Những thay đổi trong đời sống và phương thức sinh kế hiện nay của người ê đê ở xã ea nuôl, huyện buôn đôn, tỉnh đắk lắk

68 NSngJdngmiy^ NHlrtVG T H A Y £»OI T R O N G DCtt S O N G VA PHlTONG T H U C SINK KE HIEN N A Y C U A NGU^CH E-DE X A EA N U O L , H U Y E N B U O N D O N , TINH D A K L A K ' ThS Ndng Bang Nguyen Vi^ii Dan toe hoc Tdm tdt: Ngudi E-de cu trit tap trung chu yiu a tinh Dak Lak Didm qua nhieu ngMen cuu cho thdy sinh ke truyin thong cita tpc nguoi ndy thu&ng Id canh tdc tren rdy, chan nudi nhd le va san ban hdi luam Bdi viit ndy md td nhieng su- bien doi d&i song vd sinh ki hien cua ngu&i E-de & xd Ea Nuoi, huyen budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak Sir biin doi ndy cd sic tdc ddng cua nhieu yeu td, dd, cdc chinh sdch phdt triin kinh ti - xa hpi cua nhd nu&c vd su hd trp cua nhieng chucmg trinh du dn qudc ti ddng vai trd quan trpng Trong su biin ddi dy, nguai E-de cd nhieng lua chpn mang tinh ly nhdm thich nghi v&i hoi cdnh m&i Tie khoa: ngu&i E-de, sinh ki d&i song, chinh sdch, chuang trinh vd du dn qudc te Ngdy nhgn bdi: 4/11/2019; ngdy giti phdn bien: 10/1/2020, ngdy duyet ddng: 9/2/2020 Dat van de Ddk Ldk la mdt nhiing tinh eiia ea nude co nhigu chuang trinh, du an nhu hd trg ddt san xudt, ddt d, nha d va nudc sinh boat cho hd dong bao dan tdc thigu sd ngheo, ddi sdng khd khan (Chuang trinh 134); Chuong trinh giam ngheo Tay Nguyen; Chinh sach hd trg true tigp cho ngudi dan thudc hp nghgo d vung khd khan (Chuong trinh 102); Chinh sach hd trg hd ngheo vg nha d (Chuang trinh 167); Chuang trinh mue tigu quoe gia vg xay dung ndng thdn mdi; Trong nhigu nam qua, tinh edn co hang tram du an ODA tap trung vao cac van dg xay dung eo sd tang, y tg va giam ngheo (Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dak Lak, 2015; Minh Thdng, 2017) Ngoai ra, tinh Dak Lak cd nhigu du an cac td chuc quoc tg hd Up Qua trinh thuc thi cac chinh sach va du an d cac cap dp khac da tao nhiing thay doi ve kinh tg, van hda, xa hgi d tpc ngudi E-de tai tinh Dak Lak Trong khudn khd bai viet nay, ehiing toi gdp phan bd sung tu lieu vg nhung thay ddi ve ddi sdng va sinh kg cua ngudi E-dg hien qua nghign ciiu trudng hpp tai xa Ea Nudi vao thang nam 2019 Xa Ea Nudi cd 1.285 hp gia dinh ngudi E-dg vdi 5.515 nhan khau, chigm khoang 45,68% dan sd toan xa Hd ngheo ngudi E-de la 898 hp, chigm hon 68,13% hd nghgo toan xa Xa Ea Nudi la mot nhiing xa ngheo ciia tinh Ddk Ldk va dupe nhan ho tro eua Du an giam ngheo kliu vuc Tay Nguygn giai doan Qua frinh tham gia du an tir nam 2015 dgn da thay ddi dang ke cac digu kien kinh tg - xa hpi cua ngudi E-de noi day (Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nuoi, 2019) ' Bai vigt la kgt qua ciia dk tai nghien ciru cdp Co sd nam 2019: "Anh hudng cita vdn hoa toe ugmh ain viec ddu tu- vd thuc Men cdc chuang trinh du dn gudc tid vimg Tay Nguyen" Vien Dan toe hoc chu i, j, jg Trdn Minh Hdng va ThS Nong Bdng Nguygn lam dfing Chu nhiem Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc sol -2020 69 Nhijng thay doi ve to chuc xa hdi Ngudi E-de d xa Ea Nudi eu tni chu ygu tai cac budn: Nieng 1, Nieng va Nigng 3; Ko Dung A va Ko Dung B; Ea Mthar IA, Ea Mthar IB, Ea Mthar va Ea Mthar Nhihig budn duoc tach tir cac budn gdc su phat frien dan sd, Chang han, budn Nieng la gdc cua buon Nieng va Nigng tach tir nam 1983 va 2004, Dac digm xa hdi ctia ngudi E-dg tai xa Ea Nudi hien eo nhieu thay ddi so vdi truygn thdng Su cd ket tpc ngudi: Nhung budn "gdc" nhu budn Nigng 1, da sd cu dan la ngirdi E-dg, rdt it tpc ngudi khac cu tni Nhiing budn mdi duge tach ra, nhu budn Nieng va 3, tinh trang mua ban ddt dai giiia ngudi E-de va cac tdc ngudi khac dien kha manh me dan den tinh trang cu tni xen cai giua cac tpc ngudi khac Chang ban budn Nigng 3, cd trudng hpp ngudi E-dg ban dat cho ngudi Kinh va ngirdi Kinh lai thue mdt hd gia dinh ngudi Tay khac dgn d dg cham sdc cay ca phg Mac dil eae budn dupe tach su gia tang dan sd, song ngudi E-dg sdng d cac budn cd moi quan he ddng hp ben chat Day cd thg xera la dac digm xa hdi quan trpng nliat ciia ngudi E-dg anh hudng den cac boat ddng va hieu qua ciia nhieu boat ddng phat trign kinh tg - xa hdi Mdi quan he the hien ro nhdt qua viec giup Idn cudc sdng va hoat dpng kinh te Anh Ywing Hra dign giai cho chiing tdi vg su tuong tra xa hpi frong ddng hp giira cae budn nliu sau; anh sinh va ldn Ign d budn Nigng 2, kgt hdn va theo vg vg sdng d budn Nigng 1, bd me anh van dang sinh song d buon Nieng 2, gia dinh anh cd nhigu anh em hp hang d buon Nigng I, Nigng va Nigng Den miia thu hoach liia, ea phe hay hd tieu nhung ngudi frong eimg ddng hp tham gia ddi cdng, giiip dd lan cdng viec rdia ndng ban rdn Phdn chia tdi sdn sau ket hon • Ngudi E-dg cd tuc raau he, cai dat tgn theo hg rae, sau ket hdn nam gidi vg nha gai sinh sdng va ciia cai thudng dugc chia cho eon gai Hau hgt phu nir la ngudi quan iy kinh te, quyet dinh cae van dg gia dinh Tap tuc hien van edn d ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi Ba Brui Tui, budn Nigng dign giai eho ehiing tdi vg each phan chia tai san nhu sau' Trong gia dinh, cac cd gai di lay ehdng deu dupe ehia cdng bang rapt dien tich dat canh tac nhat dinh, cdn vg chdng ba giii' lai dien tieh dat ldn hon cae mdt chut Dien tich dat dugc giii lai vg chong ba canh tac va c6 su hd tro eiia cac con, ke ca gai va