Chinh sach tao viec lam cho ngiroi khuy§t tat 6* Viet Nam Trmh Thi Phirffng' ' Vien Xd hoi hpc, Vien Hdn lam Khoa hgc xd hdi Viet Nam Email: trinhthiphuong@ios org.vn Nhan ngdy thdng ndm 2019 Chdp nhdn ddng ngdy 15 thdng 10 ndm 2019 Tom tat: Trong nhung nam gan day, chinh sach hd trg ciia Nha nudc vi giai quyit viec lam cho ngiroi khuyet tat da dat dugc nhieu cong So lugng ngudi khuyet tat co viec lam da tang len dang ke Chinh sach giai quyet viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tgt tiing budc dugc xd hgi hod vdi sir tham gia cang nhieu cua khu vuc tu nhan Tuy nhien, qua trinh thuc thi chfnh sach van ton tai nhieu bat cap, kha nang tim kiem vi^c lam ciia ngudi khuyet tat van ggp nhieu kho khdn Vi vay, Nha nudc cin co nhung giai phap thiet thirc, cy thd hem va th\rc thi chinh sach hd trg tao vi?c lam cho ngudi khuydt tat dat dugc hidu qua cao nhat Tir khoa: Chinh sach, ngudi khuyet tat, vi?c lam Phan loai nganh: Xa hgi hgc Abstract: In recent years, the Vietnamese State's support policy on employment for people with disabihties has reaped many successes The number of those people having a job has increased significantly The employment policy for people with disabilities has been gradually mobilising the participation of socail stratta, with the increasing participation of the private sector However, in the process of implementing the policy, there remain many things to be improved, and people with disabilities still face many difficulties seeking jobs Therefore, the State needs to have more practical and specific solutions and implement the policy to assist job creation for the people with disabilities in a most effective manner Keywords: PoHcy, people with disabilities, employment Subject classiflcation: Sociology Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 11 -2019 Mddau Ty le ngudi khuyet tat d Viet Nam hien khdng nhd Viet Nam cd khoang'6,2 trieu ngudi khuyet tat Khoang 13% dan sd (gSn 12 trieu ngudi) sdng hg gia dinh cd ngudi khuyet tat va ty le dir ki6n cdn tang len [11] Ddi sdng cua ngudi khuylt tat vo cung khd khan ca ve sinh ly, tam ly lan tai chinh Viec lam ludn la van de dugc mgi ngudi dan, xa hdi quan tam Trong xa hgi nay, de tim dugc cdng viec dn dinh va phu hgp la rat khd khan, dac biet ddi vdi ngudi khuyet tat bdi hg phai chiu thiet thdi ve the chat, tinh than hon nhdng ngudi khac Ben canh do, ngudi khuyet tat cdn chiu nhieu bat lgi khac nhu sir xa lanh, mac cam hay thai thuong hai cua khdng it chil the xa hgi Giai quyet viec lam cho ngudi lao dgng khuyet tat khdng chi la mdt van de kinh te, ma cdn mang y nghTa xa hdi sau sac Khi ngudi lao dgng khuyet tat dugc-tao dieu kien tiep can ca hgi viec lam, hg se co them tu tin de cong hien nhiing nang lire cua minh cho xa hgi Viec lam giup ngudi lao dgng khuyet tat tao cua cai vat chat cho xa hdi, cd thu nhap nudi sdng ban than, phu giup gia dinh Qua dd, ngudi khuyet tat khdng cdn tam ly phai sdng dua dam, phu thudc vao ngudi khac, sdng hda nhap hem vdi cgng ddng, xa hgi va dugc mgi ngudi thua nhan La mdt qudc gia dang phat trien cung vdi nhung dinh hudng phat trien kinh te ben vimg, giai quy^t viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat cang dugc quan tara d