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Phat trien ben v&ng d Viet Nam hien nay: Khai niem va tieu chi danh gia Nguyin Diic Chien' ' Vien xa h9i hoc, Vi?n Han lam Khoa hgc x3 h6i Viet Nam Email:xhhchien@yahoo.corn Nlip ng^y 22 thang nSm 2019 CMp nhan dSng 17 thdng n5m 2019 T6m tit: Phat trien ben vimg la vin dl s6m dupc thi gioi quan tam, thuat ngu cung dupc gi6i khoa hgc va chinh sach a Vi?t Nam quan tam nghien cuu, ung dung vao thyc tiln nhimg thap nien gan day Tuy nhien, cho din nhiing thao luan vl noi ham khai ni?m va tieu chi danh gia giai khoa hpc va chinh sach van chua nga ngij, thuc tl dat nhilu can hoi can tilp tuc nghien ciiu tra lai Tfr khoa: Phat trien bin vung, khai niem, tieu chi danh gia Phan loai nganh: Xa hgi hgc Abstract: Sustainable development is an issue which was started to be paid attention to quite early in the world Scientists and the circle working on policies in Vietnam have also paid attention to its study and application in reality in recent decades However, so far, discussions among them on the connotations ofthe concept and criteria for the evaluation have not yet come to agreed conclusions, which has posed many questions requiring further studies to answer to Keywords: Sustainable development, concept, evaluation criteria Subject classification: Sociology Mff dku Sau Chiln tranh thi gioi thii hai, chii nghia tu ban tu phat trien manh a cac quoc gia phuong Tay, vol chien lupc khai thac nhanh nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khong dupc tai tao, nham co duac khoan loi nhuan khlng 16 mpt thai gian ng4n nhat; mat khac, qua trinh gia tang dan so, dac biet tai cac nuac dang phat trien va cham phat trien da tieu thu nguIn nang lugng 1cm ma nhiing quic gia chua kip tai tao Day la hai s l cac sir kien quan trpng tao len dpng thai moi cupc song cua xa hpi Khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 loai nguoi Thuc tien doi hoi nhan loai phai kien tao dinh hinh lai mo hinh tang truang va phat trien nham huong den viec dieu chinh, kiem soat hanh vi nguai phai hai hoa ban moi quan he voi tu nhien, moi tnrcmg va xa hpi Phat trien khong cho hien tai ma vi mpt xa hpi tuong lai mai sau Ngupc dong Iich su cho thay nhiing y tuong ben virng phat trien sam xuat hien xa hpi loai nguoi Cac nha triet hpc tu nhien Hy Lap va La Ma co dai cbo toi nhiing tu si Benedictibne thai trung dai, nhimg nha kinh tl chinh tri nhu Malthus va Ricardo, cac tac pham ciia minh da de cap quan diem iing hp viec su dung mpt each khon ngoan va tiet kiem tai nguyen thien nhien [5] Tuy nhien, phai den nhimg thap nien dau cua the ky XX, nhiing ham y moi phat trien, chuyen hoa hanh dpng va cao hon la phong trao xa hpi Tien phong cho cac trao luu ve phat triln bin vihig phai ke den la gioi bao ve moi truang Tay Au va Bac My Vao nam 1915, Uy ban bao ve moi truong Canada duoc lap, nhim khuyin khich nguoi ton trpng nhihig chu ky tu nhien, va cho rang moi the he co quyen Idiai thac Ipi ich tir nguon von tiiien nhien, nhung nguon von phai dupc tri nguyen ven cho nhiing the he tuong lai de hp huang thu va su dung theo mpt each thiic tuong tu Trong bao cao "Toan the giai bao ve dpng vat hoang da" tai Hpi nghi quoc te ve bao ve thien nhien hpp tai Paris (Phap) nam 1923, Paul Sarasin, nha bao ve moi truong Thuy Sy da bien ho cho viec