frai Sau thu hoach, vg chong ba giii lai dli tigu dimg, phan cdn lai cho cac Dien tich dat dugc giii lai dng ba sd buu va dg thiia ke cho cd gai lit hoac ngudi gai dung cham sdc dng ba gia ygu, dm dau Vai frd ciia gidi gia dinh va san xuat phan nao tac ddng dgn cac boat ddng ciia cac du an phat frign dang trien khai tai dia phuong O xa Ea Nudi, hau het eae vien tham gia nhdm san xuat la ehi em phu nir, Quan he kinh te giiea ngu&i E-de v&i ngu&i Kinh vd cdc tpc ngie&i khac: Vg quan ly cap chinh quygn hien nay, Bi thu, Chu tieh va nhieu can bd chu chdt cua xa deu la ngudi Kinh Su thara gia vao cac hoat dpng Du an, nhdra frdng trpt hay chan nudi dgu cd ldng ghep giua cac hd thudc nhigu phan tpc ngudi khac Quy dinh ciia nhdm du an la sir frao ddi va chia sg kien thuc, ky nang qua trinh trdng trpt va chan nudi Khi chiing tdi hdi vg van dg thi da sd ngudi E-dg deu cho rang hp thudng xuyen frao ddi cac thdng tin cho nhau, nhung fren thuc te eac hd ngudi Kinh thudng edng hon so vdi eac hd ngudi E-dg frong cimg mdt du an Ngudi Kinh d xa Ea Nuoi chii ygu la budn ban tap hda, lam dai ly phan bdn, thu mua hd tieu, ca phg va dich vu cham sdc sde dep (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Trong dd, ngudi E-de chu ygu 70 ^ N& ,Bdng3^!yi!L lam ndng nghiep Da so cac hg gia dinh ngudi E-dg ma nhdm nghien ciiu khao sat cho bigt hien datig vay mupn tign Cae khoan vay mugn nhdm trang frai nhu cdu sinh hoat gia dinh ddu tu cho chan nudi va frong trgt Do digu kien kinh tg cd ban, mdi hd gia dinh chi vay duge khoang 20 trieu dong tu Ngan hang chinh sach xa hdi (thdi han tir - nam tiiy kha nang ehi fra) Nhigu ngudi E-dg buoc phai vay tien hoac vat hr ndng nghiep, chan nudi tir cac cira hang vat frr ndng nghiep hoac doanh nghiep tu nlian thu mua ca phg, ho tigu vdi sd tien lai sudt cao Ddi vdi nhirng gia dinh vay lioac mua vat Ur nong nghiep tir trieu dong frd Ign thi lai sudt fra hang thang frr 20.000 - 50.000 ddng, tiiy theo uy tin cua ngudi di vay Uy tin eao la nhiing ngudi fra gdc, lai diing ban va cam ket ban san pham (ca phg, ho tieu, digu, ngd) sau thu hoach Nhu vay, udc khoan lai sudt eho vay ddi vdi trieu ddng la 24%/nani Miie lai sudt eao hon rdt nhigu so vdi lai sudt cua Ngan hang chinh saeh xa hpi la 1,2%/nam Chi Hdi Hwing eho biet Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi chi thu lai 6.500 dong/l frieu ddng mdi thang Cac khoan vay giiia cac ca nhan phai fra lai cao va ndng san ban bj ep gia nen nguoi ndng dan rat thiet thdi, tham chi thua Id va red vao canh np ndn chong chat Ty li ngheo vdn cdn rdt cao a nguai E-de: Theo bao cao cua UBND xa Ea Nudt nam 2018, toan xaco 1.318 hd ngheo tdng sd 2.986 hd, chiem 44,14% so hd toan xa Trong dd, hd ngheo la ngudi E-dg cd 898 hd, chiem han 68,13% hp ngheo toan xa Ty le ngheo cao cua ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi ed nguygn nhan tir su gia tang dan so, thigu ddt canh tac va frinh dp giao due phd thdng thap Trong cac tigu chi vg xay dung ndng thdn mdi thi dgu chi thii 14 ve giao due eiia xa da dat dupe Trong do, toan xa dat tieu ehi phd cap giao due mdm non, tigu hpc va trung hpc co sd; ty Ie hpc sinh tdt nghiep ph6 thdng eo sd dat 100% vdi 124/124 hpc smh (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) So sanh vdi sd lieu chung vg trinh hoc vdn cua ngudi E-dg qua biic franh tdng quat theo kgt qua dieu tra nam 2015 etia Uy ban dan tde cho thay sir khae biet, chi cd 71,2% ngudi E-de tir 15 tudi trd len biet dgc, vigt chii' phd thdng; 65,1% tre em frong tudi di hpc hgc dimg cap; ty le d cdp tigu hgc la 91,7%, trung hgc casd la 67,6%, trung hpc phd thong la 26,8% (Uy ban Dan tpc, 2015), Trinh dp hpc van thap thudng la nguyen nhan cua ngheo ddi, thieu kign thirc, ky nang viec tham gia Du an giam ngheo va dua cac kg hoach nang cao sinh ke cho gia dinh Trinh dp hoc van thap ciing cd the dan den han ehe vg tam thg frong viec tham gia du an va iing dung kien thiic mdi san xuat kinh tg Thdng thudng, ed kign thirc mdi lien quan den san xudt, ngudi E-de thudng hdi hg hang, hang xom, hay nhijng ngudi eimg nhdm, chii chua ehii ddng trao ddi true tigp vdi cac can bd ky thuat cita Du an hoac tim cae thdng tin tir sach vd va intemet Chi Hblen Bya, budn Ko Dung A danh gia vg nhan thiic cua ngudi E-dg nhu sau: "Ngu&i E-de thi rdt khd khdn tic did trinh dp ho kem, hp khong dupe nhu ngu&i Kinh, nen ngu&i E-de & budn Ko Dung A ti le ho ngheo rdt la cao, 138 hp ngheo" Thay ddi cdu trite xd hpi: Tinh frang di cu va cu tni xen cai giiia cac tdc ngudi dang diln manh me 20 nam trd lai day da lara thay ddi noi eu tni cua ngudi E-dg Xung quanli khu vuc UBND xa Ea Nudi qua dudng Nguyln Thi Dinh (cdn ggi Tinh Id 681) frd nai cu frii ciia ngudi Kinh va tap trung cac hoat dgng budn ban, djch vu Cac hoat ddng kinh tg frd diem niit chinh frong quan he kinh tg - xa hdi giiia cac tge ngudi, nhdt la quan he giiia ngudi E-dg va ngirdi Kinh Cac buon mdi eiia ngudi E-dg ddn chuygn sau vao bgn frong Cho du c6 nhimg thay ddi vg cau fnic cu tni nhung ngudi E-dg vdn cd tinli doan kgt rdt cao Quan he xa hdi gdn bd giua cac budn khdng chi • :• hon nhan gia dinli, ma cdn vg kinh te va eac tuong fro xa hdi khac Tgp chiDdn tpc hgc s61 -2020 71 Tinh frang ngheo tai cac hd gia dinh ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi hien cdn rat cao, chiem den gan 70% sd hd ngheo