Thực trạng sử dụng thời gian rỗi của người nông thôn đồng bằng bắc bộ

60 Xa hoi hoc so (108), 2009 h/ 0.- THIJC TRANG SU" DUNG THC)I GIAN ROI CUA NGUOl DAN NONG THON DONG B A N G BAC B O (Nghien ciiu trUdng hpp xd Trinh Xd, huyen Binh Luc, tinh Hd Nam) NGUYEN TUAN MINH* Hoat dpng sfl dung thdi gian rdi la tam diem de nhin n h a n ldi sd'ng, la thflde sfl giau ed cua ngfldi ca ve vat chat va t i n h t h i n Trong qua trinh lam viec ngfldi ddu can den sfl nghi ngdi nhflng ngfldi ta khdng the ehi nghi ngdi bang each thoa m a n nhflng nhu c l u sinh hoc hflu b a n ma cdn phai la nhflng nhu c l u van hoa, t h a m my, dao dfle, tam linh Con ngfldi svf dung thdi gian cho nhflng gi ma dd'i vdi ca n h a n hp la quan va day cdn la boat dpng tfl the hien minh Ndng thdn Viet Nam hien khac r a t nhieu so vdi trflde kia, kinh te thi trfldng, cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai boa, ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi dan tflng bfldc dfldc nang len, ben canh dd ngfldi cung ban rdn hdn, lao ddng cang t h i n g hdn va dfldng nhfl nhu c l u vui chdi, giai tri cung tang len n h i m giai tda nhflng met mdi tinh t h i n , lap lai t r a n g thai can b i n g de tai san xuat sfle lao ddng dap flng nhu cau mdi cua thflc tien Viee sii dung thdi gian rdi d ndng thdn ddng bang B i c Bd hien nhfl the nao? Nhflng yeu td gi a n h hfldng den nd? Day la nhflng cau hdi e I n dfldc tra ldi de chung ta cd cai nhin toan dien ve chan dung xa hdi cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn sfl nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda hien Bai viet dfla tren ket qua khao sat eua Dfl an "Gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam chuyen ddi", dfldc tidn h a n h tai xa Trinh Xa, huyen Binh Luc, tinh Ha Nam, n a m 2008 Viec li^a c h o n v a mxic c u a c a c h o a t d o n g t r o n g thdi g i a n rdi Theo tac gia Chu K h i c bai viet "Van de quy thdi gian sinh boat gia dinh hang n g a y " \ cac nha xa hdi hoc da chia quy thdi gian r a lam ba bp phan: Thdi gian lao ddng san xuat la thdi gian ngfldi lao ddng danh cho boat ddng san xuat va cdng tac d cd quan, xi nghiep, nha may ; Thdi gian ngoai san xuat hoac thdi gian sinh boat c i n thiet la thdi gian thflc hien nhflng cdng viec bfle thiet va thda dang cho cac n h u cau sd'ng (nhieu tac gia goi thdi gian la thdi gian tfl do); ' Ths, Vien Xd hgi hgc ' Tap chi Xa hoi hoc so 3,4 nam 1988 Nguyin Tudn Minh £2 Thdi gian rdi la luc ngfldi dfldc thdi hoan toan va tfly thich ca nhan ma Ilia chpn hinh thflc tii the hien^ Trong bai viet nay, thdi gian rdi dfldc hieu la thdi gian ngUdi thodt khoi cong viec kiem sdng vd tU lUa chgn cdc hinh thQc the hien Cac boat ddng 12 thang qua cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn dfldc tim hieu vdi mflc dp tham gia: thfldng xuyen, thinh thoang, hiem va chfla bao gid Ket qua khao sat cho thay: Bdng 1: Mflc tham gia cdc hoqt dong 12 thdng qua Cac hoot dpng (%) MCrc Tham gia OQC sach/ bao Xem Nghe tivi dai N6I Oidn ctiu/en uong vdbcn vol be/txrg bgn xom be Choi c6/bd Xem Dili Choi phim/ den/ Di the kjch/ca chua/ choi thao nhgc/ nha xg karaoke tho Thudng xuyen 7.6 92.7 14,3 63,2 2,0 ,0 2,0 ,0 9,6 ,3 Thinh thoPng 14.6 5.0 12.7 31.5 16,2 4,0 3,3 2,6 23,8 9,6 Hiem 43.0 2.0 28,0 5.0 37,1 10,6 8.3 16,2 29,1 36,1 Chua bao gio 34,8 ,3 45,0 44,7 85,4 86,4 81,1 37,4 54,0 Tong (N) 302 302 300 302 302 302 302 302 302 302 Xem ti vi va Ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm la hai boat ddng dfldc ngfldi dan ndng thdn liia chpn nhidu nhat va mflc tham gia thfldng xuyen cung cao n h i t vdi tl le 92,7% va 63,2% Tiep den la nghe dai 14,3%, di den/ehua/nha thd 9,6% va dpc sach/bao 7,6%, cdn lai chiem ti le rat thap d mflc