Viet Nam Hd trg giai quy6t viec lam, tim cho ngudi khuyet tat mdt cdng viec phu hop khdng chi giup nhdm lao dgng tu tin vugt len hoan canh, hda nhap cdng ddng, gdp phan giam bdt ganh nang cho gia dinh va xa hdi, ma cdn khang dinh vai trd cua hg, giup hg tham gia ddng gdp vao cac hoat dgng xa hgi, gdp ph4n vao cdng cuoc xSy dung phat va trien dit nudc Bai viet ban ve chinh sach tao viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat d Viet Nam hien Chinh sach ho trff von cho ngirdi khuyet tat Luat Ngudi khuyet tat dugc ban hanh nam 2010 nham the che hda quan diem, chu truong chinh sach cua Dang, cu the hda quy dinh Hien phap cua Nha nudc, timg budc luat phap hda cac quan he chinh tri, kinh tl, van hda - xa hgi va cac chinh sach lien quan din ngudi khuyet tat, tao mdi trudng phap ly, dilu kien va co hgi bmh ding, khdng rao can ddi vdi ngudi khuylt tat Viec Iam cho ngudi khuyet tat dugc ca Lien Hgp Qudc va Td chuc Lao ddng Qudc tk (ILO) dac biet quan tam Lien Hgp Qu6c quy dinh; cac qudc gia phai cdng nhan quyin dugc lam viec cua ngudi khuylt tat, bang each thuc thi nhung budc phii hgp, bao gdm ca cac bien phap luat phap ILO hudng dan thuc day ca hdi viec lam binh dSng cho ngudi khuylt tat khdng bao gdm viec ngan c4m phan biet ddi xd vi Iy khuylt tat Ngay 22 thang 10 nam 2007, Viet Nam da ky Cdng udc Lien Hop Qu6c vl quy|n cua ngudi khuyet tat Nha nudc cung ban hanh nhilu chinh sach nhiim hd trg vdn cho ngudi khuylt tat Dilu 33, Luat Ngudi p u y l t tat nam 2010 quy dinh: ngudi khuylt tat tu t£to viec lam Trjnh Thj Phugng • hoac hg gia dinh tao viec lam cho ngudi khuylt tat dugc vay vdn vdi lai suSt uu dai de san xuit kinh doanh, dugc hudng din ve san xuAt, chuyin giao cdng nghe, hd trg tieu thu san phkm theo quy dinh cua Chinh phu [7] Viec lam ddi vdi ngudi khuyet tat dugc hudng din cu the tai Dieu Nghi dinh 28/2012/ND-CP quy dinh chi tilt va hudng dSn thi hanh mdt sd ndi dung ciia Luat Ngudi Khuyet tat nam 2010 nhu sau: Ichuyln khich ngudi khuyet tat tu tao viec lam, hg gia dinh tao viec lam cho ngudi khuylt tat; ngudi khuylt tat dugc vay vdn vcri lai suit uu dai de san xuat kinh doanh tit Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi (NHCSXH) Dilu kien, thdi han va muc von cho vay thuc hien theo cac quy dinh hien hanh ap dung ddi vdi cac du an vay von giai quyet viec Iam Ngudi khuylt tat tiep can vdi vdn vay cua NHCSXH r4t thuan lgi, bdi hg la dli tugng im tien vay vdn cua NHCSXH va dugc ap dung mgi che nhu nhihig ddi tugng chinh sach khac xa hgi D I ho trg tin dung ddi vdi ngudi khuylt tat, NHCSXH da cho cac ddi tugng vay v6n thong qua Quy qudc gia ve viec lam NHCSXH Viet Nam da ddy manh thuc hien nhieu chuang trinh tin dung hd trg vdn vay cho ngudi khuylt tat Tinh din cuoi thang 2/2018, dir ng cho vay ddi ngudi khuylt tat, doanh nghiep sd dung lao dgng la ngudi khuylt tat tai NHCSXH dat 118 ty ddng, vdi 5.838 khach hang cdn du ng, chilm ty le 0,07% tren tong du ng cac chuang trinh tin dung cua NHCSXH (du ngr cho vay cua NHCSXH la 170.775 ty ddng, vdi tren 6,7 Irieu khach hang cdn du ng) [15] Ngoai hd trg vdn cho cac tnmg tam dao tao nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat, nhieu dia phuang cdn cd nhimg chinh sach uu dai