cin phai bao ve thien nhien tra nen cap bach hon bao gio hit Dac biet, m l i quan he giita bao ve thien nhien va sir dung tai nguyen thien nhien 64 tiep tuc la m l i quan tam hang dau cua cac to chiic quic t l k l tu sau Chien tranh the giai thii hai Cac t l chirc Chuong trinh Phat triln Lien Hpp Q u i c (UNDP), T I chiic Giao due, Khoa hpc va Van hoa Lien Hpp Quic (UNESCO), T l chiic Y t l Thi giai (WHO), T6 chiic Luong thuc va Nong nghiep Lien Hpp Q u i c (FAO), va Hpi dong khoa hpc quic t l (ICSU)) da phii hpp chat che de tim hieu diln biln moi truang tu nhien, tir dua chuang trinh hanh dpng huofng cac q u i c gia phat triln theo mo hinh bin virng Nam 1951, UNESCO da xuit ban mpt tai lieu dang luu y voi tieu de Thuc trgng bdo vi moi truang thiin nhien tren the giai vdo nhung ndm 1950 Tai lieu dupc cap nhat vao nam 1954 va dupc coi nhu mpt nhung tai lieu quan trgng cho "Hpi nghi ve moi truong - nguai (1972) Lien Hop Quoc to chiic tai Stockholm (Thuy Dien) ^, va no cung dupc xem nhu la "tien than" cua bao cao Bnindtland ^ Thap ky 70 ciia thi ky XX, thuat ngii phat trien ben vimg tiep tuc dupc dl cap den cac cong trinh nghien ciiu ciia cac hoc gia phuong Tay, nhu: Vong tron khep kin cua Barry Commoner (1971), Kinh ti hgc nhd nuac mgnh ciia Herman Daily (1973), va cong trinh Nhiing duang sir dung ndng luang mim: vi mgt nin hod binh Idu ddi cua Amory Lovins (1977) Dac biet khai niem dupc dl cap toan di^n nliat cong trinh Xdy dung mgt xa hgi bin vUng ciia Laster Brown (1981) [11 Den dau thap nien 80 cua thi ky XX, thuat ngii phat triln bin vung lln dlu tieii dupc sir dung chiln lupc bao t i n thi gioi hiep hpi bao t i n thien nhien va tai nguyen thien nhien quic tl, Qu? dpng vat hoang da thi gioi va Chuong triiih M6i Nguyen Biic Chien truang Lien Hop Quoc de xuat, cung vai sir trp giiip Clia UNESCO va FAO Tuy nhien, phai khing dinh ring, khai niem chinh thiic phi biln rpng rai tren thi giai tir sau bao cao Bnindtland (1987) Ke tir sau bao cao Bnindtland, khai niem phat trien bin viing tro khai niem chia khoa giiip cac quic gia xay dung quan diem, dinh huong, giai phap thao go be tac cac vSn dl phat trien No ciing dupc xem la giai doan mo duang cho "Hpi thao vl phat ttien va moi truang ciia Lien Hpp Quoc va Diln dan toan cau hoa dupc to chiic tai Rio de Janeiro (1992), va Hgi nghi Thupng dinh the gioi ve phat trien bin virng tai Johaimesburg (2002), Hpi nghi Thuang dinh Lien Hpp Quoc nam 2015 thong qua Chuang trinh nghi sir 2030 vl Phat hien ben vung"'^ Dua vao nguon dii lieu thii cap thu thap dupc, vcri each tiep can lien nganh, bai viet ban luan ve npi ham khai niem, tieu chi danh gia phat trien ben vilng, va gpi mo hucmg xay dung tieu chi danh gia luong phat hien ben viing Viet Nam boi canh hpi nhap quic te hien Khai niem "phat triSn ben virng" theo Brundtland Nhu da neu, cho den da co nhieu quan diem khac ban thao ve khai niem phat trien ben vihig, vay gioi han ciia bai viet chi de c^p din khai niem phat trien ben vung theo quan dilm ciia Lien Hgp Quoc, bit diu tir Uy ban Brundtland: "Phat triln ben vung la su phat triln thoa man nhiing nhu cau ciia hien tai va khong phuang hai toi kha nang dap iing nhu cau ciia cac the he tuong lai Do la qua trinh phat triln kinh te dua vao nguon tai nguyen dupc tai tao va ton trpng nhimg qua trinh sinh thai co ban, su