thfldng xuyen la di an ud'ng vdi ban be va chdi the thao cung la 2,0%, di chdi xa 0,3%, khdng cd thfldng xuyen chdi cd/bai va xem phim/kieh/ca nhae/hat karaoke (Bang 1) Cac ket qua phdng van sau cung cho thay r i n g da p h i n cac boat ddng thdi gian rdi eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn hien thfldng pham vi eua thdn, xa va dfla tren tinh cd s i n cung kha nang liia chpn, cac boat ddng thfldng xuyen ehi la xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm "Thdi gian rdnh roi thi Idy beo cho Idn gd dn, nhd cd be, bb vd Idn xi Rdnh rdi nQa thi chdu hodc xem tivi Chong co rdnh roi thi hay di chai vdi bgn be, hdng xdm" (Nfl, 53 tudi) "Thdi gian rdnh rdi chi ngoi chdi hodc di ngd ddng rugng d nhd Thinh thodng dinh thon de hgp, sang chdi nhd anh em, hg hdng, gidi tri chi xem tivi chQ d ddy ^ Nhieu tac gia lai chia quy thdi gian thdi gian lam viec (hay san xuat) va thdi gian ngoai gid lam viec (trong co thdi gian tii bao gom cac cong viec thoa man cac nhu cau song va thUc hien nghia vu xa hpi quan va thdi gian roi) V.Petrushev cuon Thai gian vdi tU each la mot pham trii kinh ^e'iai chia th6i gian bon phan: - thdi gian san xuat xa hoi; - thdi gian lao dong d nha va thoa man cac nhu cau sinh hoat; - thdi gian de thoa man cac nhu cau sinh ly tU nhien; thdi gian tU do, Noi chung, nhieu tac gia chia quy thdi gian hai bp ph^n: san xuS't va khong san xuat Trong bo phan thtt hai lai chia nho thanh: thdi gian sinh hoat tinh than va thdi gian roi, Chiing toi quan mem thdi gian roi dang diidc tach rieng de nghien ciiu rieng biet vi no rat phong phu va da dang, the hien ro net loi song cua ngUdi lao dpng Mpt so nha xa hpi hpc Lien X6 nhU A Andreeva A.Niolaenko ciing chii triidng nhit vay 62 ThUc trgng sQ dung thdi gian rdi cua ngiCdi ddn nong thon khong CO gi cd Cdc diem gidi tri cua tQ nhdn nhQ cd phe, cdc qudn karaoke, d ddy khong cd, day la vung sdu" (Nam, 46 tudi) internet, Nhfl vay, cd the thay d Trinh Xa dac trflng cua ldi sd'ng ndng thdn the hien kha ro, eac quan he sd cap v i n ddng vai trd chu dao he thd'ng cac quan he xa hdi cd ban, cac hinh thflc boat ddng thdi gian rdi ciia ngfldi dSn ndng thdn cdn ngheo nan, chfla da dang va mang tinh tich ciic, chu ddng Nguyen nhan cd le mflc dp thi hda d Trinh Xa la d mflc vfla phai va chfla chiu nhieu anh hfldng eua Id'i sd'ng dd thi Sii k h a c biet t r o n g svC dung thdi gian rdi cua ngiidi d a n n o n g thon a) Gidi tinh ' •* Hai hoat ddng xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi bqn be, hdng xdm la hai hoat dpng ma da phan ngfldi dan ndng thdn Ifla chpn, cd the ndi la "khdng the thieu" thdi gian rdi d ndng thdn Khdng cd sii khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl boat ddng nay, ti le nam gidi xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm cung 1^ 100%, dd ti le d nfl gidi cung cung la 99,4 % (Bieu 1) Kiem dinh KhiBinh phfldng^ (Chi Square Test) deu cho tri so' p- value = 0,355 (mflc y nghia thu dfldc tfl mau quan sat) Idn hdn 0,05, dieu ehflng td khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl viec Ifla chpn hoat dpng Xem tivi va Ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm thdi gian rdi, da p h i n ngfldi dan ndng thdn deu Ifla chon hai hoat dpng thdi gian rdi bat ke la nam hay nfl Bieu 1: Gidi tfnh vd cdc hoqt dong thdi gian rdi (%) I Nam ilsTif >> 6* (f- ^ «b* sP ^(jP ^ ^ -ii ^^ >s^ ^ / #- +* Kiem dinh Khi- B i n h phUc^ng (Chi S q u a r e Test) tho'ng ke suy luan sii dung d l kiem dinh tinh doc lap (gia t h u y e t Ho) cua hai bien so dUdc quan tam v6i miic y nghia a nhat dinh day chung toi la'y mile y nghia 5/0 tUdng dUdng a = 0,05) Neu kiem dinh cho tri so' p- v a l u e (miJc y nghia) cua dii lieu quan sat bang ho^c nho hdn