xa hoi hoc s6 (148), 2019 THI TRU'DNG LAO D O N G VA QUAN HE LAO D O N G TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI N H A P Ci VIET NAM: THT/C TRANG VA DINH HU'DNG CHINH SACH DANG NGUYEN ANH' Tom tdt: Bdi viet phdn tich hien trgng thi truang lao dpng vd quan he lao dpng cua Viet Nam, bao gom luang toi thieu vd cdc quy dinh hien hdnh Kit qud cho thdy xu huang dich chuyen lao dpng tic khu vuc the che nong nghiep sang phi nong nghiep vd dich vu, ciing nhu tie khu vuc cong sang khu vuc tu nhdn ngdy cdng ro net a Viet Nam Dong thai, hpi nhap quoc ti va nhitng cam ket ve quan hi lao dpng cdc hiep dinh thucmg mgi the he mai doi hoi nhimg thay doi ve quan he lao dpng vd su dieu chinh kip thai chinh sdch, phdp lugt Uin quan Bdi viet de xudt mpt so gidi phdp nhdm tdng cucmg vai tro Idnh dgo, ddp img cdc yeu cdu ndy sinh diiu kien hpi nhap, chi nhimg yeu cdu mai hogt dpng qudn ly nhd nuac ve lao dpng vd quan he lao dpng a Viet Nam Tu khda: thi tmong lao dpng, quan he lao dong, to chiic cong doan, luong toi thieu Nhgn bdi: 5/10/2019 Giri phdn biin 8/11/2019 Duyit dang: 22/11/2019 l.Mff dau Da CO mot thdi truac Doi moi, viec lam a Viet Nam bien la san xuat nong nghiep khuon kho ho gia dinh va hgp tac xa Nhung den hon mot niia viec lam cua nen kinh te thuoc Imh vuc phi nong, che bien, che tao va dich vu, vai su gia tang lire luang lao dong cac cong ty tu nhan va doanh nghiep nuac ngoai Nam 1989, han % lao dpng Viet Nam lam viec khu vuc nong-lam-ngu nghiep va viec lam tu nhan hau nhu khong ton tai, nhien den khu virc chi cung ckp 46% viec lam, va cii 10 lao dpng (tuong iing voi trieu nguoi) hien lam cong an lucmg cac doanh nghiep tu nhan (Tong cue Thong ke va Bo Lao dpng, Thuong binh va Xa hpi, 2015) Xu huang la ca so quan trpng de nang cao thu nhap, miic sdng va tang truang a Viet Nam Tuy nhien, can nhan thay rang tang tmong viec lam nhi^u ygu t6 quylt dinh, dpng lire chinh la doi mai the che va moi tmong kinh doanh S6 lieu thong ke chinh thiic cho thay ty trpng lao dpng lam viec khu vuc nonglam-ngu nghiep da giam nhanh 30 nam qua vai toe dp 1,6%/nam lao dpng tir khu virc chuyen sang cac doanh nghiep phi nong, hp gia dinh phi nong va lam viec dugc tra ' Vien Hdn lam Khoa hgc xa hdi Viel Nam Ddng Nguyen Anh c6ng (Hinh 1) Cac doanh nghiep hp gia dinh da gop phan cai thien miic song cho hang trieu nguoi lao dpng song lai bi gioi han ve ti^m nang san xudt, von, cong nghe va nang suat lao dpng Theo phan loai thong ke hien nay, lao dong lam viec cho cac trang trai gia dinh hoac hp gia dinh phi nong nghiep la thupc nhom "lao dpng huong luong" Tuy nhien, tren thuc te da so cac lao dpng deu khong co hgp dong cong viec, nhieu doanh nghiep co tinh vi pham khdng dong bao hi6m cho lao dpng Quan he lao dpng tro nen phiic tap va co nhieu bat cap, the hien bai nhirng tranh ch4p \k tiSn luong, viec lam, bao hiem, doi hoi su nghien ciiu thau dao va xem xet cac dieu chinh chinh sach cho phu hop Hinh PhSn loai lao