da dang sinh hpc va nhung he thing trp giup tu nhien doi voi cupc song cua nguoi, dpng vat va thuc vat" [5] Qua cac ban tuyen bo quan trpng, khai niem phat trien ben viing tiep tuc mo rpng them npi ham khong chi dimg lai a nhan tl sinh thai ma di vao cac nhan to xa hpi, nguai, no ham chiia sir binh ding giira nhung nuoc giau va ngheo, va giiia cac thi he Tham chi, no bao ham su can thiet giai trir quan bi, coi day la dilu kien tien quyet nham giai phong nguon tai chinh can thiet de ap dung khai niem phat trien ben viing (TuySn bo Alma Ata); Tuyen bo Isilio (Chau Phi) va Hpi nghi Thupng dinh Lien Hpp Quoc nam 2015 thong qua Chuong trinh nghi su 2030 ve Phat trien ben viing, voi 17 muc tieu chung phat trien ben viing va 169 muc tieu cu the dupc thong qua nham dam bao cho qua trinh hpi nhap va lien ket giua cac quoc gia, vi Ipi ich chung cua mpi nguoi dan, cho the he hom va mai Nhin chung, Chuong trinh nghi su 2030 vi su phat trien ben vung c6 dp bao phu chinh sach phi quat, rpng Ion, toan dien, vi lpi ich cua nguoi dan tren toan the gioi, cho cac the he hom va mai Chuong trinh nghi su da de tam nhin chiln luoc moi, phan anh khat vpng chung Clia toan nhan loai dupc song mpt the giai hoa binh, an toan, cong bang tao khuon va dinh huong mai cho mpi quoc gia viec iing cac thach thirc chung ve kinh tl, xa hpi va moi tnrang Thuc tl, Viet Nam rit quan tam din phat triln bin viing, thi hien tir Van kien Dai hpi Dang lin thii VII (1991) cho din Van kien Dai hgi Dang lin thii XII (2016), muc tieu phat triln dit nuoc bin vung luon 65 Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 dupc nhan manh Trong nhiing nam qua Nha nuoc da ban hanh nhieu van ban quan trpng dh the che hoa cac cam ket voi quoc tl: KI hoach quoc gia ve Moi truang va Phat hiln bin vung giai doan 1991-2000; dong thai lap he thong to chiic quan ly nha nuoc ve moi trudng va tai nguyen din cac c4p quan/huyen, phuang/xa; tang cucmg nguon dau tu cho cong tac bao ve moi trucmg va tai nguyen; long ghep van de m6i tnrang qua trinh lap ke hoach phat trien kinh te - xa hpi [8] Nam 2012 Chinh phii da Quyet dinh phe duyet Chien lupc Phat triln ben viing Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020, nhin manh "Phat trien ben vung la yeu cau xuyen suot qud trinh phat trien dat nuoc, ket hpp chat che, hpp ly va hai hoa giiia phat trien kinh te voi phat trien xa hpi va bao ve tai nguyen, moi truong, dam bao quoc phong, an ninh va trat tu an toan xa hpi" [11] Nam 2015, tren co so 17 muc tieu chung va 169 muc tieu cu the thuc liien Chuang trinh nghi su 2030 ve phat trien ben vimg ciia Lien Hpp Quoc; can cii vao dieu kien thuc tiln, kha nang va uu tien phat trien tung giai doan Viet Nam da ban hanh Ke hoach hanh dpng qu6c gia thuc liien Chuong trinh nghi.su 2030 vi su phat trien ben vihig Quyet dinh so 622/QD-TTg 10 thang nam 2017 cua Thii tuang Chinh phii quy dinh: "Xay dung va ban hanh he thong chi tieu thong ke phat trien ben viing, mupn nhat nam 2018, dam bao xay dung dupc cac chi tieu danh gia dinh lupng Din nam 2020, hoan ca so dii lieu thing ke phuc vu giam sat, danh gia thuc hien cac muc tieu phat trien ben vimg." [12] Nhu vay, khai niem Phat triln bin viing dupc dl cap ban dau bao cao Brundtland (1983) cho din Chuong trinh 66 nghi su 2030 (2015), luon dupc cap nhat va mo rpng tir quan tam