a thi gia thuye't H„ bi bac bo v^ ne'u tri so'p cang nho thi bSng chiing cho'ng lai gia t h u y e t Ho du Ueu cung cap lai cang Idn Noi each khac, neu p- v a l u e < a thi ta se ket luan rSng dfl lieu CO y nghia thong ke d mixc a NgUdc lai, neu p > a thi gia t h u y e t H , ve sii dpc Mp cua hai bie'n d u * khing d,nh Tuy nhien kiem dinh Khi- B i n h phitomg chi cho ta bie't dUdc giQa hai bie'h ba't ki la co moi lien he phu thupc hay khong ma chua cho biet miic dp cua moi Uen he phu thuoc a'y Nguyin Tudn Minh 63 Tuy khdng phd bien nhfl Xem tivi va Ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm nhflng dgc sdch hdo, di le din /chua /nhd thd, nghe ddi, di dn uong vdi bgn be cung la nhflng hoat ddng dfldc hdn nifa ngfldi dan ndng thdn Ifla chpn 12 thang qua va cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl viee Ifla chpn tham gia cae hoat dpng Ti le nam gidi dpc sach/bao la 73,4%) dd ti le d nfl la 58,3%, p=0,003 Ti le nam di ll den/ehfla/nha thd la 48,9% thap hdn so vdi nfl gidi la 74,2%, p=0,000 Tl le nam nghe dai la 64,5% dd ti le d nfl la 46,9%, p=0,005 Tl le nam di an ud'ng vdi ban be la 79,1% dd ti le d nfl la 35%, p=0,000 Nhfl vay, cd the nhan xet r i n g nam gidi ed xu hfldng dpc sach/bao, nghe dai, di an ud'ng vdi ban be nhieu hdn so vdi nfl gidi Cdn nfl gidi thi lai cd xu hfldng di le den/ehfla/nha thd nhieu hdn so vdi nam gidi Chdi cd hay chcti bdi, chdi the thao, xem phim lea nhgc I kich I hdt karaoke, di chdi xa la nhflng boat dpng ma it ngfldi dan d ndng thdn Ifla chpn 12 thaiig qua NgOai trfl boat ddng di chdi xa la khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla nam va nfl (p=0,351) cdn lai nhflng boat ddng khac deu ed sfl khac biet mang y nghia thdng ke gifla nam va nfl Ti le nam cd chdi cd/bai la 29,5% trdng dd ti le d nfl gidi chi la 1,8%, p=0,000 Tfldng tfl nhfl vay, ti le nam gidi chdi the thao la 23,7%, nfl la 4,9%, p=0,000 Ti le nam xem phim/ca nhae/kieh/hat karaoke la 25,9%, nfl la 12,9%, p=0,004 Nhfl vay, cd the nhan xet r i n g nam gidi cd xu hfldng chdi cd/bai, chdi the thao, xem phim/ca nhae/kieh/hat karaoke nhieu hdn sd vdi nfl thdi gian rdi Cac ket qua phdng van sau cung cho thay ring, phu nfl it tham gia cac boat dpng mang tinh chat vui chdi, giai tri: "Phu nQ ndi chung ban ldm, khong ldm rugng thi di dong ndt, nuoi trau bb, Idn gd Gidi tri chi cd xem tivi VQa roi lau ldm mdi co ddt dQdc xem bieu dien cua dodn Chdt dgc da cam: hdt, thuat, kich TQ be den Idn ddy la lan ddu tien dQdc xem Khuyen nghi nhd nQdc cho cdc dodn vdn hda vdn nghe vi nong thon bieu diin Ndi chung nam gidi vdn rdnh hem so vdi nQ bdi vi nhQng viec gia dinh khong phdi ldm Biet Id bdy gid binh ddng nam nQ, nam phdi giup dd vd ldm cdc cong viec nhd nhQng thQc ted nong thon it ldm" (Nfl, 33 tudi) Nhfl vay, ed the thay, mac dfl binh dang nam nfl dfldc dam bao b l n g he thdng phap luat song tren thflc te dinh kien gidi d ndng thdn v i n edn kha phd bien, ngfldi phu nfl vin phai dam nhiem rat nhieu cac cdng viec tfl ddng rupng, chan nudi den eac cdng viec gia dinh, cd hdi danh cho nghi ngdi va giai tri la r l t it so vdi ngfldi • • ' dan dng b) Tudi Trong nghien cflu ngfldi dfldc hdi cd dp tudi tfl 20 den 60 dfldc phan chia ba nhdm: Thanh nien (tfl 20 den 35); Trung nien (tfl 36 den 50); Cao tudi (tren 50) Ket qua phan tich thd'ng ke da cho thay, cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thdng ke gifla bien sd tudi va boat ddng nghe dai Ti le nghe dai 12 t h i n g qua tang dan theo nhdm tudi, nien 34,4%; trung nien: 56,6%; cao tudi: 76,6%, p=0,000 Nhfl vay, kh^ng dinh xu hfldng nhdm cao tudi nghe dai thdi gian rdi nhieu hdn so vdi cac nhdm nien va trung nien 64 ThQc trgng sQ dung thdi gian rSi cda ngQdi ddn nong thon Bieu 