khac, nhu; (1) cap dat cho Trung tam Day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat va tre md cdi phd de md rdng ca sd hien hiJu, tang them sd lugng xudng day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat va tre md cdi; (2) cap dat cho Hgi Nan nhan chat dgc da cam xay dung ca sd dieu tri, day nghe cho nan nhan chat dgc da cam; (3) day van hda, day nghe mien phi cho ngudi khuylt tat tai Trung tam Bao trg Day nghd va tao viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat phd (thudc Sd Lao dgng - Thuang binh va Xa hgi) va Trudng Day nghe cho ngudi khuylt tat va tre md cdi phd (thudc Hgi bao trg Ngudi khuyet tat va Tre md cdi phd) [13] Tuy nhien, tu nam 2014 din nay, ngudn vdn Quy qudc gia ve viec lam chua dugc bd sung them dl NHCSXH md rgng cho vay giai quylt viec lam den cac ddi tugng chinh sach dd cd ngudi khuyet tat, ma chi thuc hien cho vay bang nguIn vdn quay vdng Do vay ngudi lao dgng khuylt tat Cling chua cd dieu kien tiep can nhieu han cac ngu6n vdn uu dai tao viec lam, dan den ty le ngudi khuylt tat dugc tiep can vdi ngudn vdn vay uu dai thap Chinh sach dao tao nghe cho ngffdi khuyet tat Nha nudc cd trach nhiem tao dieu kien de ngudi khuylt tat dugc chinh hinh, phuc hdi chuc nang, hgc nghe, lao dgng de cd the sdng dgc lap, hda nhap cdng ddng; chu 119 Khoa hgc xa hoi Viet Nam, s6 11 - 2019 dpng hon viec thu huong cac gia tri van hoa, the thao, nghe thuat Nha nuoc bao dam de nguoi Ichuyet tat dugc tu van hoc nghe mien phi, lira chon va hpc nghe theo Idia nang, nang luc binh dang nhu nhimg nguoi Ichac Co so day nghe to chuc dfiy nghe cho nguoi khuyet tat phai bao dam diiu kien day nghe cho nguoi khuyet tat va dupc huong chitth sach uu dai theo quy dinh Clia phap luat; phai cap van bang, chung chi, cong nhan nghe dao tao ngucri khuyet tat da hoan chuong trinh hpc Quyen lam viec ciia lao dpng khuyet tat la tien de tao co hpi va dpng luc chp nguai khuyet tat tim kiem viec lam, cp co hpi khang dinh ban than, tu lap cupc spng, tap thu nhap de khong phai dua dim vao gia dinh, nguoi than Can khuyen khich va h6 trp nguoi khuyet tat hpc ngh§, tao mpi truang lam viec phu hpp N h ^ thiic xa hpi ve nguoi khuyet tat, dac biet la nhan thiic cua nguai sii dung lao dpng da thay d6i dang k l Nhan thilc ciia nguoi khuySt tat vh hpc nghS va viec lam cung thay d6i thep chieu huang tich cue, cung vpi su trp giiip cua Nha nuoc va xa hpi, s6 luang nguoi khuyk tat tham gia hoc ngh6, s6 nguai khuyet t£it co vi^c lam, djc biet la viec lam khu vuc chinh thiic co chiSu huang gia tang Viec h6 tra nguoi khuyet tat hpc nghj, tu tap viec lam la mpt nhung bien phap gop phin xoa doi giam ngheo, thuc hien t6t Muc tieu Phat trien Thien nien ky cua Lien Hpp Qu6c va Cong uoc qufic t6 vj nguai khuyet t?t Cong tac diiu ph5i v% ITnh vuc day nghe va tao viec lam cho nguoi khuyit tat da co nhung chuyen biin tich cue Hpi Chir thap Viet Nam triin khai du an "H6 tro hoa nh^p kinh ti - xa hpi va viec lam cho nguoi khuyit tat" Hpi Chii thdp Tay Ban Nha h6 trp tai 51 xa cua tinh, phi: Hung Yen, Ha Nam, Hii Ducmg, Binh Thuan, Lam D6ng va Ha Npi Co gSn 800 nguai khuyit tSt dupc day nghe tai 162 CO so dfiy nghi va cac doanh nghiep Cac nghi dao tap chti yiu la: may cong nghidp, may bao