din moi truong, kinh te va cho din cac chilu canh xa hgi; vai mpt npi ham rpng va cang day du cac khia each cua su phat triln, khong chi la no lire nham hoa giai kinh te va moi truang, hay tham chi phat triln kinh tl - xa hpi va bao ve moi truang, ma bao ham nhiing khia canh chinh tri - quic phong, dac biet la binh dang xa hpi duoc quan tam Voi y nghia nay, no dugc xem la "tieng chuong" hay noi each khac la "tim biln liieu" canh bao hanh vi ciia loai nguai the gi6i duong dai Luan dilm then chot phan anh ban chat, npi ham khai niem phat trien ben vihig la phat triSn thoa man nhihig nhu cau cua hien tai va khong phuong hai tai kha nang dap limg nhu cau cua cac the he tuong lai, dam bao su on dinh, hai hoa chinh tri, kinh te, xa hpi, van hoa, quyen binh dang giiia cac nhom doi song xa hpi Do tinh da dang va phuc tap cua van de phat trien ben viing, nhat la boi canh cac quoc gia va cac to chiic quic tl da co nhieu no lire khong chi diln ngon ma the hien manh me bing nhihig hanh dpng cu thi Thuc tiln cac tranh luan lien quan den phat triln bin viing, vSn chua di den hoi kit, cuIn hiit mli quan tam cang nhieu cua tl chiic quic tl, tl chiic phi chinh phu; dang phai chinh tri, cac nha tu tuong, cac phong trao xa hpi va gioi khoa hpc tten toan thi giai Mot sl quan dilm cho ring khai nipm Phat triln bin vung mai chi dimg lai cip dp ly thuyit ma hi, phiie tap va kho ap dung Trong quan dilm khac thi lai khing dinh khai mem kho van dung doi voi ITnh vuc chinh tri, xa hpi va van hoa Theo quan dilm cua chiing toi khai niem da luon dupc cap nhat bl sung, CO nhiing dong gop nhit dinh dii vai Nguyln Biic Chi^n phat ttiln ben viing tu nhien, sinh thai, moi truong, xa hgi, van hoa; su can thilt moi quan he hai hoa giiia nguoi va tu nhien, kinh tl va moi truang, kinh tl va xa hpi, kinh tl va van hoa Dieu quan trpng nhit la viec hiiu, chuyen hoa va van dung khai niem vao thuc tien quan ly phat ttiln bSn vihig can co su linh hoat, phii hgp voi khuon kho the che, xa hpi, van hoa cua timg dia phuang, quoc gia va dan tpc Cin han che toi thiSu cac dinh kien, thien kien ttong viec hieu va thao tac hoa khai niem, phai quan tam hai hoa giiia cac chi bao khai niem Ket hop van dung tri thiic khoa hpc da lien nganh, xuyen nganh (khoa hpc tu nhien, khoa hpc moi truong, khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van viec tham gia dong gop lam ro khai niem phat trien ben viing Huy dpng su tham gia ciia mpi nguoi dan, phan dan tpc, ton giao va chii the xa hpi khdc viec thao tac hoa khai niem phat trien ben virng, chuyen hoa khai niem vao thuc tien phat trien Moi mpt quoc gia, dan tpc tten the gidi co qua trinh lich su, tri thiic ban dia,ttinhdp phat triln, dac trung xa hpi va ban sac van hoa rieng Can coi trpng nhung gia tri ttong qua trinh phat trien ben vihig Viec hieu va van dung khai niem phat trien ben viing mpt each may moc, don chieu CO the se lam phuang hai den cac gia tri lich su, xa hpi, van hoa ciia m5i dan tpc, quoc gia va the gidi Ioai ngudi tuong lai se ttd nen don dieu, mit di tinh da dang ttong phat triln ttien ben viing Diu tien la cac cdng ttinh cua gidi nghien cuu moi trudng nhu "Tiln tdi moi ttudng bin vung" cua Trung tam Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, Dai hpc Tdng hpp Ha Npi Cdng trinh da tilp thu va thao tac hoa khai ni$m phat triln