2: Nhdm tudi vd cdc tioqt dpng ttidi gian rdi (%) rii rT Ml I Doc sach/ bao Xem tivi Noi chuyen Oi dn uong Choi co/bai Nghe dai | voi ban voi ban be t be/hang Chdi the thao 01 Xem phnvkjch/ca i den/chua/ nhac, hat I nhS thd Oi Choi xa O Thanh nien I 62,5 100 34,4 100 50 20,3 65,6 37.5 I Trung niSn 67,5 99,5 56,6 100 53,9 14.7 19.4 61.8 48,2 59,6 100 76,6 97.9 68.1 19.1 14.9 61.7 48,9 O Cao tuii 7.8 Ngoai md'i lien he phu thudc ed y nghia thd'ng ke gifla bien sd' tudi va boat ddng nghe dai thi khdng cd md'i lien he phu thupc nao gifla bien so' tudi vdi viec Ifla chpn cac boat ddng khac: dpc sach/bao (p=0,516), xem tivi (p=0,747), ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm (p=0,066), di an ud'ng vdi ban be (p=0,137), chdi cd/bai (p=0,479), chdi the thao (p=0,211), xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke (p=0,739), di den/chua/nha thd (p=0,852), di chdi xa (p=0,303) 12 thang qua Viee Ilia chpn boat ddng di le dinh/chfla/nha thd khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla eac nhdm tudi nhflng mflc dp ciia boat ddng lai cd sfl khac biet, nhieu y kien cho r i n g ngfldi cao tudi (phu nfl thfldng di le/sinh hoat d Chua cdn cac eu dng thi d Dinh) cd mflc dp di l i den/ehfla/nha' thd nhieu hdn so vdi nien (thanh nien chi chu yeu di vao eac dip d i u xuan hay cac dip le dac biet) "Thanh nien di chua hay nhd thd chu yeu vdo cdc dip ddu xudn, cdc doi trai gdi Trong ndm chi cd cdc cu ong vd cu bd nhiiu hcfn chiem khodng 80%, tre vui nhd, gid vui chua md" (Nam, 55 tudi) "Ngdy thudng ngUdi ta cung hay di tung kinh ngdy chii nhdt thi cha ve gidng dao Dd'i tUcfng chu yeu Id trung trung tudi vd ngUdi gid, chu, nhdt cd cd nam nQ nien nhUng it" (Nam, 38 tudi) Viee Ifla chpn cac boat ddng danh cd/bai, hay chdi the thao thdi gian rdi cung khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla cac nhdm tudi nhflng ket qua phdng van sau cho thay, d dia phfldng ngfldi cao tudi tham gia eac boat ddng thfldng xuyen hdn so vdi nien nien ban di lam hoac di cfl di lam an xa "Thdi gian rdnh tdi thudng d nhd phu giup gia dinh hodc chcfi cdu long, chdi cd tgi nhd vdn hda Nhd vdn hda chu yeu td cdc cu hUu tri, nghi hQu Thanh nien phdi di ldm dn xa nen it vui chcfi gidi tri, chi cd ngQdi cao tudi khdng phdi ldm viec mdi chcfi" (Nam, 55 tudi) "Thanh nien ndi chung phdi di ldm dn nen it cd thdi gian gidi tri Cdc cii chi CO xem tivi, den nhd hdng xdm hodc chdi cd tQdng" (Nam, 34 tudi) sA\ Nguyin Tudn Minh QQ Nhfl vay cd the thay, ngfldi cao tudi nghe dai thdi gian rdi nhieu hdn so vdi nien va mfle dp thfldng xuyen d cae boat ddng nhfl di ll den/ehfla/nha thd, chdi cd/bai, chdi the thao cung cao hdn so vdi nien mac dfl sii liia chpn cae boat ddng 12 thang qua la khdng ed sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke Hien tfldng "lang v i n g bdng nien" cd le dang cang phd bidn d Trinh Xa va it nhieu nd se anh hfldng den cae heat ddng, phong trao van hda chung cua dia phfldng c) Trinh dp hpc vdn Cd sfl khac biet gifla trinh dp hpc van vdi eac boat ddng dpc sach/ bao, chdi the thao, xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke Ti le ngfldi dan dpc sach/bao tang d i n ti le thuan vdi trinh dp hpc van eua hp, Clp I: 50%, Cap II: 68,3%, Clp III: 81,6%, p= 0,001 Ti le Ilia chpn chdi the thao cung tang d i n ti le thuan vdi trinh dp hpc van Cap I: 5,1%, Cap II: 15,6%, Cap III: 21,1%, p=0,027 Cung tfldng tfl, ti le liia chpn xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke cung tang d i n ti le thuan vdi trinh dp hpc van Cap I: 12,8%, Clp II: 17,2%, Cap.III: 39,5%, p=0,002 Nhfl vay, ed the thay xu hfldng khac biet la: nhflng ngfldi ed hoc v i n cang cao thi cang ed xu hfldng Ifla chpn cac boat dpng dpc sach/bao, chdi