dQng-vifc lam & Viet Nam Doanh ngme p i p gUdii b p m NN 11 tneu 21 Nguon Tinh loan lie so lieu Dieu tra Lao dong-Viec lam 2014, 2015 Mac dli su chuyen dich ciia lao dpng-viec lam dien kha manh me a Viet Nam nhung nhan thiic ve quan he lao dpng hien het siic han che Theo bao cao ciia Ngan hang Thg giai, chua day 1% cac doanh nghiep xac dinh cac quy dinh ve lao dpng la mgt han che dang ke doi voi tang truong, 28% doanh nghiep coi day chi la mot han che vua phai, lai khong coi day la trd ngai hay thach thiic (Ngan hang The gioi, 2014) Neu nhin tu ben ngoai, cac quy dinh chinh sach, phap luat ve bao ve viec lam ciia nuoc ta la kha chat che va nghiem ngat song tren thuc te cac quy dinh co loi cho chu su dung Co hpi cho nguai ngoai cugc - nhiing lao dgng chua co viec lam huong luang lai rat han chi, tham chi At khd tilp can dugc thi trudng d^ chuyen doi nghi nghiep Ngudi lao ddng chua dugc trao quyen va ddi hdi gidi chu dap img nhiing nhu cau ve phiic Igi va an sinh xa hpi, vdi phan iing nhat la thdi viec, bd viec cung voi nhiing thiet thdi ve quyIn Igi va cong bang xa hgi Bg luat Lao dgng siia ddi 2019 vira dugc ban hanh cho phep ngudi lao dpng dugc quyen dan phuong cham diit hgp ddng khdng can ly Ddng thdi, ngudi lao dgng cdn duac quyen yeu cau chu sii dung lao ddng cung cap ban cac tai lieu lien quan d^n qua trinh lam viec ciia minh cham diit hgp ddng lao dpng Mac du day la mdt diSm moi, song quy dinh chi ap dung ddi voi nhiing lao ddng cd ky kit hgp ddng Xa hpi hpc so (148) 2019 THI TRUING LAO D O N G V A QUAN HE LAO D O N G TRONG DIEU KIEN HOI NHAP VIET NAM: THU'C TRANG VA DINH HLTdNG CHINH SACH DANG NGUYEN ANH' Tom th: Bdi viit phdn tich hien trgng thi truang lao dpng vd quan hi lao dpng cita Viet Nam, bao gom luang toi thieu vd cdc quy dinh Men hdnh Kit qud cho thdy xu huang dich chuyin lao dpng tir khu vuc the che nong nghiep sang phi nong nghiep vd dich vu, ciing nhu tir khu vifc cong sang khu vuc tu nhdn ngdy cdng ro net a Viet Nam Dong thai, hpi nhap quoc ti vd nhimg cam kit vi quan he lao dpng cdc hiep dinh thuang mgi the he mai doi hoi nhitng thay ddi ve quan hi lao dong vd su diiu chinh kip thai chinh sdch, phdp lugt liin quan Bdi viet di xudt mpt so gidi phdp nham tang cuong vai trd Idnh dgo, ddp ung cdc yiu cdu ndy sinh dieu kien hpi nhdp, chi nhimg yiu cdu mai hogt dpng qudn ly nhd nuac ve lao dpng vd quan he lao dpng a Viet Nam Tir khoa: thi tmong lao dgng, quan he lao ddng, td chiic cong doan, luong tdi thieu Nhgn bdi: 5/10/2019 Giri phdn biin: 8/11/2019 Duyet ddng: 22/11/2019 Md" akn Da cd mgt thdi tmac Ddi mdi, viec lam d Viet Nam phd bien la san xuat ndng nghiep khudn khd hp gia dinh va hgp tac xa Nhung den hon mpt niia viec lam ciia nen kinh te thudc ITnh vuc phi ndng, che bien, che tao va dich vu, voi su gia tang lire lugng lao dpng cac cdng ty tu nhan va doanh nghiep nuac ngoai Nam 1989, han 71% lao dgng Viet Nam lam viec khu vuc nong-lam-ngu nghiep va viec lam tu nhan