bi, go han, giiy da, siia chira lap rap xe dap, cat toe, sua chfia dien tu, tin hpc van phong, tranh eat, lam chpi dpt, may tre dan Sau hoan khoa hpc, 100% hpc vien duoc cap chiing chi nghe, co 278 hpc vien dat lpai gioi, chiem 35% Hpi da tap huan kien thiic ve an tpan lao dong va tu khai su kinh doanh cho 95 nguoi khuyit t^t; sau khoa tap huan, Hpi da ho tra bp cong cu nghi cho nhimg hpc vien co kit qua kinh doanh kha thi, voi miic trieu ding/bp cpng cu/nguoi [14] Hien nay, nhiiu hoat dpng trg giiip nguai khuyit tat vi vi$c lam da dugc ti chiic, dac biet quan tam din xiic tien viec lam cho nguai khuyit tat Cac dia phuang tren ca nuac da ti chiic dugc nhiiu hoat dpng en y nghia quan trpng tap ca hpi tham gia hpc nghi va co vi$e lam cho nguoi khuyet tat Hang nam, hpi chg viSc lam danh rieng chp ngum khuyit tit dugc ti chiic vai quy md lan voi su tham gia ctia nhieu doanh nghiep tuyin dung lao d0ng thu hut su quan tam cua hang nghin ngum khuyet tat San giao dich viec lam da thuc Trinh Thi Phugng sy trd hdi cua ngudi khuylt t^t Viet Nam Nha nudc ban hanh nhilu chinh sach nham tao viec lam cho ngudi khuylt tat, tir dd giup ngudi khuyet tat cai thien kinh tl cung nhu hda nhap xa hgi tdt han Hgi Bao hg ngudi tan tat va tre md cdi Viet Nam va cac vien da day nghi cho hang nghin ngudi khuylt tat, Trung uong Hoi da phoi hgp td chuc xay dung md hinh day nghe gan vdi giai quyet viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tfit tai cac co sd san xuSt kinh doanh d khap cac tinh Sau tdt nghiep, hau het ngudi khuyet tat hgc nghi dS dugc giai quyet viec lam can phai cd tieng ndi cung nhu hoat ddng manh me hon nham lien ket td chuc tuyen dung vdi ngudi khuylt tat Vi han hit, cac td chuc chinh la nhdng ngudi tilp xuc ciing nhu g4n ngudi khuylt tat nhit, se hieu dugc nhung diem manh ciing nhu diem yeu cua ngudi khuylt tat, tir se cd hudng giup ngudi khuyet tat dl dang tim kiem viec lam Kinh phi dau tu day nghi cho ngudi khuyet tat co tang nhung nam glln day nhung van cdn thap so vdi nhu c3u thuc te Dinh muc hd trg hgc nghe tir Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia thap, khdng du chi phi cho viec mua sam nguyen vat lieu, ho trg ngudi khuylt tat di lai, an d hgc n ^ l Dgi ngu giao vien day nghi cho ngudi khuyet tat mdng, it dugc bdi dudng chuyen mon Ky nang day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat chua dugc xay dung Ca sd vat chat va trang ihiet bj day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat chua dam bao dieu kien tilp can va chua dugc dau tu nghien cuu cai tiln phu hgp Ngudi khuyet tat da khdng ngimg vuon len cuge sdng, kh4c phuc nhimg khd khan Tuy nhien, co hgi viec lam vdi hg vin rat han che Can dSy manh xay dung cac cong cu nham lien kit giiJa cac td chuc cd nhu cau tuyen dung vdi ngudi khuyet tat Viec xay dung se tao dieu kien cho cac t6 chuc tuyen dung vdi ngudi ngudi khuyet t^t CO moi lien kit chat che vdi Ben c ^ cac tl chuc cua ngudi khuyet tat Bd luat Lao ddng sua ddi, bd sung nam 2012 khang dinh; "Nha nudc bao trg quyen lao ddng, tu tao viec lam cua lao ddng la ngudi khuyet tat, cd chinh sach khuyin khich va uu dai ngudi su dung lao ddng tao viec lam va nhan lao dgng la ngudi khuyet tat vao lam viec, theo