgng cua nen kinh te tbi trudng Tuy nhien, c6 radt so nghe phat trien tag san pham ban nhu nghe det cd truyen cita ngudi Cham, det zeng cua ngudi Ta-di, det sgi gai ngudi Thd, nghe ren eiia ngudi Xadang, Ca-ho, Ra-glai trd thuang hieu ban tren thi trudng, dem lai nguon thu, nhung sd lugng san pham khong nhieu, mang tinh chat raanh miin Do nai cu tru cac tdc ngudi thieu sd vitng Duyen hai mien Trung gan vdi rimg, vi thi boat dgng khai thac tu nhien chiem vai trd quan trgng ca cau sinh ke co truyen Mot so nghien ciiu dien hinh nhu "San bat chim muong va tin nguong lien quan cua ngudi Catu" (Luu Hiing, 2005); "Cac vi than lien quan den boat dgng san ban thu rimg va danh bat torn ca cua ngudi Bru-Van Kieu" (Pham Van Lgi, 2010); "Hai luom va san bat eda ngudi dan Khanh Hda xua" (Ngo Van Ban, Vd Trieu Duong, 2013); "Bp cong cu san ban thu eiia ngudi Ta-di" (Tran Nguyin Khanh Phong, 2009); "Ngu cu thu eong truyin thong danh bit thiiy san Thanh Hoa" (Le Kim Lir, 2014) Hoat dong khai thac gom ed san bat, san ban, bai lugm, danh bat thiiy san Hinh thuc san bin thii rimg thudng ea nhan hoac tap the, dan ong khde manh dam nhiem Hai lugm lam tho san thudng phu nu, tre em Hoat dgng hai luom thudng phu nii dam nhiem, san pham chii yeu la mang, rau, qua, nam, eay thuoc nam Ve trao ddi - mua ban, cae tgc ngudi thieu sd chii yeu ban nhiing san pham ndng nghiep, thu cdng nghiep, lam thd san va mua cae nhu yeu pham phuc vu cho ddi song sinh boat (quan ao, giay dep, mfim, mudi ) va cong cu san xuat (cae loai ndng cu, phan bdn, thuoc trir sau ), hg ehi ban va raua Trong dieu kien giao thdng cdn nhieu khd khan, the nhung da hinh nen mang ludi "nwng-" (diem hen) de trao doi giiia ngudi Ra-glai vdi ngudi Cham, ngudi Kinh theo phuang tbiic trao ddi truac la vat ddi vat Tuy nhien, dac thit nen kinh te tu cung tu cap nen vang bong mgt Idp thucmg nhan de dam bao trao doi ben va ben ngoai cong ddng (Phan Xuan Bien, 1998) Ngudi Hre cu tni vimg trung gian Tay Nguyen va ddng bang duyen hai, nen da tiep xuc vdi kinh te thi trudng kha sdm, nhung cac boat dong nang ve trao doi, san pham ed tieng nhat la trau, trau va mat ong Mua ban vdi ngudi Kinh va ngudi Chara, vdi ngudi Cham chiem uu the va manh nha Tuy nhien, chua hinh nhiing thuang nhan cong ddng Hre (Nguyen Anh Tuin, 2017) Ngudi Bru-Van Kieu khdng co cha truyen thdng, nhien binh tbiic trao doi kha phat trien vdi ngudi Lao d ben bien gidi va ngudi Kinh a dudi ddng bang len Hg ban nhung san pham tir rimg va nong nghiep sau mua nhiing nhu yeu pham phuc vu sinh hoat nhu muoi, vai, cong cu san xuit Nhiing P H A T T R I ^ N B ^ N VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, SO (12/2019) LY LUAN - TRAO D C I nam gan day, nhieu bp gia dinh ngudi BruVan Kieu md cira hang kinh doanh cac mat hang thiet yeu nhu thuc pham, dd dimg sinh hoat, phan bdn, thue pham (Bui Thi Bich Lan va cong sir, 2017) Ngudi Ta-di giao luu mua ban kha phat trien Nhiing chuyen di xuoi Kinh