Chuyển đổi trong nhận thức về mai táng của người việt ở đồng bằng bắc bộ hiện nay

Nguyin Tin Thanh^inh_ C H U Y E N D O I T R O N G N H A N T H l T C V E M A I T A N G C U A NGUCJI V I E T 6t D O N G B A N G B A C B O H I E N N A Y TS N g u y i n Thi T h a n h Binh Vien Dan toe hoc Tom tdt: Khodng 10 ndm trd lgi day sir thay ddi l&n da diin tap qudn mai tdng cua ngudi Viet ddng bdng Bdc Bp, Id xu huang chuyin doi ddn tic tap tuc tdng cdt tdng sang hda tdng - chdn mpt ldn Song, vdn de ndy vdn chua duac quan tdm, nghiin cim kip th&i vd thda ddng Tren ca sd sd lieu thu thdp tie mdt sd ban, ngdnh a Trung uang vd dia phuang viing Bdc Bp ciing kit qud trao ddi, phdng vdn cdn bd, ngudi dan & Hd Ndi vd mdt sd tinh ldn can bdi viit ndy niu lin thuc trgng chuyen ddi tap qudn mai tdng ciia nguai Viet viing ddng bdng Bdc Bd vd quan diim, suy nghi cua cdc chu thi van hda qud trinh thay ddi dy Qua do, tdc gid dua bdn lugn vi qud trinh van dpng thay ddi nhdn thuc cua nguai ddn ddi vai hinh thuc hda tdng cUng nhu mot sd biin phdp nhdm day mgnh hon nira qud trinh chuyin ddi Tir khoa: Tap qudn mai tdng, bien ddi vdn hda, ngu&i Viet ddng bdng Bdc Bp Ngdy nhgn bdi: 2/12/2019; ngdy giii phdn bien: 28/2/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 17/4/2020 Dat van de Ciing giong nhu nhieu tdc ngudi khac, tang ma la nghi le quan trpng cua ngudi Viet chu ky ddi ngudi, nghi thirc mai tang ngudi chet dupe xem la van de be trpng khdng chi quyet dinh den viec an nghi, sieu thoat cua ngudi chet va su binh an tam ly ciia ngudi song ma cdn lien quan den van de quy dat, khdng gian song, ve sinh - mdi trudng ciia ea cdng ddng Neu nhu ti-udc day, van de dan sd, mdi trudng va Idi sdng cdng nghiep hda, dd thi hda chua dat cac he luy nhu hien nay, tap quan mai tang it dugc quan tam, ban luan tdi Cac nghien ciru ve ngudi Viet ba thap ky qua chii yeu xem xet qua trinli bien ddi, tai cau tnic cua nghi le tang raa truyen tbdng dudi tac ddng ciia chinli sach nha nudc v l ddi sdng van hda mdi dugc thuc hien tir nhirng nam 1954, va qua trinh ddi mdi, hgi nhap ciia dit nudc sau nam 1986 (Malamey, 2002; Kleinen, 2006; Nguyln Thi Phuong Cham, 2016) Tap tuc mai tang cua ngitdi Viet va cac tdc ngu'di thieu so d nudc ta, dac biet la tuc chdn cit va cai tang thudng chi dupe gidi khao cd hpc quan tam, thao luan dua tren ket qua khai quat cac ngdi mp co (Hoang Xuan Ghinh, 1981) Mac dii van cdn ttanh luan ve ngudn gdc tuc cai tang, nhung cho den nay, cd the khang dinh, da tir lau ngudi Viet d viing tmng du va chau thd Bic Bd, hai tinh Nghe An va Thanh Hda d Bac Trung Bd deu co tyc ngudi chit dupe Tgp chi Ddn lpc hpc sP'2—2020 67 chon tam d mpt khu, gpi la tdng Sau ba nam hoac ban, tiiy trudng hgp va dilu kien, gia dinh ngu'di chit tiln hanh cat tang (bdc xuong, ni'a sach bang cac loai nudc tham va cho vao tieu sanh, chdn d nai cao rao, gpi la cdt tdng, hay cdi cdt, hoac thay do, sang nhd m&i) Trong quan niem cua ngudi Viet xua, cac gia dinh phai lo xong viec cat tang mdi dupe coi nhu hoan thanb nghia 'vu vdi ngudi than, lam trdn chu "Hieu" vdi cha me Hoa tang tir lau da dugc thuc hien d nhieu qudc gia, tpc ngu'di tren thi gidi Viet Nam, ngudi Kha-me Nam Bptii'trudc den van tri tuc thieu ngu'di chit tai chiia (Vd Dmh Mudi, 2017, tt 102) Ngudi Cham ciing da phan hda tang ngudi chit (Phan Xuan Bien, Phan An, Phan Van Ddp, 1991, tr 222) Nam 1996, lan dau tien, cdng nghe hda tang hien dai dugc dua vao mien Bac nudc ta vdi viec xay dung Dai hda than hoan vii Van Diln (Ha Ngi) Gan 10 nam sau, ca sd hda tang khac dugc lan lugt ddi tai Ha Ngi va rapt sl tinh chau thd Bac Bp Trong thdi gian dau, sd lugng cac trudng hgp hda tang cdn it Tir diu thap nien 2010 den nay, sd trudng hgp hda tang ciia ngudi Ha Ndi va cac tinh lan can cang tang va dang dien mdt su chuyen bien ldn ttong nhan thirc ciia ngudi Viet chau tho Bac Bp ve mai tang, nhung cho den chua cd nghien ciiu nao quan tam, de cap tdi Dya tten tu lieu, sd heu thu thap dugc tii' mdt sd ban, ngarih d Trung uong va dia phuong