quy dinh cua LuSt Ngudi khuyet tat" [5] Ve nguyen tac, quan he lao dgng giira ngudi lao dgng va ngudi su dung lao dgng dugc xac lap tren co sd tu nguyen, binh dang Nhung vi ngudi khuyet tat gap nhieu han che hon ve kha nang lao dgng so vdi ngudi khdng khuyet tat, nen hg bi han che ve co hdi viec lam De hEui che sir bat cdng nay, Nha nudc phai ban hanh nhihig chinh sach uu dai nhat dinh cho lao dgng la ngudi khuyet tat Luat Lao dgng nam 1994 va cac van ban dudi luat cd nhimg quy dinh danh uu dai cho ngudi khuylt tat mdt sd ITnh virc ve viec lam, dd la, thiet lap he thdng ban ngach ve viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat Theo dd, tat ca cac doanh nghiep dugc yeu cau phai thue 3% lao dgng la ngudi khuylt tat (2% ddi Chinh sach sir dung lao dgng la ngirdi khuyet tat 121 Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 11 - 2019 dpng hon viec thu huomg cac gia tri van hoa, thi thap, nghe thuat Nha nuoc bao dam di nguai khuyet tat dupc tu van hpc nghi miln phi, lua chpn va hpc nghe theo kha nang, nang luc binh ding nhu nhiing nguoi khac Co so day nghe to chiic day nghi cho nguoi khuy6t tat phai bao dam diiu kien day nghi cho nguoi khuyet tat va dugc huong chinh sach uu dai theo quy dinh Clia phap luat; phai cap van bang, chiing chi, cong nhan nghe dao tao ngucri khuyet tat da hoan chuong trinh hpc Quyin lam viec ciia lap dong khuyet tat la ti£n de tao co hpi va dpng luc cho nguai khuyit tat tim kiem viec lam, co co hpi khing dinh ban than, tu lap cupc sing, tao thu nhap de khong phai dua dam vao gia dinh, ngucri than Cin khuyin khich va h6 trp nguoi khuyet tat hpc nghe, tao moi truang lam vipc phu hpp Nhan thiic xa hpi ve nguoi khuyet tat, dac biet la nhan thiic ciia nguoi su dung lao dpng da thay dii dang kg Nhan thirc ciia nguoi khuyit tat ve hpc nghe va viec lam ciing thay dii theo chiiu huong tich cue, cung voi su trp giiip ciia Nha nuoc va xa hpi, s6 lugng nguoi khuyet tat tham gia hpc nghi, s6 nguai khuyet t^t co viec lam, d^c biet la viec lam khu vuc chinh thiic co chiiu huong gia tang Viec hi trg nguoi khuyit tat hpe nghe, tu tap viec lam la mpt nhiing bien phap gop phin xoa doi giam ngheo, thuc hien tit Muc tieu Phat triin Thien nien ky cua Lien Hgp Quic va Cong uoc quic ti vi nguoi khuyet tat Cong tac diiu phii vi ITnh vuc day nghe va tao viSc lam cho ngucri khuyit tM da co nhitng chuyin biin tich cue Hpi Chil thap Viet Nam triin khai du an "H6 trg hoa nhap kinh ti - xa hpi va vi$c lam cho nguai khuyit tat" H6i Chu: thap Tay Ban Nha hd trg tai 51 xa cua tinh, phi: Hung Yen, Ha Nam, Hai Duong, Binh ThuSn, Lam Ding va Ha Noi Co gin 800 nguoi khuyit tat dugc day nghi tai 162 CO s6 day nghi va cac doanh nghiep Cac nghe dao tap chu yeu la: may cong nghiep, may bao bi, go han, giay da, sua chiia lap rap xe dap, cit toe, sila chua dien tli, tin hpc van phong, tranh cat, lam choi dot, may tre dan Sau hoan khoa hpc, 100% hpc vien dugc cap chiing chi nghi, co 278 hpc vien dat loai gioi, chiim 35% Hpi da tap huin kiin thiic vi an toan lao dpng va tu khai su kinh doanh cho 95 nguoi khuyit tjit; sau khoa tap huan, Hpi da hi trg bp cpng cu nghi chp nhiing hpc vien co kit qua kinh doanh kha thi, vol miic trieu ding/bp cong cu/nguoi [14] Hien