ngugc Lao den ban nam kho, mang tuoi, dt xay, song may, lam thd san va mua ve vai, sat, sanh sir, mam mudi la nhiing nguon lgi Idn (Vien Dan tgc bgc, 2014) Ve truyen thdng, nguoi Co cd boat dong mua ban kha phat trien, chg Man d Tra My timg dugc nhac den sir sach la mdt trgng nhiing trung tam giao luu, trao ddi hang hda tap nap cua ngudi Co (Hoang Nam, 2013) Dudi tac dgng doi mdi nam 1986 den nay, boat dgng mua ban eac dan tgc thieu sd dien xdi dong va da dang han, hg tham gia cang nhieu vag eac boat dgng kinh doanh, mua ban, trao doi tai cac chg phien, vimg bien bay chg xa Tuy nhien, tiiy timg dan tdc c6 su tham gia nhiing rairc dp khac Nhu ngudi Ra-glai d xa Son Hiep (huyen, tinh ) ed bp tham gia dinh doanh hang hda tdng hpp, dd hg cd doanh thu 1,02 ty trd len (Vii Dinh Mudi, 2017) Hien nay, d nhiing lang sinh song gan trung tam xa, true dudng giao thdng, dong bao sir dung tien Nha nude Viet Nam phat hanh, dimg vang bac de mua ban cac vat dung can diiet gia dinh (Vien Dan tgc hoc 2014) Ngudi Bru-Van Kilu cu tni dgc bien gidi Viet -Lao, canh Hanh lang kinh tl DdngTay, ed dieu kien thuan Igi phat trien giao thuang, mua ban Hg tham gia boat dgng trao ddi, mua ban d bien bien gidi Hg phin Idn la nhung ngudi tre tuoi, cd siic khde va nhanh nhay vdi nen kinh te thi trudng Hang hda ciia ngudi Bru-Van Kieu dugc mang sang Lao ban hoac trao ddi gdm cdng cu san xuat (cudc, xeng ), gia dung (may phat dien, may nong nghiep, ti vi, den pin, chan, man ) (Biii Thi Bich Lan va cong su, 2017) Ngoai ra, boat dong trao ddi, mua ban khu vuc viing bien va xuyen bien gidi den duge quan tam nghien ciiu nhu: mang luai xa hgi cua cac tieu thugng d cha viing bien, quan he tpc ngudi d chg bien gidi, lien he va trao ddi d chg vung bien vdi mang ludi chg vimg va lien viing Haat dgng sinh ke eua cu dan viing tai dinh cu nhung nam gan day la chu de nhan dugc nhieu quan tam nghien ciiu dudi nhieu chieu canh va gdc dp khac "Sinh ke thich iing sau tai dinh cu cua cdng ddng Bru-Van Kilu" (Nguyen Xuan Hong, 2013); "Sinh ke cua ngudi Katu a vimg tai dinh eu thuy dien A Vuang, tinh Quang Nam" (Nguyin Thang Long, 2015); "Danh gia tac dgng eiia he thdng thuy dien den ddi song ngudi Ta 6i d Thiia Thien Hue" (Tran Nguyen Khanh Phong, 2010); "Tai dinh cu va bien ddi kinh te cua ngudi Bru - Van Kieu d thon mdi, xa Hudng Lmh, huyen Hudng Hda, tinh Quang Tri" (Hoang Thi A Hoa, 2014) Trong dd, ehu dl nghien ciiu sinh ke ehii yeu tap trung vao nhiing nhom cdng dgng ddng chiu tac dgng hen quan den: tai dinli eu, di eu den boat dgng sinh ke Ngay nay, lam thue xuyen bien gidi la loai hinh sinh ke xuat hien nhirng nam gan day d nude ta vdi nhilu hinh thiic khac nhau, bien nhat la xuat khau lao dong di Han Quoc, Nhat Ban, Malaysia va mgt sd nude d khu vuc Tay A Viec dua ngudi lao dgng di lam viec d nude ngoai la mgt chii truong, chinh sach Idn eiia Dang va Nha nude, gdp phan phat triin kinh te va dn dinh ddi sdng Ket luan va nhirng van de