viing Bic Bd va ket qua trao ddi, phdng van 20 can bg, ngudi dan d Ha Ndi va mdt so tinh lan can thang va thang nam 2019, bai viet neu len thuc trang chuyen doi tix tap tyc bung tang - cat tang sang hda tang - chdn mdt lan ciia ngudi Viet vung ddng bang Bac Bp va quan diem, suy nghT cua cac cbu the van hda ttong viec thay ddi hinh thitc mai tang Qua do, tac gia mong mudn neu len dugc nhiing thuan lgi, khd khan qua trinh van dpng thay ddi nhan thitc cua ngudi dan ddi vdi binb tbii'c hda tang cung nhu mgt so bien phap nham day manh hon nu'a qua trinh ehuyen ddi Su- xuit hien hinh thii-c hda tang va thtfC trang thyc hien hda tang d ngudi Viet ddng bang Bac Bp Hoa tang (hay cdn dugc ggi la hda thiiu, thiiu) la hinh thiie ll tang bang each thieu xac dl liy tro cdt dyng hii, binh Tiiy tiing tdn giao, tro cdt sau hda tang dugc chdn cit hay dem vl thd tai nha, hoac gii'i vao cac noi tbd ciing (chiia, nha thd, mieu ) Cung co nai dem rai tro sdng, hd, ddi, nui theo nguyen ude cua ngudi qua cd nhieu nudc, viec hoa thieu dugc thyc hien Id hda tang Trong mdt sd nudc d Nam A nhu Nepal, An Do sir dyng nhieu each khac, nhu thieu bang cui d ngoai trdi nudc ta hien nay, theo quy dinh tai Khoan 10 Dilu Nghj dinh 23/2016/ND-CP vl xay dyng, quan ly, sir dung nghia trang va co sd hda tang thi hoa tdng (bao gdm ca dien tang) dugc bilu la viec thieu thi hai hoac hai edt d nhiet cao; cdn mai tdng la thue hien viec luu giii thi hai hoac hai cdt, tro cdt cua ngudi chet d mgt dia diem dudi mat dat; chdn cit mdt lin la hinh thiic mai tang thi hai vinh viin; tdng la hinh thirc mai tang thi hai 68 nguyh ThiJha;±?lsL ttong mpt khoang thai gian nhit dinh sau se duoc cai tang; cdi tdng la viec chuyen xuong cot hi mp tang sang hinh thiie tang khac; cdt tdng la hinh thiic mai tang hai cat sau cai tang hoac lim tro cot sau hoa tang Moi quoc gia, tpc nguoi hay dia phuong thuong eo nhiing nghi thtre, tap tiic mat tang cho nguoi chSt khae Do anh huong ctia Nho giao, hinh thiic chon cit nguoi chet the hien dao hieu la mpt tap tuc truydn thSng a cac nuoc Dong A, Tnmg Quoc va Viet Nam Tuy nhien, tap tuc cang gap phiii nhiing thach thtic can eo su thay doi stic ep ve dan so, dat dai va moi truang CJ Nhat Ban, hoa tang xuat hien khoang nam 1867, den nam 2008 da la hinh thiic mai tang chiSm dSn 99,82% va Nhat Ban tro nuoc diing dau the giai vi ty le hoa tang (SGGP, 2008) Dai Loan la khu vuc diing thii hai thS gioi voi ty le hoa tang dat 96% (Thiiy Anh, 2019) d Han Qu6c, nam 1994 ty le hoa tang mai dat 20% nhung cupc khiing hoang tai chinh cudi nam 1997 da tro dpng luc cho chinh quyen nuoc thuc d9y xu thj hoa tang Tuy nguoi Han Qu6c ua chupng mai tang, nhung vcji su tien phong huang img ciia tjng lap thuang luu, su he ttp gin nhu miln phi cua chinh quyen cac cap, vao nam 2005, ty le hoa tang o nuoc \kn diiu tien dat 53%i, vupt qua ty le s6 truong hpp chon ciit, sau tang deu dan m6i nam kheang 3% Den nam 2016, ty le hoa tang a Han Quoc dat tai 80,8% (Minh Chau, 2002; KBS World Radio, 2016) Trong do, a Tmng Quoc, mpt chien dich "cai each mai tang" eung dien K.e hi thai Chu tich Mao Trach Dong, Chinh phu Trung Quoc da tich cue van dong viec hoa tang de tiet kiem tai nguyen va diit dai truoc tinh hinh diin so gia tang Ttr nam 1986 den nam 2005, ty le hoa tang tai Trung Quoc tang tu 26% len den 53% Tai eac Ion, hoa tang tro mpt xu hudng bien Tuy nhien, tii nam 2005 den nay, ty le hoa tang nuoc c6 phan chung lai, hoi nguai dan nong thon van chua quen vai viec hoa tang Niim 2014, Chinh phu Trung Quoc quyet tam thiic day ty le hoa tang tang 1% moi niim va phan dau dat ty le hoa tang gan 100% vao cuoi nam 2020 Do non nong thuc hien chi tieu, ke hoach, mpt so dia phuang o nu6c da thuc hien nhtrng bien phap mang tilth cuong ep, nhu tich thu, pha huy quan tai go ehuiin bi cho hau sir ciia ngucri gia a cae vimg nong thon Truoc su chi trich eua ttuyen thong, chinh quyen eac dia phuong chuyen sang van dpng nguai diin thay doi nhan thiic va CO cac bien phap khuydn khich, h6 tra nguoi dan