hiu nhu khong tdn tai, nhien den khu vuc chi cung cap 46% viec lam, va cii 10 lao ddng (tuong iing vdi trieu ngudi) hien lam cdng an luong cac doanh nghiep tu nhan (Tdng cue Thong ke va Bg Lao ddng, Thuang binh va Xa hpi, 2015) Xu hudng la ca sd quan trpng de nang cao thu nh^p, mirc sdng va tang trudng d Viet Nam Tuy nhien, can nhan thay rang tang tmong viec lam nhilu ylu td quyet dinh, dpng luc chinh la ddi mdi the che va mdi tmong kinh doanh Sd lieu thdng ke chinh thiic cho thay ty trgng lao dgng lam viec khu vyc nonglam-ngu nghiep da giam nhanh 30 nam qua vdi tdc dg 1,6%/nam lao dpng tu khu vuc chuyin sang cac doanh nghiep phi ndng, hg gia dinh phi ndng va lam viec dugc tra * Viin Hdn lam Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam Ddng Nguyen Anh cdng (Hinh I) Cac doanh nghiep hg gia dinh da gdp phan cai thien miic sdng cho hang trieu ngudi lao dgng song lai bi gidi han vl tilm nang san xudt, v6n, cdng nghe va nang suat lao dgng Theo phan loai thdng ke hien nay, lao dgng lam viec cho cac trang trai gia dinh hoac hd gia dinh phi ndng nghiep la thupc nhdm "lao dpng hudng luong" Tuy nhien, tren thuc te da sd cac lao ddng deu khdng cd hgp dong cdng viec, nhieu doanh nghiep cd tinh vi pham khdng ddng bao hiem cho lao ddng Quan he lao dpng trd nen phiic tap va cd nhieu bat cap, the hien bdi nhimg tranh chip vl tien luong, viec lam, bao hiem, ddi hdi su nghien ciru thau dao va xem xet cac dieu chinh chinh sach cho phii hgp Phan loai lao ddog-viec lam a V i l t Nam Ngiion • Tinh loan tir so lieu Dieu tra Lao dong- Viec lam 2014, 2015 Mac dii sy chuyen dich ciia lao dgng-viec lam dien kha manh me d Viet Nam nhung nhan thiic ve quan he lao dpng hien cdn het sire han che Theo bao cao cua Ngan hang The gidi, chua day 1% cac doanh nghiep xac dinh cac quy dinh ve lao ddng la mdt han che dang ke ddi vdi tang tmdng, 28% doanh nghiep coi day chi la mpt han che vira phai, cdn lai khdng coi day la trd ngai hay thach thiic (Ngan hang The gidi, 2014) Neu nhin tir ben ngoai, cac quy dinh chinh sach, phap luat ve bao ve viec lam ciia nude ta la kha chat che va nghiem ngat song tren thyc te cac quy dinh cd Igi cho chii sir dung Co hdi cho ngudi ngoai cupc - nhimg lao ddng chua cd viec lam hudng lucmg lai rSt han che, tham chi rat khd tiep can dugc thj trudng de chuyen doi nghe nghiep Ngudi lao dgng chua dugc trao quyen va ddi hdi gidi chu dap img nhirng nhu cau ve phuc Igi va an sinh xa hgi, vdi phan img nhat la thdi viec, bd viec ciing vdi nhiing thiet thdi ve quyen Igi va cdng bang xa hdi Bg luat Lao ddng sira ddi 2019 vira dugc ban hanh cho phep ngudi lao dgng duoc quyen don phuang cham dirt hgp ddng khdng can ly Ddng thdi, ngudi lao dpng cdn dugc quyen yeu cau chu sii dung lao dgng cung cap ban cac tai lieu lien quan den qua trinh lam viec ciia minh cham dirt hpp ddng lao dgng Mac dii day la mgt diem mdi, song quy dinh chi ap dung ddi vdi nhung lao ddng cd ky kit hgp ddng Thi trudng lao dpng vd quan