dat Qua tong ket cho thay, tat ca cac tgc ngudi thieu sd vung Duyen hai miin Trung diu dugc quan tam vdi ngi dung nghien eiiu phong phii va da dang Birc tranh sinh kl cae tgc ngudi dugc cung cip va tai hien kha dit va sinh dgng, tir boat dong ndng nghiep, thii cong nghiep, khai thac tu nhien, trao doi mua ban den lam P H A T T R l t N B E N V O N G VUNG Q U Y £ N 9, SO (12/2019) Trirffng Van CiroTig thue Tuy nhien, phan Idn cac nghien ciiu d l cap den hoat dong trdng trgt, chan nudi va khai thac br nhien va thu cdng nghiep Trong hoat dong trao doi mua ban, di lam diue, sinh ke vimg tai dinh cu, sinh kl virng bien giai, tac dong cua chinh saeh phat trien so lugng nghien ciiu cdn han che Dac biet nghien ciru sinh ke nhin tir nhiing nii ro va bat dn ve sinh ke, tae dong ca sd tang giao thdng tai sinh ke truyen thdng va ngudn tai nguyen, quan he giiia dan sd va kinh tl- xa hoi bien d nude ta, xem xet radi quan he giua sinh ke vdi, xa hgi, van hda va mdi trudng d toe ngudi eon bd ngd Phucmg phap tiep can nghien ciiu sinh ke thdi ky dau chii yeu mang tinh khai luge, nang ve mo ta, thdng ke, it dat cac boat dgng sinb ke bdi canh vT mo va moi lien he tac dgng Tuy nhien, tii sau nhiing nam 2000 ben canh each tiep can truyin thdng, nghien ciiu sinh ke cd nhieu thay doi, ehu de va each tiep can dugc nhin nhan da chieu Mgt so phuong phap tiep can lien nganh, da nganh, danh gia ndng thon cd ndng dan tham gia (PRA), danh gia ndng thon nhanh (RRA), tiep can dua vao cong ddng budc dau dugc nhieu to chiic, ca nhan ap dung nghien cim sinh ke, dac biet den tir nhiing luan an tien si Tir thuc trang nghien eiiu ve sinh ke boi eanh chung cua cong cugc cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda cua dat nude hien nay, chit de nghien cim kinh te toe ngudi can quan tam Mft so van de din nhiing hudng nghien ciiu nhu sau: Thd nhdt, can tiep tuc nhung nghien eiiu ea ban nhara gidi thieu va lam rd cac dae trung va tri thirc tgc ngudi eua cac hoat dong kinh te, day manh ket hap nghien eiiu ca ban vdi nghien Cliu ling dung nham hudng tdi phuc vu eho thuc tien cong cugc doi mdi linh vuc phat trien kinh te cac tgc ngudi thieu so vung Duyen hai mien Trung Thu hai, nghien cim sinh ke eac toe ngudi thieu sd viing Duyen hai mien Trung can nhin nhan tii nhieu chieu canh va dat mdi lien he vdi kinh te thi trudng, dd thi hda - cdng nghiep hda, bien doi kbi ban, va nghien eu'u sinh ke gan vdi phat trien ben viing Thu ba, can cd nghien ciiu va danh gia boat dgng sinh ke mdi nhu lam thue, lam cdng nhan, xuat khau lao dgng va tac dgng cua hgat ddng sinh ke mdi den ddi sdng kinh te xa hgi ciia cac tpc ngudi thieu sd viing Duyen hai mien Trunghien Thir tu, can quan tam nghien ciiu nhieu ban ve cac khia canh cita boat dong sinb ke ciia cac eu dan viing bien gidi Viet - Lao va Viet Nara - Campuchia, dac biet la eac toe ngudi thieu sd tai eho Thu ndm, can cd nhiing nghien ciiu ve thuc trang thieu dat canh tae, neu nhiing