the thao, xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke thdi gian roi nhieu hdn so vdi nhflng ngfldi cd trinh dp hoc van thap Dieu phai chang nhdm cd trinh dp hoc van cao thi hieu biet ve sfl cin thiet ciia cac boat ddng vui chdi, giai tri cao hdn so vdi nhdm cd ehinh dp hoc van thap va vay hp tham gia vao cac boat dpng nhieu hdn Bieu 3: Trinh hoc vdn vd cdc hoqt ddng thdi gian rdi (%) 120 Khdng ed sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla trinh dp hpc van vdi boat dpng xem tivi (p= 0,731), ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm (p=0,237), nghe dai (p=0,336), di an ud'ng vdi ban be (p=0,276), chdi cd/bai (p=0,395), di den/chua/nha thd (p=0,817), di chdi xa (p=0,135) Dieu ehflng td dfl trinh dp hpc v i n nao di chang nfla thi xem tivi, ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm cung la nhflng boat ddng dfldc da so ngfldi dan ndng thdn liia chpn thdi gian rdi Tiep den la cac heat ddng di den/chua/nha thd, nghe dai Cac boat ddng di an udng vdi ban be, di chdi xa, chdi cd/bM 1^ nhflng boat dpng it dfldc ngfldi dan ndng thdn Ifla ebon nhat 66 Thiic trgng sQ dung thdi gian roi cua ngiidi ddn nong thon d) Miic sdng cua gia dinh Mfle sd'ng d day la nhflng dieu kien vat c h i t can thiet de ngfldi cd the tham gia cae boat ddng sd'ng khac Trong nghien cflu nay, sau ngfldi dfldc hdi tra ldi mdt sd cau hdi lien quan den dieu kien sd'ng cua gia dinh (kieu loai nha d, dien tich, nha ve sinh, dd dflng sinh boat gia dinh, tdng thu nhap cua gia dinh, ) thi tli danh gia mfle sd'ng kinh te cua hd gia dinh minh thudc loai nao vdi mflc tren trung binh, trung binh va dfldi trung binh Tren cd sd mflc sd'ng dfldc xem xet md'i tfldng quan vdi eac boat ddng 12 thang qua eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn Bieu 4: l\/!flc sdng vd cdc hoqt ddng thdi gian rdi (%) 120 •~L 60 • ^ • _•L_• •• Ln • ~B •~ ^ J Doc sach bao 79.5 Xemtiv Nghe da Noi Chuyen voi ban OiSn u6ng vbi ban be Ml • hi Chffi cff/bai Choi thi thao ^ Oi Xem phinrVkich/c din/chlia Dl Choi xa a nhac 100 61.4 100 64,8 17 18,2 30,7 65,9 59,1 • Trung b'rh 61,6 100 56.4 99.3 52.3 13.9 11.9 12,6 62.9 42.4 D Duo'ilB 532 98,4 41.9 100 SO 12.9 11.3 17.7 56,5 35,5 • TrSn TB Ket qua kiem dinh thd'ng ke da cho thay ed mdi lien he phu thudc gifla mflc sd'ng vdi cac boat ddng: Dpc sach/bao (p=0,002), Nghe dai (p=0,054), Di chdi xa (p=0,008), Di xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaeke (p=0,003) Nhin vao bieu 4, ti le dpc sach/bao tang d i n ti le thuan vdi mfle sd'ng cua gia dinh, dfldi trung binh: 53,2%, trung binh: 61,6%, tren trung binh: 79,5% Tfldng tii nhfl vay, d boat dpng nghe dai (41,9%; 56,4%; 61,4%), di chdi xa (35,5%; 42,4%; 59,1%), xem phim/kich/ ca nhac/hat karaoke (17,7%; 12,6%; 30,7%) Nhfl vay, cd the k h l n g dinh xu hfldng, ngfldi cd mflc sdng cang cao cang cd xu hfldng Ifla chon cac hoat ddng Doc sach/bao, Nghe dai, Di xem phim/kieh/ca nhac/hat karaoke, Di chdi xa thdi gian rdi cua minh nhieu hdn so vdi nhflng ngfldi cd mflc sd'ng thap Dieu cd ve hdp ly ma de tham gia nhflng boat ddng tren khdng ehi ddi hdi ed thdi gian ma cdn phai cd nhflng dieu kien kinh te n h i t dinh va dd nhflng gia dinh cd mfle sd'ng cao hdn thi tat nhien se cd nhieu dieu kien hdn so vdi nhflng gia dinh cd mflc sd'ng thap Cae boat ddng khac nhfl xem ti vi, ndi ehuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm, di an ud'ng vdi ban be, chdi cd/bai, chdi the thao, di den/chua/nha thd khdng cd md'i quan he phu thudc vdi mflc sd'ng Kiem dinh thd'ng ke Khi-binh phfldng cho tri sd p lan Ifldt la: 0,145; 0,608; 0,109; 0,732; 0,331; 0,493 Tflc la khdng cd sfl khac biet mang y nghla thdng ke gifla cac nhdm cd mflc sd'ng khac vdi eac boat ddng dfldc da