bin vihig theo bao cao Brundtland Cu thi hoa he tieu chi phat triln bin viing nhu mpt tiln trinb ddi hdi su tien ttien ddng thdi ciia bin ITnh vuc: bin vung vl mat kinh tl, bin viing vl mat nhan van, ben viing vl mat mdi trudng, ben viing ve mat ky thuat; "Nghien ciiu xay dung tieu chi phat ttien ben viing cap qudc gia d Viet Nam - giai doan 1" (2003) cua Vien Moi trudmg va Phat triln bin viing, Hdi Lien hiep cac Hdi Khoa hpc ky thuat Viet Nam tien hanh [14] Tren ca sd tham khao bp tieu chi phat trien ben vimg cua Brundtland, va kinh nghiem cac nudc nhu Trung Qudc, Anh, My, cac tac gia da thao tac hoa khai niem vdi cac tieu chi cu the ddi vdi mpt qudc gia: ben viing kinh te, ben vihig xa hpi, va ben vihig mdi trudng Ddng thdi cimg dl xuat mpt sd phuang an lua chpn bd tieu chi phat trien b^n viing cho Viet Nam "Quan ly moi trudng cho sir phat ttiln bin vung" (2000) Luu Diic Hai va cpng sir tiln hanh [4] Cdng trinh da ttinh bay he thing quan diem ly thuyet va hanh dpng quan ly moi trudng cho phat triln bin viing Dinh hoa su phat trien ben vung qua cac dp do: bin viing kinh te, ben vihig mdi trudng, ben vung van hoa - tdng quan nhilu md hinh phat triln ben vung, nhu md hinh vdng trdn kinh tl, xa hdi, mdi trudng giao cua Jacobs va Sadler; md hinh tuong tac da linh vuc kinh te, chinh tri, hanh chinh, cdng nghe, quic te, Tieu chi danh gia phat trien bin virng san xuit, xa hpi ciia Uy ban Mdi trudng va Vi?t Nam, din da cd nhieu cdng Phat triln Thi gidi (WCED) (nay la Uy ban trinh nghien ciiu lien quan den tieu chi phat Brundtland) (1987); md hinh lien he thing 67 Khoa hpc xa boi Viet Nam, so 10 - 2019 kinh tl, xa hdi, sinh thai cua Villen; md hinh nhdm muc tieu kinh te, xa hpi, mdi trudng cua Ngan hang The gidi (WB) Chii dl ciing dupc ban luan sdi ndi ttong gidi khoa hpc xa hpi, dang chii y la cdng trinh "D6i mdi chinh sach xa hpi: Luan cii va giai phap" ciia Pham Xuan Nam xuit ban nam 1997 Trong cdng ttinh nay, tac gia da lam rd he tieu chi the hien quan dilm phat triln ben viing: phat trien xa hdi, phat ttiln kinh tl, bao ve mdi trudng, phat triln chinh tri, tinh thin, tri tue, va cudi cimg la chi bao qudc te ve phat trien Cdng ttinh "Xa hdi hpc Viet Nam trudc nguong ciia thi ky XXI tac gia Biii Dinh Thanh cdng bl nam 2003 ciing chi tieu chi ca ban ve phat trien ben viing: chi bao kinh te; xa hdi; mdi trudng; chinh tri, tinh than, tri tue; van hoa; vai trd phu nu, va chi bao qudc tl Nhilu cdng trinh ban ve tieu chi phat triln ben viing ciing dupc cdng bd gan day, ching ban nhu cdng trinh cua tac gia Pham Thi Thanh Binh cdng bd gan day, vdi tieu dl "Phat trien ben vihig d Viet Nam: tieu chi danh gia va dinh hudng phat trien" ciing da cd nhilu no lire viec xay dung cac tieu chi phat ttien ben vihig phii hpp vdi thuc tien Viet Nam Tac gia da dl xuit ba nhdm tieu chi co ban: (1) Phat triln bin vung ve kinh te la phat trien nhanh va an toan, chit lupng Phat triln bin vihig vl kinh tl ddi hdi su phat trien cua he thdng kinh tl ttong dd ca hpi de tiep xiic vdi nhiing ngudn tai nguyen dupc tao dieu kien thuan lpi va quyin sir dung nhung ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien cho cac hoat ddng kinh tl dupc chia se mdt each binh ding; (2) Phat ttiln bin vihig ve xa hdi dugc danh gia bing cac tieu chi, nhu chi sd phat trien ngudi (HDI), he sd bmh ding