nguyen nhan va he qua Tir dua nhiing ggi y cho viec hgach dinh chinh sach giai quyet phii hgp ve tinh trang thieu dat san xuat ddi vdi cae tgc ngudi thieu sd tai chd vimg Duyen hai mien Trung thdi gian tdi Tai lieu tham khao Anh Vii (1997) Mdt sd nghi le cd lien quan den ndng nghiep ciia ngudi Ca Dong d Son Ha - Quang Ngai Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, S6 4, tr 69-76 Biii Thi Bich Lan va cdng su (2017) "Dan tgc Bru-Van Kieu" trong: Cdc Ddn tdc a Viet Nam, tap 3, nhdm ngdn ngii Mon - Kho-me Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi Dili Van Dao (2003) Ddn tdc Ca ho a Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, Ha Ndi Biii Xuan Dinh va Nguyen Nggc Thanh (Chii bien) (2013) Mot so vdn de ca bdn ve kinh te - xa hdi a cdc viing biin gi&i Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ndi P H A T T R I E N B E N VO'NG V D N G Q U Y E N 9, SO (12/2019) L t LUAN - TRAO e l Dang Minh Nggc va Vu Thi Le (2017) "Dan toe Co-tu" trong: Cdc Ddn tdc a Viit Nam, tap 3, nhom ngon ngir Mon - Kho-me Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi Dinh Hdng Hai (2003) Nghe thuat gom dan gian Ca-ho Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc vd thai dgi, Sd 55, tr.2-3 Dinh Long Ta (1999) Bong liia rtr tmyin thing din phong tuc ciia nguixi Ca Dong Tgp chi Vdn nghe vd ddn toe miin imi, Sl 8, tr 12-13 Hoang Nam (2013) Tong quan vdn hoa truyin thdng cdc ddn tdc viet Nam, quyen 1&2 Nxb Van hoa thong tin Ha Not Hoang Son (Chu bien) (2007) Ngicai Td-di a Thira Thien Hui Nxb Van hoa Dan tgc Ha Noi 10 Hoang Thi A Hoa (2014) "Tai dinh cu va bien doi kinh te cua ngudi Bm - Van Kieu d thon mdi, xa Hudng Linh, huye Hudng Hoa, dnh Quang Tri" Thdng bdo ddn tdc hoc, Tu lieu Vien Dan toe hoc, tr 264-269 11 Huynh Van Tdi (2014) Vdn hda ngudi Cha-ro Nxb Van hda thong tm Ha Noi 12 Khdng Dien, Ngo Vinh Binh va Pham Quang Hoan (1971) Ngu&i Bni, Nguai Pa Cd, Ngu&i Ca Tu, Tu lieu Vien Dan tdc hgc 13 Le Be (1994) Chdn nudi truyen thdng cdc ddn ;pc, Tu heu Vien Dan tdc hgc, Ky hieu kho: TL 86 14 Le Kim Lir (2014) Ngu cii thii cdng truyin thong ddnh bat thiiy sdn Thanh Hda Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Ngi 15 Luu Himg (1982) Vai suy nghT vl hoat dgng kinh tl ruong cua ding bao Hre Tap chi Ddn tdc hoc, S6 3, tr 26-34 16 Luu Hung (1997) Gop phan tim hieu nghe ren ciia ngudi To-Dra Tap chi Ddn tdc hpc, 56 4, tr 7-18 17 Luu Hung (2005) San bit chim muong va tin ngudng lien quan ciia ngudi Ca-tu Tap chi Ddn tdc hoc, S6 3,tr 8-15 IS Luu Hung (2006) Gop phdn tim hiiu vdn hda Ca tu Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi 19 Ly Nggc Hien (2009), Nghe dit vdi cua ngu&i Caho Chd Nxb Van boa dan tgc Ha Ndi 20 Mai Thanh Son (1992) Tap quan chan nuoi va su dung trau cua ngudi Thai d miin Tay Nghe An Tgp chi Ddn lgc hoc, S6 1, tr 57- 62 21 Minh Tri (2015) "Tring ning va chan nuoi hieu quad Ba To", trong- Phdt tnin kinh te - xa hdi viing ddng bdo ddn tdc thieu sd vd mien Hw/.Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia Ha Ngi 22 Ngd Van Ban va V6 Trilu Duong (2013) Hdi luom vd sdn bdt ciia nguai ddn Khanh Hda xua, Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin Ha Ngi 23 Ngo yTnh Binh (1977) Nghe ffdng que ciia ngudi Co, ngudi Ca Dong d NghTa Binh va Quang NamDa Ning Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc, Sd 4, tr 49-58 24 Ngd VTnb Binh (1977) Nguai Co vd nghi qui, Tu lieu Vien Dan tgc hgc 25 Nguyen Anh Tuan (2017) "Dan tgc Hre", trong: Cdc Dan toe a Viit Nam, tap 3, nhdm ngdn ngu Mon - Kha-me Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi 26 Nguyin Dang Hiep Phi (2018) Tilp can ly diuylt khung sinh kl bin virng DFID nghien cim smh ke ciia ngudi Ma d vudn quoc gia Cat Tien Tgp chi Khoa hoc, Dai hgc D6ng Nai, sd 2, tr 101-107 27 Nguyin Khoa Binh (1999) Ngudi Ta-6i o Thira Thien Hui Tgp chi Vdn nghe ddn toe miin niii, S6 3, tr 18-21 28 Nguyen Thang Long (2015) "Sinh kl ciia ngudi Katu d vimg tai dinh cu thiiy dien A Vuong tinh Quang Nam" (Nghien ciru truong hgp kha Tai dinh cu Kutchrun, xa Ma Cooib, huyen Dong Giang) Thdng bdo Ddn tdc hoc, Tu lieu Vien Dan tgc hgc P H A T TRieN B f N VU'NG VUNG QUY^N 9, S6 (12/2019) Trifo-ng Van Cu&ng MQt so van de 29 Nguyen Thi Tam (2013) "Vai net vl kinh tl truyin thing ciia ngudi Bru-Van Kieu d viing bien gidi thudc thi trin Lao Bao, huyen Hudng Hoa, tinh Quang Tri", Thdng bdo Ddn tdc hoc, Tu lieu Vien Dan tgc hgc 30 Nguyin Thuy Trang (1988) Det thii cdng cua ngudi Xo-dang Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, Sd 1,2, tr 63-68 31 Nguyin Tuin Triet (1991) Nguai Raglai a Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi 32 Nguyin Tuin Trilt (1995) Ngudi Raglai a Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi 33 Nguyen Van Minh (2018) Mdt sd ly thuyet ve tdc ngu&i vd cdch tiip can a Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xahgi Ha Ndi 34 Nguyen Van Son (2004).Nghe det tho cam truyen thdng cua ngudi Co-tu d thon Cong Don, xa Zuoih, huyen Nam Giang, tinh Quang Nam Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc, Sd 3, tr 70-74 35 Nguyen Xuan Hong (2013), "Sinh ke thich ung sau tai dmh cu ciia cdng ddng Bru- Van Kieu d xa Hdng Tien, Huong Tra, Thira Thien Hue ", Thdng bdo ddn tdc hoc, Tu lieu Vien Dan tgc hgc 36 Nhieu tac gia (1993) Ll hdi cau mua cua cac dan tgc d Viet Nam Nxb Van hda dan tdc Ha Ngi 37 Pham Lgi (1995) Nghe nan dat lam gdm cua ngudi Stieng d Quang Nam Da Nang Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc vd Thai dgi, Sl 19, tr 21-22 38 Pham Qudc Tri (2017) Mdt so van de phat trien nganh chan nudi khu vuc Nam Trung Bg theo hudng tang trudng xanh Tgp chi Khoa hgc Xd hdi Mien Trung, Sd l,tr 3-13 39 Pham Thj Cim Van (2017) "Dan tdc Co" trong: Cdc Ddn tdc a Viit Nam, tap 3, nhdm ngdn ngir Mon - Kha-me Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Ha Ngi 40 Pham Van Lgi (2010) Cac vi thin lien