nay, nhiiu hpat dpng trg giiip ngucri khuyit tat vi vi^c lam da dugc ti chiic, dac biet quan t&n din xiic tiin viec lam cho nguai khuyit tat Cac dia phuang tren ca nuoc da ti chiic dugc nhiiu hoat dpng CO y nghia quan trpng t£ip co hpi tham gia hpc nghi va c6 viec lam cho nguoi khuyit tat Hang nam, hpi chg viec lam danh rieng chp ngucri khuyit tjt dugc ti chiic vai quy mo Ion voi stt tham gia cua nhieu doanh nghiep tuyin dyng lap dpng thu hut su quan tam cua hang nghin nguoi khuyet tat San giap dich viec lam da thuc Trjnh Thi Phugng su trd hdi cua ngudi khuylt tat Vi?t Nam Nha nudc ban hanh nhieu chinh sach nhim tao viec lam cho ngudi khuylt tat, tir giup ngudi khuylt tat cai thien kinh tl ciing nhu hda nhap xa hgi tdt hem Hoi Bao trg ngudi tan tat va tre md cdi Viet Nam va cac vien da day nghe cho hang nghin ngudi khuyet tat, Trung uong Hoi da phii hgp td chdc xay dung md hinh day nghe gan vdi giai quyet viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat tai cac co sd san xuat kinh doanh d khap cac tinh Sau tdt nghiep, hau het ngudi khuyet tat hgc nghe da dugc giai quyet viec lam Kinh phi dau tu day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat cd tang nhiing nam gan day nhung van cdn thap so vdi nhu cau thuc te Dinh muc ho trg hgc nghe tu Chuong trinh muc tieu quoc gia thap, khdng du chi phi cho viec mua sam nguyen vat lieu, hd trg ngudi khuyet tat di lai, an d hgc n ^ e Dgi ngd giao vien day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat mdng, it dugc bdi dudng chuyen mon KJ nang day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat chua dugc xay dimg Ca sd vat chat va trang thiet bi day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat chua dam bao dieu kien tiep can va chua dugc dau tu nghien cuu cai tien phu hgp Ngudi khuyet tat da khdng ngung vuon Ien cuoc sdng, khac phuc nhiing khd khan Tuy nhien, co hgi viec Iam vdi hg van rat han che C§n d4y manh xay dimg cac cong cu nham lien kit giila cac td chuc cd nhu cau tuyen dung vdi ngudi khuyet tat Viec xay dung se tao dieu kien cho cac to chdc tuyen dung vdi ngudi ngudi khuyet tat CO moi lien kit chat che vdi Ben c?nh cac td chuc cua ngudi khuyet tat can phai cd tieng ndi ciing nhu hoat ddng manh me hon nham lien ket td chuc tuyen dung vdi ngudi khuylt tat Vi hon hit, cac td chiic chinh la nhihig ngudi tiep xiic cdng nhu gan ngudi khuylt tat nhat, se hieu dugc nhimg diem manh cung nhu diem yeu cua ngudi khuyet tat, tu se cd hudng giup ngudi khuyet tat de dang tim kiem viec lam Chinh sach sv dung lao dgng la ngirdi khuyet tat Bg luat Lao dgng stra ddi, bd sung nam 2012 khang dinh; "Nha nudc bao trg quyen lao ddng, tu tao viec lam cua lao dgng la ngudi khuyet tat, cd chinh sach khuyen khich va uu dai ngudi su dung lao ddng tao viec lam va nhan lao dgng la ngudi khuyet tat vao lam viec, theo quy dinh cua Luat Ngudi khuylt tat" [5] Vl nguyen tac, quan he lao ddng giira ngudi lao ddng va ngudi su dung lao ddng dugc xac lap tren ca sd tu nguyen, binh dang Nhung vi ngudi khuylt tat gap nhilu han che hon ve kha nang lao ddng so vdi ngudi khdng khuyet tat, nen hg bi han chl vl co hgi viec lam De han che sir b4t cdng nay, Nha nudc phai ban hanh nhimg chinh sach uu dai nhat dinh cho