he lao dpng chinh thirc ma sd lai rdt khiem tdn Bai vilt xem xet thyc tr^g quan he lao dgng vdi nhijng thay ddi gdn day chinh sach va thyc tiln dilu kien hgi nhap cua Viet Nam Bdng viec chi mot sd khoang trdng chinh sach, bai viet de xuat mot sd giai phap nhdm hoan thien thi trudng va quan he lao ddng tinh hinh mdi, Thyc tr^ng quan he lao dong 2.1 Luang toi thieu Luong tdi thiiu duoc quy dinh nhu mdt cdng cu dl dam bao miic sdng ca ban xa hdi va la mpt nhan td quan trgng quylt dinh sy dn dinh cua quan he lao ddng Theo quy dinh, luong tdi thiiu la mirc toan thdp nhdt cho mot lao ddng thuc hien cdng viec don gian h-ong dilu kien lao ddng binh thudng Tiln luong tdi thieu dugc xac djnh va dilu chinh can cit vao cac yeu td nhu miic sdng tdi thieu cua ngudi lao ddng va gia dinh hg; chi sd gia tieu dung va tdc dp tang tmdng kinh tl; quan he cimg-cau lao dpng, viec lam, that nghiep va nang sudt lao dgng Luong tdi thiiu cdn la ca sd de tinh toan thang lucmg cho can bg vien chiic va ngudi lao ddng khu vuc cdng; toan bao hiem xa hgi, bao hiem that nghiep va bao hiem y te cho ngudi lao ddng; cac khoan phu cap cho lao dgng ddi du co cau, sap xep lai td chiic; luong huu, trg cap cho cuu chien binh, va mdt sd khoan chuyen giao xa hdi ciia nganh lao ddng Ve nguyen tac, ngudi su dung lao dpng tra luong true tiep cho ngudi lao ddng Chi tmdng hgp bdt kha khang ma khdng the thyc hien tra luong tryc tilp, thi cd th8 chi tra cho ngudi dugc iiy quyen hgp phap Hinh Muc lirotig tSl thiSu so vol mirc lirong trung binh, Viet Nam so vol m$t sS nirffc OECD, Dong A va Thai Binh Duong U n l c e d Kinet*^' S l o v a k R^puktllc NguSn: OECD 2014, Ngan hang Thi gioi, 2014 Bang Nguyen Anh khu vyc tu nhan, miic luong tdi thiiu da tang nhanh nhiing nam gdn day, vugt xa miic tang khu vyc nha nude va khu vyc cd ddu tu tryc tilp nude ngoai (FDI) Hien nay, mirc luong tdi thieu giiia khu vyc cdng va khu vyc tu nhan cd su khac biet Idn Miic luong tdi thieu cua khu vuc tu nhan nude ta hien cao so vdi cac nude khac miic lucmg ciia khu vyc cdng lai thua kem nhilu nude khu vuc va tren the gidi (Hinh 2) Viec tang luang tdi thieu theo Id trinh la mgt no lyc Idn ciia Chinh phu song nd lyc phan nao can trd tang trudng viec lam khu vyc cdng ngudi lao ddng cd ky nang dang cd xu hudng rdi sang lam viec cho khu vyc tu nhan va cd vdn dau tu nude ngoai vdi mifc lucmg cao han va mdi trudng lam viec canh tranh, phii hgp hon (Hansen, Rand, va Torm, 2015; Vien Cdng nhan-cdng doan, 2014) Muc tieu tang luang tdi thieu nham ngang bang vdi "miic sdng tdi thieu", song van chua dat dugc mac du cd y nghia Idn nham dn dinh chinh tri-xa hdi Tren thyc te, mirc luong tdi thieu vimg hien chua dap ling dugc day dii mirc sdng tdi thieu ciia ngudi lao ddng va gia dinh hg Bao ve ngudi lao ddng ddi hdi phai cd ca cac chuong trinh thi tmdng lao ddng chii ddng nhu dao tao va hd trg tim kiem viec lam, dua lao dgng that nghiep quay trd lai vdi thi trudng bang hd trg chuyen