toan xa Ngheo ddi thudng keo theo nhiing khd khan khae nhu dau tu vg giao due, site khde, kign thiic va nang lire Hep nhan cac du an ho frg Van dg dan den su thidu hut cac ngudn vdn cua ngudi E-dg noi day, cd vdn tai chinh Miic cho vay cua nha nudc cdn thdp ngn nhigu hd gia dinh ngheo phai tim kigm ngudn vdn khae vdi lai suat cao Nhu tren da phan tich, day la mpt nhung nguygn nhan khign mdi quan he kinh te - tai chmh giua eac hd gia dinh E-de va dai ly vat tu ndng nghiep eiia ngudi Kinh dan trd ngn tigu cue Nhung thay doi ve gia tri van hoa Vdn hda vgt chdt: Nha dai la hinh thiic eu tni truygn thdng cua ngudi E-dg Trong nha dai diudng cd K'pang, chieng, frdng, ghe rugu hoae nhung bd da thu la san pham cua viee san bdt Nliieu nha dai tai xa Ea Nudi van nhiing hien vat nhu frgn Tuy nhign, so lugng nha dai dang giam ddn va thay thg bdi nha fret bang gach, gd Su giam siit ve sd lugng nha dai va su tach hg cho thdy xu hudng md hinh quy md gia dinh nhd hien Hon niia, cae chuong frinh, du an ciia nha nudc va nhiing td chirc qude te gan day thudng ho trg theo hd gia dinli, uu tign hp ngheo, can ngheo Vi the, hau het eae gia dinh Idn trudc day deu da tach hd dg dupe hudng ehg uu tign Hien nay, frang phuc cua ngudi E-de hoan toan thay ddi so vdi truygn thdng Au phuc thay thg cho vay, kho Ba Brui Tui, nghe nhan det d budn Nigng cho bigt: cac nir nign bay gid kliong thich hpc det vai truygn thdng nira Ngay nhu hai cd gai ciia ba ciing khdng thich hpc nghg det Nghe det vai theo ba ddi hdi phai cd tinh kien nhan va sire khde phai lam hang tuan mdi ed the det dugc mdt tam chan hoac mdt chiee ao, Tuy nhign, nhiing frang phuc truygn thdng van co gia tri linh thigng frong nhirng dip trgng dai nhu cudi hdi eua ngudi E-dg Khach mua hang ciia ba chu ygu la Idiach du Hch nudc ngoai, nghe sT va mdt sd gia dinh viing mua dg lam lg vat frong eac dam cudi, Phuang tien di chuyen eiia cae hd gia dinh ehu ygu la xe dap va xe may Nliung gia dinh kha gia CO xe cong ndng, may cay phuc vu eho eac hoat ddng san xuat Dien thoai di ddng la phuong tien lign lac rat phd bign nai day, Hau nbu gia dinh nao eiing cd it nhat mdt dien thoai di dpng, Ea Nudi la mdt nhihig xa ngheo ciia huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak ngn dugc uu tign tham gia rat nhieu chuong trinh, du an giam ngheo, phat trien ciia Chinh phu va cae td ehiic qudc tg nhu: Chuong trinh hd frg dat san xuat, dat d, nha d va nudc smh boat cho hd ddng bao dan tdc tliigu sd ngheo, ddi sdng khd khan (Chuong trinh 134); Chuong trinh giam ngheo Tay Nguyen; Chinh sach h6 trg true tigp eho ngudi dan thudc hd ngheo d vimg khd khan (Chuang trinh 102); Chinh sach hd trg hp ngheo ve nha d (Chuong frinh 167); Chuong frinh mue tieu qudc gia vg xay dung ndng thdn mdi, Cac chuong trinh da gdp phan thay ddi dien mao eac budn cua tde ngu'di E-dg noi day (UBND xa Ea Nuoi, 2018); raang lai eho xa dien mao mdi vg he thdng co sd tang (dien, dudng, tnrdng, tram y te, nha van hoa cdng ddng) Cac hp gia dinh deu dugc sir dung dien ludi, eac dudng chinh frong thdn hdu het dugc be tdng, trudng hpc, nha van hda va fram y te xa dupe xay mdi va sita ehiia khang trang Vdn hda tinh thdn: Tai xa Ea Nudi ed ba tdn giao chinh la Phat giao, Tin lanh va Cdng giao vdi tdng s6 2.540 tin dd Tin Lanh rat phat trign d cac cdng ddng ngudi E-de nai day vdi mgt chi hdi va hai digm nhdm Theo thdng ke eua UBND xa Ea Nudi, Tin Lanh fren dia ban xa cd ehi hdi va digm nhdm vdi 1.736 'R NdngBhng]^m^ tin dd frai dgu d budn (Buon Nigng I Nigng 2, va Nigng 3; budn Ko E>ung A va Ko Dung B: budn Ea Mthar lAva IB) Cdng giao cd giao hg (HdaNam) vdi 1.406 tin dd (UBND xa Ea Nuoi 2018) Tin Lanh va Cong giao da cd nhirng tac ddng ldn dgn viec bd cac nghi Ie tmyen thdng cua ngudi E-de, kg ea iihiing nghi lg quan frong nhu le cung ben nu&c ciing khdng cdn nira Khi chung toi hoi cd lai cac budc cua nghi le thi hdu hgt nhung ngudi tir Iiia tudi trung mgn trd lgn '^eu co the ke chi tiet quy trinh cua nd, edn nign thi chi bigt tgn ma khdng bigt nghi Ig nhu thg nao Tim higu ve cac dac digm van hda cua ngudi E-de nai day cho thdy, cac chuang tnnh giam ngheo va xay dung ndng thdn radi da cd nhiing tac dpng nhat dinh den van hda vat chat va tinh iJian ciia ngudi dan Nhigu khia eanh van hoa ciia ngudi E-dg da thay ddi nhigu so vai truygn thdng Thay ddi quan frgng cua ngudi E-de noi day la mdt bd phan Idn da frd tin dd ciia Cdng giao va Tin lanh, Nhirng gia tri van hoa mdi nliu phucmg tien di lai, lign lac va co gidi hda frong boat dpng san xuat dang cang ddng gop vao su phat frien d eac budn lang cua ngudi E-de Nhirng thay doi sinh ke cua nguoi E-de hien Ngudi E-dg tai xa Ea Nudi co cac hoat dpng muu sinh chinh bao gdm: frdng frgt, chan nudi, radt sd nganh nghg thu cdng va khai thac cac ngudn lgi tii tu nhign Trong cac boat ddng muu sinh nay, trdng trpt va chan nudi la hai hoat ddng quan trpng nhat 3.1 Trdng trpt Trong trpt eua ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi bao gdm frdng liia nudc, ca phe, digu, hd tigu, eao su va mdt sd loai cay luong thuc, hoa mau, cay an frai va cac loai dugc heiu Trong cae loai cay frdng kg fren, liia va ca phe la hai loai cay trdng chinh Nhtrng loai cay frdng khae chi mang tinh thdi vu, nhd lg, hoac tan dung eae khoanh dat frdng cua rudng, vudn, ehua cd quy md ldn Theo bao eao eua UBND xa Ea Nudi, toan