thu nhap, cac chi tieu vl giao due, y tl, phiic lgi xa hdi hudng thu van hda Ngoai ra, ben viing ve xa hpi la sir bao dam ddi sing xa hpi hai hda; cd sir binh ding giiia cac giai tang xa hgi, binh dang gidi; muc dp chenh lech giau ngheo khdng qua cao va co xu hudng gan Iai; chenh lech ddi sdng giila cac vimg miln khdng ldn; (3) Phat ttiln bgn vihig ve radi trudng la sii dung cac yeu td tu nhien dd, chat lupng mdi trudng sdng ciia ngudi phai dugc bao dam Dd la bao dam su ttong sach ve khdng khi, nudc, dat, khdng gian dia ly, canh quan Chat lugng cua cac yeu td tren ludn can dugc coi trpng va thudng xuyen dupc danh gia kiem dinh theo nhiing tieu chuan qudc gia hoac qudc te Nhin chung, cac cdng trinh nghiSn ciiu cd mpt diem chung la thao tac hda khai niem phat ttien ben vung theo Brundtland Cling nhu cap nhat md rpng khai niem phat trien ben viing theo Lien Hgp Qudc Cac tieu chi ve phat trien ben viing ve co ban da phan anh va bao triim mpi mat tu nhien, mdi trudng, kinh tS, xa hdi, van hda Dilu dang quan tam la cac tac gia da cd nhieu no Iuc viec thao tac hda khai niem dl di den nhihig chi tieu/chi bao va lugng hda dupc cac vin dl lien quan din phat triln bin viing d Viet Nam Tuy nhien, chiing toi cho rang, cac chi tieu dugc neu vin cdn chung chung mang tinh liet ke, su phu hgp va thich iing ciia cac chi bao vdi thuc tl Viet Nam, cu thi la d cac linh vuc va cip dp khac vSn cin phai xem xet lai, nhit la dat ttong bdi canh Viet Nam chuyin ddi va hpi nhap Hon niia, cac tieu chi van chua hai hda giila dinh tinh va dinh lupng ludng phat ttiln bin viing; dilu cd the la trd ngai ddi vdi viec thuc hien phat triln bin vilng ttong tit ca cac ITnh vuc d Viet Nam hien Nguyln Due Chign Ket luan phat trien bin vung la he vin dl kha phiic tap, can cd tilp can da nganh, lien nganh, xuyen nganh viec xay dung cac chi tieu phat trien bin viing bao dam tinh bao triim va thich ung vdi timg ITnh vuc, cip dp dia phuong hay qudc gia; tranh xu hudng dinh kien hay thien lech, qua trinh cin cd su tham gia ddng gdp khdng chi tri thtic Clia gidi khoa hpc tu nhien, mdi trudng, khoa hgc xa hdi va nhan van, ma cdn cin sir ddng gdp Clia gidi lap chinh sach, gidi quan ly xa hdi, tham chi ke ca cpng ding, ngudi dan tham gia vao dl cd tbi xac dinh not ham khai niem phii hpp, tiln hanh tuin ttr cac budc thao tac hda khai niem dh di din xac dinh nhung chi tieu phat triln bin viing d cac cap dp vT md, vi md Phat triln ben viing dang la van dl dat dli vdi toan nhan loai Viet Nam la mdt quic gia dang phat trien, qua trinh chuyin dli va hdi nhap dang dien slu rdng, viec quan tam den phat trien ben viing khdng chi bao dam phat ttien dat nudc hien tai ma cdn la CO sd cho dn dinh va phat triln lau dai cua dat nudc Khai niem phat triln bin vihig cd ndi ham rat rdng, bao gdm nhieu khia canh khac lien quan den tu nhien, mdittudng,kinh te, xa hdi, van hda Vin dl dat la xac dinh ro npi ham khai niem phat trien ben viing can phai tilp tuc thao tac khai niem theo nhieu cap dp, di tii cap dp khai niem da nghTa trim tugng "phat trien ben viing" den nhiing cip dp tiep theo it triiu tugng, dan nghia, dac biet la den cap dp thap nhat la cac khai niem Chii thich con, chi tiet, cu the timg ITnh vuc lien quan den mdi tnrdng, kinh te, xa hdi Trong ^ Sir kien \
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