sd ngfldi dan thfldng xuyen Ifla chon nhfl: xem tivi, ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm hay cac hoat ddng ma it ngfldi dan Ifla chpn nhfl: di den/ehfla/nha thd, di an ud'ng vdi ban be, Nguyin Tudn Minh QJ chdi the thao, chdi cd/bai thdi gian rdi eua minh Dieu ed the giai thich bdi cac boat ddng xem tivi, ndi chuyen vdi ban be/hang xdm, di le den/thd/nha thd, chdi cd/bai la nhflng boat ddng ma yeu td'kinh te khdng phai la yeu td'quyet dinh Cdn lai cac boat ddng di an ud'ng vdi ban be, chdi the thao, rd rang eIn phai ed nhflng dieu kien kinh te nhat dinh nhien nhflng boat dpng lai chi tap trung vao mot so' it ngfldi va vay khdng mang y nghia dai dien Nhiifng y e u to' a n h hvfdng d e n viec suf d u n g t h d i g i a n roi d n o n g t h o n a) Dieu hien kinh te Cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat dfla cae gidng lua ed nang suit cao vao tham canh giup cho ngfldi dan ndng thdn lao ddng dd v l t va hdn, nang s u i t lao ddng nang cao, ddi sd'ng eua ngfldi dan tflng bfldc dfldc cai thien, ngfldi dan cd nhieu thdi gian rdi hdn so vdi trflde d&y: Hdi xUa ldm nong nghiep thii cong bdy gid mdy hd trd nhiiu, mdy tra tUcfng - mdy lien hodn cua xd tri gid 18 trieu, mdy tudt lua, mdy tra ong Ida mg, mdy gat lien hodn, nen thdi gian rdnh roi cdng nhiiu hdn trUdc (Nam, 55 tudi) Tuy nhien, vdi dac thu mdt xa t h u i n ndng, khdng cd lang nghe truyen thd'ng, cac nganh nghe phu it phat trien, nhin chung ddi sdng va thu nhap cua ngfldi dan Trinh Xa v i n cdn d mflc thap so vdi mat b l n g chung d huyen Binh Luc - tinh Ha Nam Cd le chinh dieu ma khien cho dd'i vdi nhieu ngfldi muc tieu lao ddng, san xuat mdi la flu tien dd thdi gian lao ddng eua hp tang len va nhfl vay ddng nghia vdi viec thdi gian danh cho cac boat ddng mang tinh chit nghi ngdi, giai tri it di, khdng gian boat dpng thdi gian rdi cung ban hep, eac boat ddng khdng da dang "Ddn cU d ddy ndi chung Id kinh tekem, phdi tdp trung vdo ldm dn, nuoi dn hgc md chi vdo dong rugng cung met NgUdi ddn ong thUdng phdi di ldm them nhu ldm mgc, thd xdy, cQu van, phu nQ thi ngodi ddng rugng, nom nhd cQa, cdi thi di chd dong ndt, theu ren, " (Nfl, 32 tudi); "Rdnh roi thudng ldm cdc viec linh tinh de cho thu nhdp gia dinh tdng len Chdn nuoi Idn gd, rugng nUcfng ngodi ddng, thdm ddng xem lua phdt trien the ndo, chugt bg vd sdu benh Chcfi bdi nhd anh em hodc bgn be de quan he cong dn viec ldm, ndi chuyen vi cdch ldm dn, chdn nuoi, trgt" (Nam, 34 tudi); Lao ddng d ndng thdn nhin chung la v l t va va ehinh dieu dd ddi anh hfldng den ldi sdng ciia ngfldi dan dd ed viee sif dung thdi gian rdi "Cdu long ngdy mua anh em khong chdi vi phdi giup vd con, vdi lgi ngUdi ta ldm ddng md minh di ddnh cdu long thi khong hay" (nam, 40 tudi, can bd Tfl phap xa) Tap trung flu tien cac boat ddng lao ddng san xuat, ehflng td ngfldi dan ndng thdn hien ed tinh t h i n nd Iflc vfldn len cudc sd'ng, cham chi, bang say lao ddng Tuy nhien, cudc sdng chi la boat ddng tao thu nhap se la mdt nguy ed lam mlt stf phat trien can b l n g dd'i vdi mdi ca nhan va khien cae boat ddng mang gia tri truyen thdng d ndng thdn bi mai mdt hoae gay sfl coi thfldng gia tri cua cae boat dong khdng cd tinh c h i t kinh te Mdt vi du ddn gian nhfl Tet trung thu d ndng thdn 68 ThQc trgng sQ dung thdi gian roi cua ngQdi ddn nong thon dd la mdt net van hda truyen thd'ng the hien sii quan tam ciia cdng ddng dd'i vdi tre em, viec td chflc thfldng dfldc giao cho Doan nien, nhien hoat dpng dang mdt "bdt vui" bdi nien d xa r a t it, da phan di cfl di lam an xa hoac ban rpn vdi cdng viec "Dao ndy bd het rdi, trung thu cd thdy gi ddu bdi vi trUdc viec td chQc trung thu thQdng Id ldp tre nhUng bdy gid ldp tre di ldm xa hodc Idy vp chdng sdm