ve tai chinh chuyen doi tit chon eat sang hoa tang (Phap Luat Plus, 2018; BBC News TiSng Viet, 2018) nuoc ta, nam 1996, co so hoa tang dSu tien dupe xay dung tai nghia trang Van DiSn, Ha Npi - Dai hpa than hoan vu Van Diin Song, rit nam 1996 den 2000, moi me voi nguoi dan, chinh quySn ph6 chua co ehinh sach h6 tro, khuyen khich hoa tang nen ty le nguoi dan lua chpn hinh thiie rat it, chi khoang 6% (So Lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi Thanh ph6 Ha Npi, 2018) Nam 2010, UBND Thanh php Ha Npi da ban hanh QuySt djnh s6 28/2010/QD-UBND 22/6/2010 quy dinh ve ehinh sach h6 trp, khuySn kliich hoa tang tren dia ban phfl, ttong ho trp chi phi hoa tang voi mirc trieu ddng/lTuong hpp va hg trp chi phi van chuyen trieu dcng (doi voi kliu vuc ngoai thanh), Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2 — 2020 500.000 ddng (khu vuc ndi thanh) Ngoai ra, ngudi ngheo, tte em dudi tiili, dli tijgng chinh sach tai cac Trung tam nudi dudng tap tiling va ngudi lang thang vd gia cu chit tten dia ban phd cdn dupe hd trp ao quan, tiii kham liem, Chinh sach cua phd cd tac dpng rd ret, nhieu gia dinh da lua chpn hinh thirc hda tang thay the mai tang truyin thong Nhan thay hieu qua ciia chinh sach nay, Thanh phd Ha Npi da ban hanh cae quyit djnh gia han chinh sach hd trp khuyen khich hda tang tren dia ban' den bet nam 2020 Thanh phi ciing ap dung edng nghe thdng tin vao toan hd trg true tiep eho ngudi dan ky hgp ddng hda tang, giiip cho viec giai quyet cac thu tuc thuan tien hon Ngoai chinh sach cua phd, nhieu quan/huyen da hd trg thera tir den trieu ddng/mgt trudng hop hoa tang Nhd do, ty le ngudi dan Ha Ndi sir dyng hinh thuc hda tang da tang din qua cac nam: nam 2010, ty le 18,5%; nam 2011, ty le 27,5%; nam 2012, ty le 30,9%; nam 2013, ty le 37,9%; nam 2014, ty le 42,07%, nam 2015, ty le 46,28%; nam 2016, ty le 48,06%; nam 2017, ty le 55% va nam 2018 xap xi 60%, ttong dd ty le eua khu vye npi la 69%, ngoai la 48% (Sd Lao ddng - Thuang binb va Xa hdi Thanh phd Ha Ndi, 2018) Nam 2013, tai Quyit dinh sd 2283/QD-TTg 26/11/2013, Thii ttrdng Chinh phii phe duyet De an khuyen khich su dung hinh thiic boa tang, theo muc tieu den nam 2020 ty le so lugng hda tang tai cac phd tryc thupc Trung uong tmng binh dat 30% Tren thyc te, tii trudc Chinh phix da co chu truang khuyen kliich hinh thiic le tang nay, bang chiing la ngoai Dai hoa than hoan vu Van Dien xay dung nam 1996, tir nam 2006 den nam 2016 CO them co sd hda tang khac dugc xay dung tai Ha Ngi va mdt sd tinh lan can Nhd vay, so lugng cac trudng hgp hda tang vung cang tang len (Xem Bdng 1) Bdng 1: Sd hoa tang d cac tinh Bac Bp nam, 2013 - 2018 (Sd tru&ng hpp) TT Cff sif va nam l | p Dai h6a than hoan vu Van DiSn (Ha Npi), 1996 Dai hoa than Hoa vien tucmg niem Thien Due (Phil Ninh, Phil Tho), 2016 Dai h6a thiin hoan vu Cong vien Vinh hang Ba Nam 2013 Nam 2014 25.000 27.080 3.800 4.200 Thoi gian Nam Nam 2016 2015 30.789 4.573 Nam 2017 Nam 2018 30.120 32.097 33.057 2.300 2.540 4.570 4.980 5.400 6.500 ' Quya d|nh s6 08/2016/QB-UBND ngiiy 21/3/2016 cia UBND Thanh pli6 ban hanh Quyet dinh ve viec siia dai, b6 sung mot s6 noi dung QuySl dmh s6 05/2013/QD-UBND 25/01/2013 vS quy dinh chlnh sach ho try khuyen khich hoa tang tren dia ban Thanh ph6 Ha Ngi, Quyet dmh s6 03/2017/QD-UBND 10/02/2017 ve quy dinh chinh sach lio trg khuySn khich su dung hinh thiic hoa tang tren dja ban Thanh Ha Ngi (thay the Quyet dmh s6 08/2016/QD-UBND 21/3/2016) Nguyln Tlii Tiianh Binh Vi (xa Vat Lai, huyen Ba Vi, Ha Npi), 2003 (bit dau hoa tang tit 2013) Dai hoa than Hai Duong (Hai Tan, TP Hai Duong), 2012) Dai hoa than hoan vti Thanh Binh (Nam Dmh), 2015 Phiic Lac Vien - Dai h6a than hoan vii tai khu nghTa ttang Chp Nhang (phuang Quang Thanh, TP Thanh Hoa), 2014 Dai hoa than hoan vii Nghia ttang Ninh Hai (duong Pham Van Dong, P Anh Dting, quan Duong Kinh, Hai Phong), 2006 Dai h6a thim hoan vii NghTa ttang Phi Liet (thon Phi Liet, xa Lai Xuan, huyen Thuy Nguyen, Hai Phong), 2006 Dai hoa than hoan vii An lac vien