xa hien cd 2.414 heeta dat frdng cay ca phe, 1.365 hecta cay luong thue (ngd, liia), 285 hectahdtigu, 185 heeta digu (UBND xaEaNudi, 2018) Liia dugc ngudi E-dg d nhiing noi ven theo trign sdng Sgrgpok va mgt sd eon suoi nho ddn ngudn tir sdng Liia vdn la cay frdng chinh dem lai ngudn luang thuc chinh cho ngudi E-de tai day Ngudi E-dg tai xa Ea Nudi mdt nam thudng frdng vu liia, Mdt sd hd gia dinh ed mpng sat eae eon sudi frong dgn vu liia, nhimg sd lugng rat it Vu liia thii nhat thudng bat dau vao thang hoac thang va kgt thiic vao thang 10 Khi mua mua bat dau vao thang la Iiic ngudi dan tien hanh vu lua thii nhdt; vu liia thii hai bat dau tir thang 10, thang 11 cho dgn thang eua nam sau (tinh theo duong lieh) Cho den nay, ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi chi frdng lua nudc, it frdng luong thuc fren nuong ray Vg giong Ilia, chuyen sang trdng liia nude, ngn ngudi E-dg thudng su dung gidng hgp tac xa cung cap, hoac dg danli gidng lua ciia vu trudc hay mua gidng d cac cua hang vat tu nong nghiep Nhiing loai gidng liia ma ngudi E-dg hay frdng la UM, ML 48, UEM, Dai ihom, Tam, Vdi dien tich canh tac han chg, liia thu hoach duge thudng chi dii diing gia dinh Do he thong thuy lpi chua dupe tdt, nhdt la hi thiiy dien Srgpdk hoan vao nam 2010 eho dgn nay, ngudi dan xa Ea Nudi cang gap khd khan vdn dg tudi tigu cac loai cay trdng, bao gdra ea lua Gia lang Ychon Pya, budn Ko Dung B cbo bigt, ngudi E-dg trudc day cd lg cung bgn nudc dg cdu cho budn lang miia mang boi thu, Cimg ben nudc dugc xem la nghi lg quan nhdt bdt I gp cm uan lpc lipc so -2020 73 ddu mpt miia trdng trpt, thudng tir thang dgn thang am Hch Tuy nhign, tir nhieu nam nay, ngudi E-dg d budn Ko Dung B da khdng cdn ciing ben nudc nira Mdt nhiing nguyen nhan ciia su thay ddi la nhiing bign ddi ve hinh thitc eanh tae liia nudc va tin ngudng Phdn ldn ngudi E-dg d day da theo Tin Lanh hoac Cdng giao ngn khdng cdn tri eae nghi le truygn thong Dg cham sdc cay lua, ngudi E-dg thudng bdn eac loai phan hda hpc nliu dam, Ian, kali va cae loai phan chudng sau da u hoai vdi rom Theo djnh ky 1-2 thang, hp lam cd va phun thuoc trir sau bgnh de lua phat frien tdt hon Cac loai phan bdn mpt vu liia gdra: phan dam, phan ure va phan kali Chi phi cho viee cham sdc cay lua khoang trieu ddng/sao/vu Sd tien tuong duang nhu viec cham cay ca phg, hd tieu va rapt sd cay trdng kliac, Chi phi chua ke den tign cdng nhd ed va thu hoach Cdng viec thudng dupe lam dudi hinh thirc van ddi cdng va ngudi den lam giup dirpc gia chii mdi cam, rugu, nude udng, thudc la Dien tieh frdng liia rat khac giiia cae hd gia dinh va thudng klid xac djnh chinh xac dien tich canh tac Thay vao do, cac gia dinh thudng xac dinh sd lugng khoanh rudng ma hg cd Vi du, gia dinh ong Ychon Pya, budn Ko Dung B ed 10 khoanh rudng dng va cac eon khai pha tir trudc nam 1975 Den nay, dng khdng bigt ehinh xae dien tieh cae manh rupng la bao nhigu ma chi ude doan khoang hecta Nang suat lua cd su khac giua cac hd gia dinh Theo bao cao eiia UBND xa Ea Nudi, nam 2018, nang suat lua thu hoach trung binh 5,2 tan/hecta (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Thuc tg qua cac cudc phdng van sau, ngudi dan cho rang hp thu hoach eao nhat la khoang 200 kg/sao Da sd cac hp gia dinh dugc phdng van cho rang vdi dien tich dat trdng frpt hien eua hp gia dinh va nang suat lua nhu vay khdng dam bao nhu cau luong thuc eua gia dinh hg Vao liie giap hat, tir thang den thang la liic hg phai mua thgm gao bgn ngoai de an Rieng gia dinh dng Ychon Pya cd du chiit it liia dg ban sau cac vu thu hoach gia dinh frdng vu Iiia mdi nam, nhung d xa Ea Nudi ed rat it bd gia dinh cd digu kien nhu vay Trung binli nha dng ban tir 20 bao dgn 40 bao liia, mdi bao 20 kg Trong tinh toan nhu cau tieu thu luang thyc, chiing tdi thay ngudi E-de tigu thu kha nliigu gao, Trong hd gia dinh khoang ngudi ldn va frg em, mgt hg dimg het 1,2 kg gao, Nliu vay, mdi thang nhu cau Hgu thu gao ciia hd nhu vay khoang 36 kg Ddi vdi eae hd ed nhigu khoanh dat frdng liia va frdng dugc vu liia nhir gia dinh nha dng Ychon Pya thi dii an va ed du mdt chiit dg ban Cdn gia dinh nao it dat thi phai mua thgm dg bii cho nhu cau luang thuc ciia gia dinh, Mgt sd hg gia dinh bu dap viec thigu lirong thue bang viecfrdngngd, khoai, sdn; nhung gao van la loai luong thue ua thich ciia ngudi dan Nhu vay, viec trdng lua cua ngudi E-dg hien da hoan toan thay ddi so vdi each frdng Iiia fren nuong ray truygn thdng ma nhirng nghign cihi tni'dc day da de cap dgn Chang ban, eong frinh Dgi cuang ve cdc ddn tpc E-de, Mndng & Ddk Ldk, Bg Vigt Dang va eac cdng sir (1983) cho bigt binh thiic canh tac liia bign cua ngudi E-de la chgc Id, fra hat Ngudi dan eiing frdng nhigu gidng liia mdi ed nang sudt cao Tuy nhien, viec thay ddi hinh thirc frdng lua va su dung nhieu loai gidng Ida khac vln chua dam bao sinh kg bin viing cho ngudi dan noi day Nguygn nhan chinh la su gia tang dan sd, dien tich ddt rudng it, phan chia rudng dat cho gai lap gia dinh va chi phi dg chain sdc cay lua gidng mdi Idia nhigu Do dd, bao cao nam 2018, UBND xa Ea Nudi cd de cap din viec cdp 7.455 kg gao cho 137 hd ngheo ciia xa Phan Idn cac hd ngheo la ngudi E-de, chigm 68% tdnghd ngheo toan xa (UBND xaEaNudI, 2018) NdngBdngNguiilL Ca phd la loai cay trdng da cd tir trudc nam 1990 tai xa Ea Nuoi, song mdi phd hien