ddi viec lam, bao hiem that nghiep nhung ca hai hinh thiic chua phat trien d Viet Nam Miic che phu cua loai hinh bao hiem van cdn khiem tdn (chua day 20% lyc lugng lao ddng tham gia bao hiem that nghiep) Trong dd, miic trg cap that nghiep d Viet Nam tuong ddi rdng rai, bang 60% thu nhap binh quan cua sau thang luong tmdc that nghiep Ty le thay the (phan thu nhap dugc thay the bang Igi ich) cao han so vdi Trung Qudc hay Thai Lan, va tucmg ddi cao theo tieu chuan ciia mdt nude cd thu nhap trung binh (Ngan hang The gidi, 2014) 2.2 Quan hi lao dgng Thyc trang quan he lao dgng d Viet Nam cho thay di san cua mdt nen kinh te ke hoach hda, quan lieu, bao cap, hien dang phai ddi mat vdi nhiing thach thiic dang cang tang dl cd thi thich iing vdi ca che thi tmdng Quan he lao ddng dang bi han che bdi nhiing bat cap va yeu kem mang tinh he thdng hien (Schweisshelm, 2014) Tat ca cac td chiic cdng doan deu tryc thugc Tdng Lien doan Lao ddng Viet Nam, mac dii Tong Lien doan va cac cdng doan co sd cd mgt sd chiic nang va vai trd khac nhau, mdi quan tam khdng gidng va cd the dan den xung dot Igi ich Cdng doan d cac doanh nghiep quan he mat thiit vdi ban quan ly doanh nghiep, ddng thdi cd nhiem vu dai dien cho quyen Igi cua ngudi lao dgng cung nhu dam bao phtic Igi cho hg Tuy nhien, chiic nang khdng phai la chinh yeu neu so vdi cac chiic nang khac cua td chiic cdng doan Viet Nam hien Vdi Bg luat Lao ddng sira ddi 2019 vira dugc ban hanh, can phan biet, tranh nham idn giiia td chiic Cdng doan vdi td chirc cua ngudi lao dgng tai doanh nghiep nam ngoai he thdng td chiic cua Cdng doan Viet Nam Vai trd cua cac hiep hdi chu sir dung lao dpng nhu Phdng Thuang mai va Cdng nghiep Viet Nam (VCCl), Lien minh Hgp tac xa Viet Nam (VCA) cung kha phiic tap Cac hiep hdi cd kinh nghiem hem viec thiic day cac chinh sach, tri cac hoat Thi truang lao dong va quan he lao dong dgng cong doan hon la tham gia true tiep giai quyet cac mau thuSn quan he lao dong Nhung cac hiep hoi lai Nha nuoc chi dinh nen doi khong dai dien cho loi ich cua cac ben, nguai lao dong ciing nhu nguoi su dung lao dpng co lien quan (Trinh Khanh Ly, 2015) Vi du minh chii'ng cho ySu kem la s6 lugng Ion cac cugc nghi viec tap thS va dinh cong tu phat Viet Nam Mac du Luat Lao dgng da co quy dinh ve dinh cong nhung cac thu tue qua mom va vai tro khgng ro rang ciia cong doan nen chua co mot cugc dinh cong nao theo dung quy dinh cua luat phap Thay vao do, cac cupc dinh cong deu dugc xem nhu "tu phat" va rk nhieu cugc vi pham cac quy dinh hien hanh Nhiing cugc dinh cgng tu phat co xu huong gia tang, mac du co su dao dpng Ion ve so lugng tir nam qua nam khac (Hinh 3) Sg lieu tiep can han che chg thay phan Ion cac cugc dinh cong dien khu vuc doanh nghiep nuoc ngoai, phan anh nhung han che co che giai quyet tranh chap lao dpng hien qua trinh hoi nhap Hinh So cu6c dinh cdng phan theo loai hinh doanh nghiep 1000 300 EOO 400 200 - - - - - - • ! 11 • iNilll ,#" ,#* / / ã ,