Quang Ninh (Km 15, phudng Quang Hanh, Tp Ckm Pha, tinh Quang Ninh), 2010 Tong so 1.900 2.000 2.500 3.000 6.000 6.500 1.700 2.000 2.500 3.200 1.580 2.300 2.500 3.700 2.100 2.750 2.900 3.200 3.450 3670 1.350 2.370 3.258 3.500 3.978 4.021 2.005 2.750 3.070 3.680 3.680 3.241 13.655 41.150 50.370 55.080 62.145 68.459 Ngudn: So lieu thdng ke thu thap tir co sd hda tang Theo thing ke ciia Cyc Hd tich, quoc tich, chiing thuc (Bd Tu phap) sd dang ky khai tir nude tai UBND cap xa cua 11 tinh tmng du va chau thd BSc Bd tii nam 2013 din 2018 ihn lugt la: 104.139; 116.081; 113.463; 121.443; 118.855 va 128.694 trudng hgp So sanh vdi tdng s6 trudng hop hda tang d tat ca co sd hda tang vung cd thi udc tinh^ ty le hoa tang trung binh ciia ca vung cac nam tir 2013 din 2018 \hn lugt la khoang: 13%; - Ty le chi mang tinh uoc chimg bai co mot so lirgng ngiroi Viet va cac tgc ngucri thilu s6 cac tinh trung du, miln niii phia Bile nhu Hoa Binh, Tuyen Quang, Bac Giang hay Quang Ninh va mpt s6 tinh bic Trung Bo nhir Thanh Hoa, Nghe An cung sir dung dich vu hoa tang tai co so Tgp chiDdn tgc hgc so 2-2020 35%; 44%); 45%o; 52%) va 53% S6 lieu thdng ke hi eip xa/phuong/thi ttSn ciing cho thSy xu hudng tang din ty le hoa tang o cac dia phuong ttong vai nam tro lai day (Xem Bdng 2) Bang 2; Ty IS hoa tang cua mot s6 xa/phirimg/thi trjn * BSc Bo nam gin flay (ngu&i vd %) TT Xa/phu'ong/thi tran Phuang Dutmg Not, quan HaDongTP HaNoi Xii Thuy Lam, huyen D6ngAnh,TP H a N o i Thoi gian 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 16/81 43/98 45/88 49/80 47/81 34/44 19,7% 43,8% 51% 61% 58% 77,2% 64/88 51/76 51/72 104/113 81/87 51/58 73% 67% 70% 91% 93% 86% 9/42 11/41 13/47 28/62 35/68 21,4% 2019' Xa Dong La, huyen Hoai Diie, TP Ha Noi 26,82% 27,6% 45% 51% Xa Tri Thiiy, huyen PhiiXuyen.TP HaNgi 1/34 2/23 1/27 2/39 2/22 3% 8,7% 3,7% 5% 0,8% Xii Minh Tiin, huyen PhtiXuyen,TP HaNoi 1/110 11/88 8/81 13/101 7/84 0,9% 12,5% 9,8% 12,8% 8,3% Xa Hoang Long, huyen 17/87 15/65 17/612 28/56 15/32 PhuXuyen,TP HaNgi 19,5% 23% 27,8% 50% 46,8% Xa Dong Hda, huyen Kim Bang, tinh Ha Nam 42/129 55/140 57/145 60/151 32,55% 39,28% 39,73% 39,73 5/45 Xa Thanh Hai, huyen Lue Ngan, tinh Bac Giang 0/67 1/61 3/54 7/59 0% 1,6% 5,5% 11,8% 11% Thi triin Chii, huyen Luc Ngan, tinh Biic Giang 1/43 3/32 3/37 4/41 5/46 2,3% 9,3% 8,1% 9,7% 10,8% Ngudn: S6 lieu thong ke cua UBND eac xa/phuong/thi tran C6 thg not, khdi diu vdi viec thuc hien hda tang cua Thanh phd Ha Ndi, hinh thiic ll tang da lan rong khSp vimg chau thd B4c Bd va ea mot sd tinli trung du, mien mil Sd lieu Bdng cho thiy, ty le hda tang d mot xa cua Ha Nam nam 2018 la xap xi 40%) Lue ^ S6 lieu nam 2019 tinh tir dau nam dgn thai di^m dieu tra la thang 7/2019 Nguyin Thj TlmiliB}nh_ Ngan, tinh Bac Giang la huyen mien nui noi dit dai cdn rdng, mat dan sd cdn thua, van de hda tang chua dat cap bach, nhung ngudi dan ciing da bit dau quan tam va thuc hien Dau cho sd lieu, tinh hinh cu thi ciia cac tinh viing chua dugc thdng ke, nghien ciru day du, nhien cd mdt dieu cd thi khiing dinh chic chin la nam gan day hda tang dang trd mdt xu hudng mdi, mdt budc chuyin biln mdi nghi le tang ma ciia ngudi Viet viing chau tbd Bic Bd Nhan thirc cua cong dong dan cir qua trinh chuyin doi Trong xa hgi truyen thdng cua ngudi Viet va ca trudc thdi ky Doi mdi, van de ve sinh kbi tien hanh cai tang (boc md) khdng phai la noi ban tam ldn vdi ngudi dan, ngoai trir nhiing trudng hgp ngudi chet mic cac benh truyin nhilm hay dat khu vuc mg chdn cd ddc Ngay nay, moi trudng mdt nhiem, ty le ngudi chet ung thu, cac benh truyen nhiera hay nhirng benh cd sii dung nhilu thudc khang sinh mdt tang, khien cho thdi gian tang cua nhiing ngudi keo dai - 10 nam thay vi nam nhu tru'dc day Tuy vay, d nhieu dia phuong, hien tugng thi the chua phan hiiy bet cai tang ludn la noi am anh vdi ngudi dan Vi vay, da phan cac gia dinh cd ngudi than trudc qua ddi sir dung nhieu khang sinh, hda chat de dieu tri benh deu la nhung gia dinh di dau sir dung hinh thiic hda tang Qua phdng