t i nam 2000 trd lai day Tir canh tac luong thuc d nuong ray bi han chd va dvmg hin anh huong cua viec cjiri pha rimg, cac loai cay ca phd, ho tidu, didu duoc khuydn khich trdng Cac loai cay duoc trdng d nuong rSy, hoac vudn quanh nha cua ngudi E-de Giong ca phd phd bien la loai Robusta, dugc nguoi dan tu uom gidng hoac mua gidng ciia cac nha vudn xii Cay ca phe tar day thudng dugc thu hoach vao khoang tir thang 10 ddn thang 11 hang nam Khao siit tai radt sd ho co hrdng ca phd cho thiy, hecta ca phe thu hoach duoc khoiing tSn hat, vdi gia ban khoang 33.000 ddng/kg Dd cham sdc ca phe, ngudi dan thudng dimg cac loai phan bdn dam, lan, kali va phan chuong Hd gia dinh chi Hdi Hwmg cd ca phd (1.000m'), diing hdt bao phan ure udt, 1^ bao phan ure khd, bao phan dam, bao phan kali (50kg) Gia ca cac loai phan bdn khac Bat nhat la phan ure khd vdi 500.000 ddng, cdn re nhit la phan dam gia 220.000 ddng Tidn tin nr cho phan bdn khoang 1.640.000 dong Trung binh cdng lao dong cho hecta ca phe khoang 15-20 ngay, bao gdm ca viec lam cd, bdn phan, tudi tieu va thu hoach Ndu cac ho gia dinh thud lao ddng thi gia ca khoang 140.000170.000 ddng/ngay Thdng thudng, cac hp gia dinh cd 1-2 hecta va cd 2-3 lao dong thi it thue nhan cdng ma thudng van ddi cdng cho Nam 2018, gia dinh chi Hdi Hwing thu dugc 33 trieu ddng tu viec ban ca phe Sau Uir cac khoan chi phi san xuSt thi hg gia dinh cd hecta ca phe thudng thu nhap khoang 10-15 hidu ddng mdi nam Ve phan cdng cdng viec h-ong san xudt, da sd dan dng va phu nir ldn tuoi la lao ddng chinh viee cham sdc ciiy ea phe Dan dng thugng dam nhiem viec dao hd trdng cay, tudi tieu, phun thuoc bao ve cay hrong - nhiiTrg cdng viec nang nhoc Phu nir thugng lam co, hai ca phe Nudc tudi cho cac loai cay ca phe, hd tieu, didu thudng la tir gieng khoan hoac tir ao, song, sudi Mac dii ca phe, hd tieu, didu la cay trdng chinh, song ngudi E-de d diiy thucmg trdng cac loai cay dua tren kinh nghiem hoac theo ldi khuyen truyen mieng cua nhimg ngudi ban vat tu ndng nghiep Trong nhimg lan den thiim cac hd gia dinh chung tdi quan sat thay hau nhu ngudi dan khdng cd biit ky tai lieu nao ve cac gidng ciiy trdng, ky thuat san xuat va thong tin ve nhu cau thi tnrdng cua nhirng loai cay ma ho dang trdng Ngoai cac cay trdng truyen thdng hoac nhimg cay cdng nghiep ngan dugc dua vao trdng liru nam, cac chuong trinh, du an qudc te dua vao trdng thi diem d Dak Lak, dd cd xa Ea Nudi, mot sd cay trdng mgi nhu ca cao, gac, dinh liing, Cac cay sinh tru'dng tdt vgi hau va thd nhugng dia phugng, song ngudi dan chua nSm bat tdt ky thuat trdng va cham sdc, dac biet la du an chua giai quyet tdt diiu cho ba nen cay chi cdn hg nhat sd 10 hd trdng ciiy ca cao cdn tri va gan 10 heeta trdng gac tai xa Ea Nudi dang bj chet khd, khdng cd ngudi chiim sdc Tir nam 2015 trd lai day, ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi bit dauft-dngngd lai khuon khd Du an giam ngheo khu vuc Tay Nguyen tai xa Ea Nudi Tdng dien tich n-dng ngd cira xa klioang 1.170 hecta Nang suit thu hoach 5,5 tin/hecta (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Tai budn Nieng cd 10 hd tham gia du an trdng ngd lai Nhimg hd dugc tham gia la ngudi E-de thudc dten ngheo va can ngheo Tdng kinh phi du an trdng ngd lai tai xa Ea Nuoi la 87.406.000 ddng De ttien khai ke hoach, ngudi dan phai cd su ddi ling bing viec danh heeta dSt dd ttdng ngn lai va vdn tu dan to tren 37 trieu ddng Ngudn vdn chu ydu quy tir cdng lao ddng cua ngudi dan Du an hd trg gidng, phan bdn va hudng din ky thuat cham sdc Thj ttudng tieu thu san pham cung dugc cam ket bdi du an Tuy vay, xem xet kd hoach san xuit cua du an va so vdi thuc te thi chung tdi thay cd sir khac Theo Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sol - 2020 kg hoach cua du an, nang sudt dat tdn/1 hecta, edn theo bao eao nam 2018 ciia UBND thi nang sudt chi dugc trung bmh 5,5 tdn/1 hecta (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2015) Nguyen nhan suy giam san lupng dugc ngudi dan dg cap la dat bac mau va cac loai sau benh Ba Brui Tui, budn Nigng I cho rdng tinh hieu qua kinh tg ciia ngd lai khdng cao, chi phi bd nhieu, nhung gia ngd qua thap Trong bao cao nam 2019 cua Ban quan ly du an giara ngheo huyen Budn Ddn thi dir an trdng ngd lai khong thuc hien niia (Ban quan ly du an giam ngheo huyen Budn Ddn, 2019), nhung hien ngudi dan vdn edn tiep tuc canh tac ngd lai, vi ngd co gia thap, nhung cd thg dimg frong chan nudi va cac phu phdm ciia no nhu loi ngd co tbg dung lam chat ddt va than cay ngd cd thg dimg vao chan nudi bd, de 3.2 Chan nuoi Ngudi E-dg chan nudi nhieu loai gia siic va gia cam nhu bd, ga, vit, heo, de, , Theo tmygn thgng, gia siic va gia cam dugc nudi de lam vat hien sinh, phue vu nhiing nghi le frong nam cua gia dinh va cdng ddng Ngudi E-dg nuoi gia siic, gia cam chu yeu de phue vu cho nghi le, ma chay, cudi xin Theo quan niem truyen thdng, frong cac nghi lg va sinh boat cpng ddng, cang hign sinh nhigu siic vat, cang vinh du va khang dinh vai trd, vi tri xa hdi cua ngudi lam hign sinh (Lg Tran Quyen, 2018) Chan nudi cua ngudi E-dg dang chuygn phan nao y nghTa tir kigu nudi truyen thdng sang san xuat hang hda dap img nhu cau thi trudng Trong Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguygn, ngudi fide da thara gia vao nhigu nhdm chan nudi nhu dg, Ign va ga Hien nay, chan nudi