quan din hoat dgng san ban thu rimg va danh bat tdm ca cua ngudi Bru-Van Kieu Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, Sd 3, tr 10-21 41 Phan Xuan Bien (chii bien) (1998) Vdn hda vd xd hdi nguai Raglai & Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hoc xa hgi Ha Ngi 42 Trin Cat (1979) Nhiing nghi ll co ben quan den cay lua ciia dong bao cac dan tgc tinh Gia Lai-Kon Tum Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc, Sd 3, tr 30-37 43 Trin Nguyin Khanh Phong (2005) Hoa van tren vai zeng ciia ngudi Ta-di Tap chi Ddn tdc vd Th&i (fai, Sd 80, tr 7-8,11 44 Trin Nguyin Khanh Phong (2009) Bg cdng cu san ban thii ciia nguiri Ta-6i Tap chi ngudn sdng ddn gian, S6 2,tr 14-20 45 Trin Nguyin Khanh Phong (2010) "Danh gia tac dgng ciia he thdng thiiy dien din ddi song ngudi Ta 6i d Thira Thien Hui", Thdng bdo Ddn tdc hgc, Tu lieu Vien Dan tdc hgc, tr 251-262 46 Trin Nguyin Khanh Phong (2013) Tri thiic ban dia ciia ngudi Ta 6i trong trgt Tgp chi nguon sdng ddn gian So 1, tr 46-57 47 TrinTuin Vinh, Cao Chu (2013) A'gi/OT Cor a Viit Nam Nxb Thong tin Ha Ngi 48 Trung tam Khoa hgc xa hdi va Nhan van qudc gia (1998^ Ngu&i Xa-ddng & Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xahgi Ha Ndi 49 Vien Dan tdc hgc (2014) Cdc ddn tdc it nguai a Viet Nam (Cac tinh phia Nam) Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ngi 50 Vu Dinh Mudi (2014) Bien doi vi kinh ti-xd hdi cua ddn tgc Td-6i (1980-2014), De tai co sd, Tu lieu Vien Dan tgc hgc 51 Vii Dinh Mudi (2015) Bien doi kinh ti-xd hdi cua ddn tgc Ra-glai (1980-2014), De tai co sd, Tu lieu Vien Dan tdc hoc PHAT TRI E N B £ N VO'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO (12/2019) LY LUAN-TRAODOl 52 Vii Dinh Mudi (2017) "Dan tgc Ra-glai" trong: Cdc Ddn idea Viit Nam, tap 3, nhom ngdn ngu MonKha-me Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Ngi 53 Vuong Xuan Tinh (2014) Vdn hda vai phdt triin bin vdng viing bien gi&i Viet Nam Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ndi Thdng tin tac gia: Trirtmg Van Cudng, Th.S - Don Vl cong lac: Vien Dan tgc hgc, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam - Dia chi email: truongcuongl983@gmail.com Ngay nhan bai: 28/9/2019 ^S^Y nhan ban siia: 3/10/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 22/10/2019 P H A T T R I E N B E N VONG VUNG QUY^N 9, S (12/2019) ... nghien ciiu sinh ke ehii yeu tap trung vao nhiing nhom cdng dgng ddng chiu tac dgng hen quan den: tai dinli eu, di eu den boat dgng sinh ke Ngay nay, lam thue xuyen bien gidi la loai hinh sinh ke... ciiu sinh ke gom nong nghiep, thu cong nghiep, khai thac tu nhien, trao doi raua ban va lam thue I Tinh hinh nghien cihi ve sinh ke cac tgc ngii-61 thiiu so vung Duyen hai mien Trung tii' sau. .. diue, sinh ke vimg tai dinh cu, sinh kl virng bien giai, tac dong cua chinh saeh phat trien so lugng nghien ciiu cdn han che Dac biet nghien ciru sinh ke nhin tir nhiing nii ro va bat dn ve sinh