van, cd 18/20 ngudi ung hd hda tang va cho rang tren 50% cu dan cgng ddng cua hg ciing nhan cac mat tich cue ciia le tang mdi Qua cac y kien cho thiy, hda thieu la binh thiic van minh, ggn nhe, hgp ve sinh va tiet kiem; da sd ngudi dan deu y thirc duge rang vdi dan sd ddng nhu hien nay, viec tiep tuc chon cat ngudi chet theo quy trinh tang - cat tang se lam cho mdi trudng dat, nudc d quanh nghia dia va khu dan cu bi nhilm; tdn kem mdt dien tich ldn dat dai Ci lang xa ndng thdn cac tinh ddng bang BSc Bg, dit dai quy hoach cho nghia trang cd the dii de ngudi dan dia phuong su dung khoang 50 nam tdi, nhmig vdi cac lang ven dd Ha Ndi quy dat dung cho dia tang d mgt sd noi chi cd thi sii dung 10 - 20 nam niia Khac vdi khu vuc ndi dd - noi gidi trung luu, thugng luu dau tu mua dat hau su cho bd me va ca dai gia dinh tai cac cdng vien nghia trang gin Ha Ndi, nhu Thien Diic VTnh Hang Vien (Phii Thg), Lac Hdng Vien (Hda Binh) hoac nhung khu dit cd the dat mg tang tai que nha vdi miic chi phi vai tram trieu tdi hang ty ddng, ngudi dan cac lang xa vimg chau thd Bac Bd van chu yeu mong dugc an tang ngudi than tai nghia trang dia phuang Tuy nhien, mgt sd gia dinh kha gia lo ngai hit dit nghia trang chung cua cdng ddng va mudn ed radt khoanh dat rieng de lo hau su eho bl me hoac cho ca gia dinh sau nay, nen da mua dat d canh nghia trang vdi gia len tdi - frieu ddng/ra'^ Ngudi dan ven da nhan thiic dugc rang, ca sau chuyen ddi sang hoa tang, dien tich dit nghia trang nhan dan ciia cac cdng ddng sau ciing khdng cdn du dl chdn cit, ma cin din viec xay dung nhiing thap cao ting de dat cac hai cdt sau boa thieu "^ Theo mot cugc dilu h-a nam 2014 a phi Hue, nai nguai dan dirge coi la muon tri tap tuc dia tang han hoa tang thi cung da co 33% y kiln dugc hoi d6ng y voi hinhjhiic hoa tang raoi^ 18% se dfing y nlu gia dinh CO sir nliSt tri va chi co 49% y kiln khong ding tinh (Nguyen H&u Ngii, Nguyen Thanh Quic 2014, tr, 47) Tgp chi Ddn tdc hpc so — 2020 Mdt uu dilm quan trgng khac ciia hinh thiic hda tang la gia dinh ngudi mit chi cin lo viec chdn cat va cac le nghi tang ma mdt lan Tir trudc den nay, nhieu gia dinh cac dong hg "da dinh" thudng rat lo sg ve viec "trimg tang", bdi theo phong tuc truyin thing, cac gia dinh chi cd the cai tang nam lien trudc dd khong co ngudi ndi tdc qua ddi Viec cai tang vdn ddi hoi su than trgng ve mat tam linh, bdi ddng cham tdi md ma dugc xem la cd the anh hudng den siic khoe, cdng viec lam an, su thinh cua cac thanb vien gia dinh va ddng hg Do do, vdi nhieu ngudi, hda tang - chdn cit mgt lin la hinh thiic ggn nhe, giup hg hoan bdn phan, trach nhiem vdi ngudi da khuit mpt lin nliit, tiinh phai lo lang, vat va, khd sd lan thii hai va quan hon la tranh ndi sg "tning tang" Ve mat kinh te, tdng chi phi cho mdt ca hoa tang hien hit khoang 11-12 trieu dong Thanh phd Ha Ndi va nhieu tinh d Bac Bd hd ttg mitc tdi thilu la trieu ddng/1 tmdng hgp tir ngan sach phd, ttieu ddng tir ngan sach huyen, nhilu xa ciing ho trg trieu ddng/ttudng hgp, nen ngudi dan chi phai chi tta khoang - trieu ddng Miic chi phi theo tinh toan ciia ngudi dan thap hon nhieu so vdi cac khoan chi cho viec bung tang cai tang Vdi tang, cac gia dinh thudng phai chi cho quan tai bang gd tdt vdi gia hon 10 ttieu ddng Chi phi cho mgt le bdc mg hien thudng het khoang 30 ttieu (bao gdra mua tieu, quach, cac loai nudc rira, thue ngudi bdc, an udng, cd ban, chua tinh ngudn nhan luc dugc huy ddng vao viec rat ldn) Ve mat tam linh, da phan cac y kien dugc hdi deu khang dinh, cho den khong thay CO viec cac gia dinh cd ngudi than dugc hda tang gap phai nhihig dieu bat ttac sau tang le Lien quan den quan tam cua ngudi dan ve hda tang cd anh hudng den van de tai sinh va phuc diic cua cai, dai dien Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam cho rang, than xac ngudi chet ttd ve vdi "tii dai" la dat, nudc, lira va gid Phat giao Viet Nam khuyen khich hoa tang bdi le tang khdng anh hudng gi tdi gia dinh, chau hien tai cung nhu kiep lai smh ciia ngudi da mat (Thich