eiia ngudi E-dg d xa Ea Nudi tdn tai song song hai hinh thire, vira chan nudi theo truygn thdng vira chan nudi theo phuong thire chuygn giao cua Du an Dg phan biet ngudn gdc cac gidng vat nudi, ngudi dan dai tgn la "heo Tay" (giong eiia du an) va "heo De" (gidng dia phuong); hay ga cdng nghiep, ga Tara Hoang va ga "tpc" hoac "ga De" Hinh thiic chan nudi truygn thdng cua ngudi E-de rat don gian Heo va ga dupe tha rdng quanh nha dg tu kigm an Thinh thoang, chiing dupe an cam nau tir cac phu phara luong thuc va rau Sau khoang 12 thang, frong lupng cua heo ehi dao ddng tir 15 den 20 kg Nhiing heo nai dg nhigu thudng dugc giu lai dg gay dung dan gidng Heo due thudng dugc ngudi dan dg danh cho cac dip le, tet cudi nam Gia thit heo trung binh tir 120.000 - 150.000 ddng/kg Mdi gia dinh thudng chi nuoi 2-3 heo; nhung gia dinh cd dat va chudng rpng hon nudi tir dgn Sd lugng ga nudi ciia moi hd ehi dao dpng dudi 10 eon Mdt eon ga ban ngoai thi trudng ed trpng lugng khoang 1,5 kg ed gia 150.000 - 170.000 ddng Heo va ga eiia ngudi E-dg dugc thi trudng rat ua chudng nhung quy md chan nudi cua cac hp cdn han ehe, ehu yeu vdi muc dieh tieu dimg ma chua hudng dgn kinh doanh Theo bao cao cua UBND xa Ea Nudi, tdng dan trau, bd nam 2019 la 2.750 con, Trung binh mdi gia dinh nuoi bi 1-2 Tre em hoac ngudi ldn tudi thudng dam nhan cdng viec chan dat Cae vign khae frong gia dinh ciing gdp siic vao viec cham sdc trau, bd nhu cat cd, thu gom cac loai la cay hoac than cay ngd dg bo sung thgm thiic an Ngudi E-de thudng tan dung thdi gian lam cd d mdng hay frgn ray dg thu gom thiic an cho vat nudi Bd thudng dugc nudi it nhat 15 thang, tiiy theo dieu kien cham sdc, mdi cd the ban thi frudng Mdt bd ban thi trudng cd gia khoang tu 10 trieu ddng dgn I? trieu dong, tiiy theo khoi lugng va chat lugng bd nudi Nhiing bd cai sinh de tot thudng dugc giu' lai dg gay dung dan Sd lugng bd cung dugc xem la tieu chuan dg danh gia dieu kien kinh tg ciia mdi hd gia dmh, vi nhu gia dinh gia lang Ychon Pya nudi bd va dupe xep vao NdngBdngNS^jyijL dien gia dinh kha gia Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguygn ho trp gidng bo cho nhdm go^ ^ * hp gia dinh tai budn Ko Dung B vdi sd vdn 393.000.000 ddng tir Du an bdt ddu trign khai Vi gia bo gidng cao va chi phi chan nudi bd kha ldn nen hoat dpng khdng dupe md rdng nguon vdn hd trg cd ban Cae nhdm chan nudi ga thudc Du an giara ngheo Tay Nguygn duoc hinh vao thang 9/2018 tai cac budn: Ea Mthar IA, Ea Mthar IB, Ea Mthar 2, Ea Mthar 3, Nigng va thdn Hda Thanh (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Mdi nhdm gdm 20 hd (bao gom ca bd ngudi E-dg, ngudi Kinh va cac DTTS khac), dupe giao 200 ga gidng Tam Hoang, hd frg vat tu lam 200m' chudng frai va bao thirc an edng nghiep dg nuoi ga; ngudi tham gia ddi iing bdng cdng lao ddng lam chudng trai va cham soc ga Sd tbiic an dugc hd trg chi dii cho ga an khoang thang ddu, sau ngudi dan tu bd chi phi dg mua thiic an cho ga, Chi HdT Hwing, td phd eua nhdm chan nuoi ga tai budn Nigng cho bigt, each thicc chan nuoi ga Tara Hoang khac hoan toan so vdi ga gidng dia phuong Ga Tam Hoang phai dupe nudi chudng sach se, tigra cae loai vacxin phong benh va thirc an phai la loai cam cdng nghiep, Ga Tam Hoang khdng cd kha nang tu kigm thiic an tot nhu gidng ga dia phuang Hien nay, gia dinh chi HdT Hwing Ididng cdn nudi ga Tam Hoang nua Chuong ga frd nha kho ehiia eae dung cu lao ddng CQng gidng vdi nhan xet cua chi HdT Hwing, anh Ywing Hra eho bigt: " thi gd ddy [Tam Hodng] nuoi Id cho dn cdm hda hpc cho nhanh lan, neu cho dn binh thu&ng lau l&n ldm, gd cong nghiep Id lau l&n Gd cong nghiep nd khdng di b&i dn gidng nhu gd ndy ddu nd khong biet b&i minh cho thi nd dn thdt chu nd khong biet an moi, dn nhimg thu tu kiem duac" Sau qua trinh nudi khoang 5-6 thang, ga Tam Hoang cd thg ban duge vdi gia 50.000 ddng/kg So vdi ga dia phuong CO gia khoang 80.000 - 90.000 ddng/kg thi ngudi dan chudng nudi ga dia phuang hon, dii lau Idn nliung dg nudi va dugc tbi trudng ua thich hon Hon nira, ga Tam Hoang ehi la ga thit, khong co kha nang sinh san nhu ga dia phuong, nen sau mdt Iiia nudi, ngudi dan phai mua gidng khac vg dg ke tigp dan, Vdi 200 ga duac giao nuoi, chi HdT Hwang Men cdn lai khoang 120-140 con, sau ga bi dieh benh chgt, hi mat cap,,, Hien nay, frong nhdm nudi ga ciia ehi HdT Hwing ehi edn -2 hp nudi ga Cac hp khac sau ban liia ga da ldn hoae ga gidng hi chgt thi bd han va khdng mong mudn nudi lai loai ga nira, vi mat nhigu cdng chara sdc ma hieu qua kinh te khdng eao Tinh frang nudi heo thit ciing tuong tu nhu nudi ga Thudc Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguygn, eo tdt ca nhom nuoi heo thit vdi tdng s6 220 tai 100 hd gia dinh (ca ngudi E-de, ngudi Kinh va cac dan tdc thigu sd khac) thuoc cac buon Nigng 1, Nieng 2, Ea Mthar I A, Ea Mthar IB va Ko Dung A Tai budn Ko Dung A, thdi gian thuc hien Du an frong 12 thang, tir thang 7/2018 dgn thang 6/2019 Tdng so kinh phi cho du an tai budn Ko Dung A la 472.260.000 ddng, frong dd vdn Du an cap ia gdn 200 tneu ddng, phan lai la cac vien ddi iing dua fren cdng lao ddng, dien tich dat lam chudngfrai,va mua thirc an cho heo ldn (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Tuy nhign, ngudi dan tham gia nlidm nuoi heo thit thudng phan anh la gidng heo Du an cdp "khd nudi", hp "khdng bigt cham soe", "khdng