nen khdng co phu trdch thie'u nhi Cung cd phu trdch nhUng hgi dd'lqi be qud khodng ldp 9-10 nen viec td chQc khd (Nfl, 26 tudi) b) Cdc thiet che van hoa O ndng thdn cac boat ddng thdi gian rdi eua ngfldi dan thfldng dien pham vi ciia thdn, xa vay vai trd ciia eac thiet che van hda d cd sd cd mdt y nghia quan trpng "Thdi gian rdnh toi thQdng d nhd phu giup gia dinh hodc chcfi cdu long, chdi cd tgi nhd vdn hda Nhd vdn hda chu yeu Id ddnh cho cdc cu hQu tri, nghi hUu " (Nam, 55 tudi) Tuy nhien, ngudn kin];i phi cho cac hoat ddng cdn ban che, cac thiet che, cd sd trang thidt bi phuc vu cho eac boat ddng van hda van nghe, boat ddng the due the thao cdn thieu, vay chfla dap flng dfldc nhu cau sinh hoat, t^p luyen ciia ddng dao nhan dan ' "Nhd vdn hda cua thon ndy khdng cd, chi cd dinh Idng mpt thdi sdn dinh cdng dupc tan diing de ddnh cdu long nhUng mot thdi gian sau lqi khong ddnh nQa hdi vi ddy khong phdi tru sd cua thon, khong chcfi dQdc diu ddn mdi cd viec d dinh nhQ cung le ngdy rdm, ngdy tet, ddm tang, ddm cQdi TrQdng ban vdn hda thdng tin xd phdi di xudt vdi ddng uy, UBND cd ngudn kinh phi trich cho hoqt ddng vdn hda vd TDTT De mua trang thiet bi, cd dgi ngQ nhdn sU, tuyen truyin cho nhdn ddn Phdi cd cdc mon nhU bdng dd cho nam, bdng chuyin hdi cho nQ Nhu cdu cua nhdn ddn cung thich nhUng d xd chUa cd dQng len deldm viec dd (Nam, 55 tudi) Nhfl vay cd the thay, vai trd ciia cae thiet che van hda d ndng thdn cd mdt y nghia r l t quan trpng dd'i vdi ddi sd'ng van hda cua ngfldi dan bdi nhu cau sinh hoat van hda eua ngfldi dan tfldng dd'i cao Viec nha nfldc va nhan dan cung lam de xay dflng cac thiet che van hda dang tflng bfldc dat dfldc nhflng ket qua nhat dinh, nhien cung phai thay r i n g vdi dieu kien kinh te nhfl d Trinh Xa thi viec dau tfl hdn nfla cua ehinh quyen cho cac thiet che van hda la mdt dieu c i n thiet c) Cdc hoqt dpng, phong trdo vdn hoa d nong thon Ndng thdn la chiec ndi san sinh, nudi dfldng va bao ve van hda truyen thd'ng eua dan tdc, cae boat ddng van hda truyen thd'ng da gdp phan nang cao ddi sd'ng tinh t h i n cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn Td hat cheo va dpi sfl tii cua thdn An Thfl la mdt vi du, day la boat ddng dfldc truyen tfl ddi qua ddi khac thu hut dfldc mdt Iflc Ifldng dang ke ngfldi dan tham gia va sinh hoat deu dan tai thdn thdi gian rdi "Dpi cheo vd mua sQ tQ cua thon la cua cdc cu hdi xUa cQ truyin tQ ddi ndy qua ddi khde Tdcheo cd 12 ngQdi vd phu hga cd khodng 15 ngUdi, hdt cheo thudng bieu dien vdo ngdy 10110 dm lich hdng ndm li te Thdnh hodng cua dinh, tQ dem Nguyin Tudn Minh 69 den het sdng 10/10 Dpi sU tQ cua Idng cd 14 anh em, thudng bieu diin vdo nhQng dip rdm thdng 8, mQng ddng mQng xudn qudn, dgi hdi the due the thao, xd cd viec gi cdn thi thQdng mdi cdc ddi ndy cua thon len" (Nam, 55 tudi) Phong trao "toan dan doan ket xay dflng ddi sd'ng van hda" ma eu the la phong trao xay diing lang van hda dfldc thiic hien kha hieu qua d Trinh Xa, 7/8 thdn dfldc cdng nhan la lang van hda, cae thu tuc lac hau tflng bfldc dfldc xda bd, dam cfldi, dam tang trang trpng, gpn nhe, tiet kiem, cac boat ddng van hda van nghe the due the thao dfldc khdi day va td chflc hang nam da gdp p h i n cai thien ddi sd'ng van hda tinh thin ciia ngfldi dan "NhQng ngdy le Idn hodc ddu xudn tQ 7-1 den rdm thdng rieng Id td chQc vui vdn nghe hodc cdu long, bdng chuyin, cd tQdng" (Nam 55 tudi) Ben canh dd, vdi dac thu la mdt xa cd den ngdi chua, ngdi dinh (trong dd ngdi dinh dfldc xep hang di tich lich sii van hda clp qud'c gia) va nha thd hp dao da khdng chi dap flng dfldc nhu c l u tam linh ma edn ea nhu c l u van hda tinh t h i n cua ngfldi dan xa Ket l u a n va m o t vai n h a n xet Cac boat ddng thdi gian rdi eua