Giac Quang, 2017) Nhirng nha su tru tri cac chiia d dia phuong dugc ngudi dan hdi y kien vl hda tang ciing thudng bay td quan diem iing hd, khuyen khich Ba ngudi hanh nghi tam linh (mot thiy bdi, mgt thiy cimg va mdt thii nhang ddng din) dugc phong van ttong nghien ciiu ciing cho rang, nhiing gia dinh cd ngudi than hoa tang kbi den nlid hg lara cac dan le diu khdng gap vin dl gi anh hudng ciia hinh thuc le tang va ban than hg ciitig ung hd su chuyen ddi theo hda tang bdi canh xa hdi hien Ngoai nhirng nhin nhan tich cue, d cac cdng ddng cu dan vdn cdn mdt bg phan ngudi dan chua ddng y thuc hien viec hda tang Dilu lo ngai diu tien ciia nhiing ngudi la sg vong bin ngudi da khuit se "Ididng sieu thoat" nlu klidng dugc giu nguyen hai cdt, chon cat theo phong Uic truyin thdng Nhilu ngudi, nhit la ngudi cao tudi sg cam giac nong hda tang Hon niia, mgt s6 ngudi ty cam thiy hoac sg bi cgng ddng che la "bit bieu" neu khdng lam mai tang cho cha me theo tap tuc cd truyin Chua kl bd phan tang ldp tmng luu, nhieu ngudi cdn giii quan dilm cho rang, chi dia tang (dii la tang - cai tang hay dao sau chdn Nguyen Thi minhjmh_ chat mdt lan) mdi giup thi hai ngudi mit dugc mat me va chau ttong rdia radi lam an, budn ban phat dat hon Trong qua trinh chuyen ddi hinh thiic raai tang nhirng nam qua, d cgng dong lang xa nao ciing dien mdt vai mau thuan nho ttong cac gia dinh trudc quyet dinh chgn hinh thiic hda tang hay khong Trong gia dinh, nhung ngudi thoat ly, lam viee d cac dd thi hay can bd, dang vien, cdng tac xa hdi d dia phuang thudng la ngudi dl xuit le hda tang cha me qua ddi va cd thi vip phai su phan ddi cua anh em nha hoac hg hang Su khac ve quan diem dd cd thi gay nhiing siit me ttong tinh cam, quan he anh em gia dinh sau tang ma Cung cd trudng hgp bl me dl lai di nguyen cho cai la dia tang, nhung cai lai hda tang nen bi du luan dan lang di nghi Ngugc lai, cd ttu'dng hgp cai la dang vien khdng thuyet phuc dugc bd me thuc hien hda tang nen danh chap nhan Tuy nhien, thuc tl cho thiy, ttong nhilu trudng hgp, nbiing ngudi cdn e ngai hay phan ddi hda tang thudng se thay dli nhan thiic sau dugc tan mit chiing kiln, tham du boa tang eua ngudi than va nhan thay khdng cd hien tugng anh hudng tieu cue nao hda tang gay cho gia drnh va cgng ddng d tat ca cac xa/phudng/thi trin ma nghien ciru khao sat (xem Bdng 2) thudng c6 hien tugng la su khac biet giiia cac thdn/td dan phd ve ty le hda tang Can bd, nhan dan d cac dia phuang thudng giai thich nguyen nhan cua van de tir yeu td: ton giao, dat dai, nhan thiic Chang ban, d xa Minh Tan (huyen Phii Xuyen, Ha Ndi), nhiing trudng hgp hda tang tap trung d cac thon Than Quy, Mai Trang, Kim Quy va Thanh Lap Cac lang Cdng giao xa nhu Bai Xuyen, Thanh Lap va Ddng Lac cho den khdng cd trudng hgp hoa tang nao u phudng Duang Ngi (quan Ha Ddng, Ha Ndi), ty le hda tang d cac td dan thugc thdn La Duong thap hon thdn La Ngi, ly dugc cho la quy dat nghTa trang cua thdn cdn nhieu hon thdn La Ngi nen ngudi dan thdn chua mudn ehuyen ddi Tuong tu nhu vay, d xa Ddng La (huyen Hoai Dire, Ha Ngi), thdn La Tinh cd ty le hda tang cao nhat xa, thdn Ddng Lao cd ty le thap nhit Giai thich cho su khac biet nay, mdt sd y kien cho ring, dat nghTa trang cua thdn La Tinh la loai dat thit, lam cham qua trinh phan buy thi hai ngudi chit, nen ngudi dan ttong thdn de tir bd tang - cai tang de tiep nhan hda tang ban; dd ngudi dan Dong Lao "khdng gap van dl gi vl cai tang" nen mudn tri tap tuc cu de the hien chii "Hieu" vdi cha me hon Nhin chung, nhilu y kiln nhan manh rang, tdn giao va dat dai chi la nguyen nhan thii ylu khiln cho ty le hda tang thip d mgt sl cdng ddng Yeu td quan trgng nhit ttong vi6c ehuyin ddi thyc hanh mai tang la vin dl nhan tbiic cua chu thi van hda va dilu lien quan chat che tdi cdng tac tuyen truyin, van dgng Thyc tl cho thay, nhd day manh cong tac tuyen ttuyin bing nhilu hinh thiic: dua viec thyc hien tang le van rainh vao tieu chuan danh gia lang van hoa hang nam; phat tuyen tmyen; pbat td roi; td cbiic tga dam