bigt each cho an", hay "heo benh khdng bigt dimg thude gi", Chi Hblen Bya, frudng buon Ko Dung A cho bigt: '"Nlidm nudi heo thit khdng dupe on dinh vi heo nudi nd khdng lan dupe, nen Id no cung dnh hie&iig den d&i sdng kinh te cita bd " Khi chimg tdi hdi ve each thirc cham sdc heo thit, chi Hblen Bya cung cbo biet ngudi dan ehua bigt each cham sdc giong heo nay, vi nd hoan toan khae vdi gidng heo dia phuang ho da nudi tir nliieu nam Chi Hblen Bya cho bigt: "Logi heo Mdng Cdi ndy nd cung dn giong heo ddu tpc hay saoy, nd dn rdi di hdi rau bd vo no vdn dn khdng phdi nhu Id heo trdng dau Da so ngu&i ui, uug img Tgp chi Ddn lpc hpc sol - 2020 ^ 77 hp heo Mdng Cdi ndy, cd mpt sd hp hp thich heo trdng, nhimg md heo trdng khd nuoi han, ve cdi thitc an nd hoi kho" Do cham soc kho, ma gia heo lai kha thap, dao ddng 45.000 - 50,000 dong/kg, sau hon thang chan nudi vdi sd lugng heo, mdi hg gia dinh ed thg thu dugc khoang - frieu d6ng, ehua trir chi phi Nhdm nudi dg cua Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguygn duge trign khai tai cac budn Nigng 1, Ko Dung B, Ea Mthar Mdi nhdra tii' 15-17 hp, mpt gia dinh dugc giao de (cai hoac due) va 102m'^ ludi B40 dg lam chudng trai Ngudi dan thara gia Du an nudi dg bd chi phi vg gd va cong siic dg lam chudng frai eho dg Sau khoang 12 thang, mdi dg cai se sinh san khoang de con, Ngudi thara gia Du an dvtqc hudng lpi tir viee ban de thit trudng hoae dg Trong frudng hgp de la dg due ngudi nudi de cd the hudng lgi tir lam dich vu phdi gidng de Tir dg eon 1-2 thang, sau nuoi khoang 12 thang la cd the phdi gidng va sinh san Neu nudi dg dg ban thit thi sau thang trgng lugng dg tam 20 kg la cd the xuat chudng Gia thjt dg dao ddng 70.000 - 80 000 ddng/kg Thiic an eho de kha da dang, tir cac loai cd, dgt cay non, cho dgn cam cdng nghiep Nhung da sd ngudi dan tan dung cac loai cay ed vudn nha hoac rudng, ray Hien nay, phan ldn ngudi dan di lam ray sir dung xe may de tiet kiem thdi gian va franh thu ehuygn chd thiic an eho de va cac vat nudi khac Chi frong khoang 12 thang la ngudi nudi de ed thg gia tang sd dg dan ciia hd gia drnh Nhimg hg gia dinh cd dg cai nhigu ban thi cd uu thg ban frong viec thu lpi nhuan qua viec ban de hoae tang thgm sd dg nudi Nudi de eiing dg eham sdc hon so vdi nuoi ga va heo, Ngudn thiic an eiia de lai rg va cd the tan dung cac phu pham ndng san hoae hai lugm Viec nudi dg cho den hien kha thuan Igi vi dg it mac benh so vdi ga va heo Trong cae nhdm chan nudi cua Du an, ngudi E-dg chudng nudi dg nhat Vi vay, cd nhigu hd gia dinh khdng tham gia vao cac nhdm chan nudi ciia Du an ciing hgc hdi va phat trign chan nudi dg Nhin chung, theo danh gia ciia nhdm nghign ciru, nuoi dg hien cd kgt qua kha quan hon so vdi nudi ga va nudi heo, Chan nudi cua ngudi E-de hien cd nhigu khac biet so vdi trudc day, dac biet kg tir klii cd su hd frg ciia Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguygn Phuang thiic chan nudi hien la su long ghep giiia each thirc tmygn thdng va rad hinh chan nudi xay dung tir Du an, Nhiing md hinh chan nudi gop phan tao sinh kg bgn viing cho nhigu hp gia dinh thara gia Du an, gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo Tuy nhign, de Du an cd hieu qua Hon, mdt sd khau ciia Du an can duge eai tign, nit kmh nghiera, dac biet la viec chpn eon gidng phii hgp vdi digu dia phirong Cae gidng dia phuang ed siie dg khang va thich ling vdi dieu kien mdi trudng tdt hon nhirng gidng nhap ve 3.3 Khai thdc cdc nguon lpi tu nhien Kliai thac ngudn lgi tir nhign la mdt phan sinh ke va van hda muu sinh eiia ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nuoi Qua cae phdng van sau va quan sat, chiing tdi thay nhiing san pham thu hai tit tu nhign chu ygu la nam, la giang, la mi, ca dang, mang, gd lam eiii va cae loai cd cho chan nudi gia sue,.,, Tai dia ban nghign cim, rimg bj cam khai thac nen ngudi dan khdng duge phep vao de san bat, thay vao hp dat biy ven ning hoac ven mdng, rIy, sdng, suoi Vi thg, nhung ddng vat dugc san bat hien chii yeu la chudt ddng, sdc, ehdn, ea sudi,., Ngoai viec khai thac cae san pham tir tu nhign phue vu cho gia dinh, ddng gdp ldn nhdt ciia khai thac frr nhign ddi vdi sinh kg va cac boat dpng du an la chan nudi dg Nhu tren da frinh bay, nhieu loai cay, ed rat cd lgi eho chan nudi heo (Ion), bd va dg Nhd NdngBdngm'yi!L dd, ngudi dan cd thg cdt giam nhieu chi phi mua thirc an cho vat nudi Do vay, da sd ngudi E-dg deu mong mudn phat trign dan de hon la chan nudi ga va heo 3.4 Cdc ngdnh nghi khac Ngudi E-de d xa Ea Nudi cdn fri nganh nghg thii cdng tmyen thong: dan lat va det vai Nghg dan vdn cdn tdn tai vdi nhirng san phdm nhu giii, gid tudt liia, nong, nia Hien nay, da^so ngudi dan sir dung cac san phdm tir nhua ngn cac san phdm dan lat khdng cdn phat trign nhu xua nua Nghe det vai truygn thdng van duge tri, song sd lugng ngudi det cang giam di San pham det gdm: ao, xa rdng, chan va khan Trung binh moi san phdm dupe det khoang 7-10 Gia ban eae mat hang nhu sau: ao nii (1 frieu ddng), xa rdng cd (1,5-2 trieu dong), chan (1,11,2 trieu ddng) Den nay, xa Ea Nudi chi cdn mdt nghe nhan det vai theo each truyen thdng la ba Bmi Tui d budn Nigng Ba cho bigt minh hpc nghg det tir ba ngoai Thanli nign d day khdng edn mong mudn theo hpc vi thu nhap tir nghg rdt it va doi hdi sir kign tri Hon nua, gid day klidng ngudi frdng bdng