ngfldi dan ndng thdn chfla da dang va thdi Ifldng danh cho cac boat ddng chfla nhieu Cac boat ddng phd bien la xem tivi va ndi chuyen vdi ban be, hang xdm, tiep den la mdt sd boat ddng khdng thfldng xuyen: nhfl nghe dai, dpc sach bio, di ll ehfla/nha thd Cd sfl khac biet mang y nghia thd'ng ke gifla eac dac diem gidi tinh, tudi, trinh dp hpc van va mflc sd'ng gia dinh vdi viee sii dung thdi gian rdi Trong cae yeu td' anh hfldng den viee sif dung thdi gian rdi d ndng thdn thi dieu kien kinh te la mdt yeu td anh hfldng manh nhat, tiep den la cac ydu td' nhfl: viec phan cdng lao ddng gia dinh, cae thiet che va cae boat ddng, phong trao van hda d dia phfldng Tfl ket qua nghien cflu tren cd the thly, vdi dac thfl met xa t h u i n ndng va mfle dd thi hda vfla phai, Trinh Xa v i n edn nhieu viee eIn phai lam tfl phat trien kinh te den viee xay dflng ddi sd'ng van hda ndng thdn de dap flng nguyen vpng cua ngfldi dan ndng thdn thdi dai mdi Mdt sd viec cin phai tiep tuc va trien khai nhfl: Day manh hdn nfla eac boat ddng phat trien kinh te d dia phfldng, dac biet quan tam den van de viee lam cua nien bdi thflc trang "lang ving nien" dang cd ve r l t phd bien tai Trinh Xa Tuyen truyen va cd nhflng boat ddng tich eiic hdn nfla de thiic hien viec binh ding gidi d dia phfldng n h i t la cac boat ddng lao ddng gia dinh va vui chdi, giai tri Tang cfldng d i u tfl'trang thiet bi cho cac thiet che van hda va bd sung nhan sfl, kinh phi cho cac boat ddng van hda, the due the thao Dac biet chu y gin gifl, phat huy va bao ve cac boat ddng van hda truyen thd'ng eua dia phfldng./ 70 ThQc trgng sQ dung thdi gian roi cua ngQdi ddn nong thon Tai lieu t h a m k h a o Trinh Duy Luan - Helle Rydstrom - Wil Burghoorn (chii bien), 2008, Gia dinh nong thon Viet Nam chuyen ddi, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Ndi Tran Thi Van Anh - Nguyin Hflu Minh (chu bien), 2008, Binh d i n g gidi d Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Ndi Francois Houtart & Genevieve Lemercinier, 2001, Xd hdi hpc ve mdt xd d Viet Nam Tham gia xd hdi, cdc md hinh vdn hod, gia dinh, tdn gido d xd Hdi Vdn, Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Ndi Bui Quang Dung, 2007, Xd hpi hpc ndng thdn, Nha xu&'t ban Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi Ha Thi Minh Khfldng, 2007, Viec sQ dung thdi gian rdi cda phu nQ vd nam gidi, tap chi nghien cflu gia dinh va gidi, sd' nam 2007 Lam Thi Anh Quyen, 2006, Xd hgi hgc ldi sd'ng, Lflu h a n h ndi bp - Trfldng Dai hpc md - ban cdng TP HCM Dinh Thi Van Chi, 2001, Mdy nhdn xet ve sU bien ddi nhu cdu gidi tri cda nien Hd Ngi hien nay, tap chi Xa hdi hpc so'2, n a m 2001 Pham Huy Bich, 1983, Nghien cQu Xd hdi hpc ve ldi sd'ng d Lien Xd (tdng thuat), Vien Xa hdi hpc Ha Ndi Tap the tac gia, 1984, Tap bdi dich ve vdn -di ldi sd'ng Xd hdi chu nghla, Vien • Xa hdi hpc Ha Ndi 10 UBND xa Trinh Xa, Bdo cdo Kit qud phong trdo xdy dUng ddi sd'ng vdn hda xd Trinh Xd ndm 2008, phUdng hUdng nhiem vu xdy dUng ddi sdng vdn hda ndm 2009 11 UBND xa Trinh Xa, Thong tin cua xd Trinh Xd phuc vu viec xdy dUng cd sd dQ lieu GIS tinh Hd Nam ndm 2009  ... thdi gian thdi gian lam viec (hay san xuat) va thdi gian ngoai gid lam viec (trong co thdi gian tii bao gom cac cong viec thoa man cac nhu cau song va thUc hien nghia vu xa hpi quan va thdi gian. .. V.Petrushev cuon Thai gian vdi tU each la mot pham trii kinh ^e'iai chia th6i gian bon phan: - thdi gian san xuat xa hoi; - thdi gian lao dong d nha va thoa man cac nhu cau sinh hoat; - thdi gian de thoa... nhien; thdi gian tU do, Noi chung, nhieu tac gia chia quy thdi gian hai bp ph^n: san xuS't va khong san xuat Trong bo phan thtt hai lai chia nho thanh: thdi gian sinh hoat tinh than va thdi gian roi,