ttong cdng ddng dan cu vl lgi ich cua hda tang; mdi cac nha su cd uy tm ve ndi chuyen tai cac thon, lang, Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc so -2020 tl dan phd cd ty le hda tang thap de hiyen truyen, giai thich ve van de tam linh cho nhan dan, dac biet la ngudi cao tudi, Ddng Anh trd huyen di dau cua Thanh phd Ha Ndi ttong viec thyc hien hda tang Trong dd, d mdt sd xa eua huyen Phii Xuyen noi cd ty le hda tang thip, lanh dao dia phuong thira nhan rang, cdng tac tuyen tmyen va viec phat ddng d dia phuang chua thyc su dugc coi ttgng, "mdi chi cd phat ma khdng ddng" Da phan eac y kiln dugc hoi deu cho rang, d dau can bd, dang vien, dac biet la nhiing ngudi diing dau diy manh cdng tac tuyen tmyen va neu guong thuc hien trudc thi ty le hda tang d dd se tang cao Mot sd giai phap thiic day qua trinh thay doi nhan thiic vl mai tang Hoa tang theo edng nghe Id ndng mdi la hinh thuc le tang phd bien d nhieu nudc phat trienttongkhu vuc khoang hai thap ky qua Mac du md hinb mai tang bien dai dugc dua vao Viet Nam tir nam 1996 nhung phai hon 10 nam sau, nhd day manh tuyen tmyen, van ddng va khuyen khich, hd trg thi hda tang da trd mdt xu hudng mdi nghi le tang ma cua ngudi Viet d Bac Bd nhu hien Vdi ty le hda tang gan 60%i d Thanh phd Ha Ngi, gan 50% d mgt sd tinh ke can, chu truang khuyen khich hoa tang cua Chinh phu da dat dugc cong ban mong dgi, Kinh nghiem tir Han Qudc, Trung Qudc va ca Viet Nam cho thay, de cd sy thay ddi budc dau nhan thuc ve mai tang cua ngudi dan ludn can co su khuyen khich, ho trg ve tai chinh; sy tien phong, guong mau ciia gidi thugng luu (d Han Qudc) va cua can bp dang vien (d nudc ta) Cac bien phap cudng che, cudng ep hoan toan khong phu hgp va khdng can thiet qua trinh chuyen doi bdi mai tang la mpt phan cixa nghi le tang ma - td quan trgng van hda radi tdc ngudi Xu hudng chung hien la van hda ciia cac tpc ngudi da va dang bien ddi, dugc cai bien va tai cau tnic theo hudng vira bao tin, phuc hdi nliirng gia tri truyen thdng dugc xem can ban, cdt loi nhat, vira loai bd nhu'ng yeu to hi cho la rudm ra, khdng hgp thdi va tiep nhan nhiiug yeu to van hda mdi ben ngoai Hda tang theo cong nghe hien dai eiing la mdt dang le thirc, van hda mdi dupe mpt bd phan nhd ngudi Viet biet den va tiep thu ban dau Ciing giong nhu nhilu trudng hpp khac, mdt ylu to van hda mdi dugc dua vao mgt tdc ngudi, mdt cdng ddng thudng gay nhirng tranh luan trai chieu va xung dot ve quan diem, nhan thiic giira cac ca nhan, cac nhdm tudi, gidi tinh, the he Ddi vdi hda tang, nhirng ngudi thoat ly, can bd dang vien, ldp tre d cac cpng ddng lang xa cd xu hudng iing hd nhieu hon, ttong mdt bd phan ngudi cao tudi cdn e ngai Tuy nhien, thyc te cho thay, neu dugc true tilp tham gia, chimg kiln va nhan thiy kit qua thyc hien hda tang ciia ngudi than va nhimg ngudi xung quanh, da phin ngudi dan se chuyen tu phan ddi sang ung hd hda tang Nghien ciiu cho ring, nlu muin thue diy ban niia qua trinh thay ddi nhan thirc ve mai tang cua ngudi Viet d Bic Bd hien nay, cac dia phuong can day manh cdng tac ttiyen tmyin bing nhilu hinh thirc; lanh dao cac cip cac nganh, can bd dang vien can guong mau Nguyin Thi TliaiillBinh_ di dau thuc hien, van ddng ngudi than, gia dinh lam theo hinh thiic mdi, can tien phong viec tien hanh thuc hien boa tang ddi vdi ngudi than qua ddi cua minh, tit mdi co the van ddng, thuyet phue dugc ngudi khac lam theo Trong cong tac van ddng, tuyen truyin nen luu y vin dl tin ddn, du luan xau cd the anh hudng tdi tam ly ciia ngudi dan Sd lieu thyc tl cho thiy, da c6 mdt so dia phuong sau mdt thdi gian tang nhanh lai dien su suy giam ty le hoa tang mdt each dot ngdt vao nam 2018 (quan Bac Tir Liem, Nam Tir Liem, Ha Ddng va huyen Ddng Anh) Ngudi Viet la tdc ngudi theo tin ngudng da than, cd tam thi cdi md d l tilp nhan cac ylu td, le thirc ton giao mdi nhung cung de thay doi Chinh vi vay, cin co nghien ciru sau ban ve kha nang dn dinh cua hinh thiic hda tang ddi vdi nghi le tang ma eua ngudi Viet thdi gian tdi Cuoi Cling, chung