dg lay sgi ngn nguygn lieu chi la sgi vai cdng nghiep Mpt sd hgp tae xa det tho cam sir dung may mde dg det cac spi vai cdng nghiep hi'ng mang hoa van va rap lai Nhin chung, cae nganh nghg thu cdng tai xa Ea Nudi dang dan mai mdt, Thay vao do, phan Idn nien ngudi E-dg di lam cdng nhan d Budn Ma Thudt, cae khu cdng nghiep d Binh Duong, phd Hd Chi Minh hoac lao ddng lam thug theo thdi vu cho cac chii frang frai va eac CO sd ehg bign hat dieu cua cac hp ngudi Kinh frong xa Mdt cdng lao ddng hai hd tieu dugc fra 140.000 dong, hai ca phg 170.000 d6ng; so che vo hat digu dupe tra klioang 5.000 ddng/kg, Tuy nhien, sd lao ddng cbo eae edng viec khdng nhigu va chi co vao cac vu thu hoach Ket luan Ddi sdng va sinh ke hien eiia ngudi E dg xa Ea Nudi, huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak co nhieu thay doi so vdi frudc day nhd cac chinh sach cua Chinh phii va su bd trg cua cac chuong frinh, du an qude tg Vg td chiic xa hgi, eau triic ciia cac budn dan thay ddi, nhung quan he ddng hg, cha me va cai van la trgng tam ddi sdng xa hdi ciia ngudi E-dg, va mdi quan he van duge gin giir rat bgn chat Nhiing ngitdi ciing ddng hp thudng giiip san xuat va klii cd cac cong viec Idn eua gia dinh, Su phan hda giau ngheo cang ro ret va ngudi E-dg ed ty Ie giau ngheo kha cao (ehigm 68.13% so hd ngheo ciia xa) Vg van hoa, mdt bd phan Idn ngu'di E-de da trd tin dd ciia Cdng giao va Tin Lanh, Cac tdn giao da ed nliiing tac ddng ldn dgn su thay ddi quan mem va thue hanh van hda tmygn thdng tde ngudi Vdi su phat tnen khoa hpc va edng nghe, mdt so phuong tien di lai, Hgn lac va ca gidi hoa hoat ddng san xudt dang cang ddng gdp vao su phat trign d cac budn lang cua ngudi E-de Vg sinh kg, cac loai cay cdng nghiep nhu ca phg, digu, hd tigu la nhirng loai cay trdng chinh, dem lai ngudn thu nhap dang kg cho ngudi dan Chan nudi hang hda chi mdi phat trien tir nam 2015 trd lai day ke tir Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguyen thanb lap va hd frg cae nhdm chan nudi Ngudi E-de da ed nhung lira chgn hgp ly, ket hop eac kign vl ky thuat mdi Du an cung cdp voi tri thirc tdc ngudi de phat trign chan nudi 1 gp chi Uan tpc hoc so - 2020 Cimg vdi eac chuong trinh phat trien kinh tg - xa hdi cua Chinh phii va mdt sd chuang frinh du an quoc tg da gdp phan timg budc nang cao miic sdng cho ngudi dan thdng qua nd lire cai thien ea hpi sinh ke d cac xa ngheo frong viing du an, tang cudng tu chii vg smh ke thdng qua eung co an ninh luong thuc va dinh dudng, ddng thdi thiie day da dang hoa cac loai hinh sinh kg, kgt ndi thi tmdng dg cai thien thu nhap bgn viing cbo ngudi dan,, Day dugc xera la co hdi md trign vpng viec khai thac mot sd giai phap giam ngheo ben vting eho dong bao dan tdc thieu sd Tuy nhign, dg cac chuong trinh, du an ed hieu qua hon, can cd su quan tam hon nira dgn tap quan sinh hoat va san xudt cua cac tdc ngudi Tai lifu tham khao Ban Quan ly du an giam ngheo huyen Budn Ddn (2019), Bdo cdo tinh Mnh thuc Men ki hogch ndm 2018 du dn gidm ngheo khu vuc Tdy Nguyen xa Ea Nuoi, huyen Buon Ddn, tinh Dak Lak Ban Phat trien Ea Nudi (2018), De xudt vd du todn tieu du dn sinh ke nudi heo sinh sdn buon Ko Bung A, xa Ea Nudi, huyen Buon Ddn, tinh Ddk Ldk, Ea Nudi, Budn Ddn, D&k LSk Bg Vigt Dang, Chu Thai Son, Vu Tht Hdng, Vii Dinh Lgi (1983), Dgi cuong vi cdc ddn tpc E-de, Mnong & Ddk Ldk, ^xh Khoa hge xa hdi, HaNpi Lg Tran Quygn (2018), "Dan tdc E-de", frong: Cdc ddn tpc & Viet Nam (Tap 4, Quygn 2: Nhom ngdn ngii Han va Ma lai Da dao) (Vuong Xuan Tinh ehu bign), Nxb Chinh fri qudc gia-Sir that, Ha Ndi Minh Thdng (2017), Keu gpi ddu tie 25 die dn ODA, tmy cap tai: htto://baodaklak.vn/channel/3602/201704/keu-goi-dau-tu-25-du-an-oda-5529205/ tmy cap 11/10/2019 TJy ban Dan tdc (2015), Kit qud dieu tra thuc trgng kinh te-xa hdi 53 ddn tpc thiiu so nam 2015, Ha Npi Tmy cap tai: http://www.cema,gov.vn/ket-qua-dieu-fra-thuc-frang-kt-xh-53-dan-tocthieu-so-nara-20I5.htm tmy cap 25/8/2019 Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dak Lak (2015), Ke hogch phdt trien kinh te - xd hpi, ddm bdo qudc phong an ninh ndm 2016-2020, Dak Lak \}yhds\x)hmi^in->i3.¥.?i'^\xo\ (20X9), Bdng tdng hpp thdnh phdn ddn tpc ndm 2019, Dak Lak Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi (2018), Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc Men nhiem vuphdt trien kinh te-xa hpi, ddm bdo qudc phong-an ninh ndm 2018, phuang huang nhiim vu ndm 2019, Ea Nuoi, Budn Ddn, Dak Ldk 10 Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nudi (2015), De dn tieu du dn sinh ke sdn xudt ngd lai, Ea Nuoi, Buon Don, Dak Ldk 11 Vien Dan tde hpc (1984), Cdc ddn tpc it ngu&i a Viet Nam (Cdc tinh phia Nam), Nxb Khoa hge xa hgi Ha Ndi  ... -2020 69 Nhijng thay doi ve to chuc xa hdi Ngudi E-de d xa Ea Nudi eu tni chu ygu tai cac budn: Nieng 1, Nieng va Nigng 3; Ko Dung A va Ko Dung B; Ea Mthar IA, Ea Mthar IB, Ea Mthar va Ea Mthar Nhihig... Nguyen xa Ea Nuoi, huyen Buon Ddn, tinh Dak Lak Ban Phat trien Ea Nudi (2018), De xudt vd du todn tieu du dn sinh ke nudi heo sinh sdn buon Ko Bung A, xa Ea Nudi, huyen Buon Ddn, tinh Ddk Ldk, Ea Nudi,... cac ngudn lgi tii tu nhign Trong cac boat ddng muu sinh nay, trdng trpt va chan nudi la hai hoat ddng quan trpng nhat 3.1 Trdng trpt Trong trpt eua ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi bao gdm frdng liia