toi cho rang, ben eanh cudc van dgng thay ddi nhan thuc ciia eong ddng ve mai tang, viec quy hoach lai cac nghia trang dang dugc dat rat biic thiet NghTa trang nhan dan vimg can dupe quy hoach lai chi tiet mdt each thdng nhat, dai ban Can de quy dinh ve dien tich dat cho timg phan md, thiet ke rag de tao sy thdng nhat ve hrnh tbifc, cdng bang sit dung dat dai Ddi vdi cac lang xa ven do, thap de bai cdt ttong tuang lai cin dugc thilt ke tren eo sd nghien ciiu ky nhu cau tam linh ciia ngudi dan; dara bao su tilp can binh ding cua ngudi dan, quan ly chat ehe tranh tinh trang thuong mai boa cac dich vu nghia ttang Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Thi Phuong Cham (2016), Ldng ven vd sic bien ddi vdn hda: Trudng hpp IdngXiidn Dinh, huyen Tic Liim thdnh phd Hd Npi, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha Ndi Phan Xuan Bien, Phan An, Phan Van Dop (1991), Vdn hoa Chdm, Nxb Khoa hge xa hdi Ha Ndi Hoang Xuan Chinh (1981), "Ban ve tuc cai tang d nudc ta" Suit tap Ddn tdc hpc 1981,ix 169-170 Kleinen, John (2006), Ddi diin tucmg lai, hdi sinh qud khic: Nghiin cuu bien ddi xd hdi a mdt ldng Bac Viet Nam, Tap chi Xua va Nay, Nxb Da Nang Malamey, Shaun Kingsley (2002), Culture Ritual and Revolution in Vietnam (Van hda, nghi ll va each mang d Viet Nam), University of Hawaii Press Vu Dinh Mudi (2017), "Dan tdc Kho-me", trong: Vuong Xuan Tinh (Chii bien, 2017), Cdc ddn tpc & Viet Nam, Tap 3, nhdm ngdn ngu Mon-Khome, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi, HaNgi Nguyln Huu Ngii, Nguyln Thanh Qudc (2014), "Danh gia thue ttang su dung dit nghTa trang, nghTa dia tten dia ban p h i Hui", Tgp chi Khoa hpc Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd Ndi, Cdc Khoa hpc Trdi ddt vd Mdi tru&ng Tap 30, S l 1, tt 41-49 Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2 - 2020 77_ Sd Lao ddng - Thuang binh va Xa hdi Thanh phd Ha Ndi (2018), Bdo cdo Kit qud thuc Men kiin nghi gidm sdt cua Thudng tnrc HDND Ihanh phd ve qudn ly sie dung nghia trang nhd tangle, cc/sdhoa tdng trin dia bdn Thdnh Hd Npi, Sd 2934/SLDTBXH-BTXH Thuy Anh (2019), "Ty le hda tang cua Dai Loan diing thir hai the gidi, mai tang sinh thai vugt hon 10 ngan ngudi" Radio Tawain hitemation, 29/3/2019 Tmy cap tai: https://vn.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2000919 10 BBC News Tieng Viet (2018), "Pha buy quan tai, Trung Qudc cai each mai tang", 26/6/2018 Tmy cap tai: https://v™'W.bbc.eani/vietnamese/world-44610483 11 Minh Chau (2002), "Hda tang - chu de ndng hdi tai Han Qudc", VnExpress, thit bay, 13/4/2002 Tmy cap tai: https://vnexpress.net/the-gioi/hoa-tang-chu-de-nong-hoi-taihan-quoc-2053668.html 12 KBS World Radio (2016), 'Ty le hda tang tai Han Qudc nam 2015 vugt 80%", 27/10/2016 Tmy cip tai: http://worldJcbs.eo.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang^&Seq_Code-32793 13 Phap Luat Plus (2018), "Trung Qudc vdi cudc chiln chdng quan tai", 3/10/2018 Tmy cap tai: https://www.phapluatplus.vn/quoc-te/tmng-quoc-voi-cuoc-chien~ chong-quan-tai-d79180.btml 14 SGGP (2008), "Nhat Ban thilu nha hda tang", thii Bay 6/9/2008 Tmy cap tai: http://www.sggp.org.vn/nhat-ban-thieu-nha-hoa-tang-22153.html 15 Thich Giac Quang (2017), "Hoa tang cd anh hudng din vin dl tai sinh va phudc diic chau?", Phat Giao 25/6/2017 Truy cap tai: https://phatgiao.org.vn/hoa-tangco-anh-huong-den-van-de-tai-sinh-va-phuoe-duc-con-chau-d27180.btml ... cdn mai tdng la thue hien viec luu giii thi hai hoac hai cdt, tro cdt cua ngudi chet d mgt dia diem dudi mat dat; chdn cit mdt lin la hinh thiic mai tang thi hai vinh viin; tdng la hinh thirc mai. .. viec hoa thieu dugc thyc hien Id hda tang Trong mdt sd nudc d Nam A nhu Nepal, An Do sir dyng nhieu each khac, nhu thieu bang cui d ngoai trdi nudc ta hien nay, theo quy dinh tai Khoan 10 Dilu Nghj... lugt ddi tai Ha Ngi va rapt sl tinh chau thd Bac Bp Trong thdi gian dau, sd lugng cac trudng hgp hda tang cdn it Tir diu thap nien 2010 den nay, sd trudng hgp hda tang ciia ngudi Ha Ndi va cac