lao dgng la ngudi khuyet tat Luat Lao dgng nam 1994 va cac van ban dudi luat cd nhung quy dinh danh uu dai cho ngudi khuylt tat mgt sd ITnh vuc ve viec lam, dd la, thilt lap he thdng han ngach vl viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat Theo dd, tat ca cac doanh nghiep dugc yeu cau phai thue 3% lao dgng la ngudi khuyet tat (2% ddi 121 Khpa hpc xa hgi Viet Nam, si 11 - 2019 voi cac nganh cong nghiep nang va nguy hiim nhu khai thac than, mo, diu va ga) Cac cong ty khong tuto thu quy dinh se bi phat Si tiin phat dupc dua vao Quy viec lam cho nguoi khuyit tat cua tinh va sit dung cho hoat dgng dao tao nghi va tao viec lam cho nguoi khuyit ttt Tuy nhien, viec thuc hien han ngach va quy viec lam neu tren phan ldn chua dugc tiin htoh tren thuc te Bp luat Lao dpng ciing co nhimg quy dinh bap ve nguoi lao dpng la nguoi khuyit tat: (1) ngucri sir dung lap dgng phai bao dtoi ve dieu kien lap dgng, cong cu lao dpng, an toto lao dgng, ve sinh lao dpng phii hgp vol lap dpng la nguoi khuyit tat va thuong xuyen cham soc siic khoe ciia hp; (2) nguai su dung lao dpng phai tham khap y kien lap dpng la nguoi khuyit tat quyet dinh nhiing vto de lien quan den quyen va lgi ich cua hp Cac hanh vi bi ctoi sii dung lao dpng la nguoi khuyet tat: (1) Sli dung lao dpng la ngucri khuyit tat suy gitoi kha ntog lao dpng tir 51 % tro len Itoi them gio, Itoi viec vap ban dem; (2) su dung lao dpng la nguai khuyet tat Itoi nhiing cong vipc ntog nhpc, dpc hai, nguy hiem hoac tiep xiic voi cac chat dgc hai theo danh muc Bo Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xa hpi chii tri phoi hgp voi Bp Y te ban hanh [5] Di tan mpi truang lao dpng cho nguai khuyet tat, Nha nuoc nghiem cam cac co quan, to chiic, doanh nghiep, ca nhto khong dugc tir choi tuyen dung nguai khuyet tat CO dli tieu chuto tuyen dung vao Itoi viec hoac dat tieu chuin tuyin dung trai quy dinh ciia phap luat nhim han chi co hpi Itai 122 viec Clia nguai khuyit tat; co quan, ti chiic, doanh nghiep, ca nhto sii dung lao dpng la nguoi khuyit tat tiiy thep diiu kien cu thi bp tri sap xep cong viec, bao dam dieu kien va moi trucmg lam viee phii hgp cho ngucri khuyet tat, thuc hien diy dii quy dinh cua phap luat ve lao dpng dii vai lao dpng la nguoi khuyit tat Ngoai ra, Nha nuoc ciing CO nhiing chinh sach uu dai dii voi co so sto xuat, kinh doanh sir dung nhieu lao d6ng la nguoi khuyet tat Chinh phu ban htoh chinh sach nhtoi tap dieu kien tot nhdt cho CO so kinh doanh sii dung lao dpng la nguoi khuyet tat Thep do, co sir sto xuit, kinh doanh sir dung tir 30% ting si lao dpng tro len la nguoi khuyit tat quy dinh tai Diiu 34 Luat Nguoi khuyit tat dugc huang cac chinh sach tm dai, nhu: ho trg kinh phi cai tao diiu kien, moi truong Itoi viec phu hgp eho nguoi khuyit tat theo quy dinh cua B5 Lap dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hgi; miin thue thu nhap doanh nghidp theo quy dinh ciia phap luat vi thui; vay vin uu dai theo du to phat triin sto xuit kinh doanh tir NHCSXH [3] Nha nude khuyen khich ti chile, ca nhta diu tu, tai trg, trg giiip vi tai chinh, ky thuat di thuc hi?n hoat dpng chinh hinh, phuc hii ehilc ntog, cham sec, giao due, day nghi, tao viec Itoi, cung cip dich vu khac trg giup nguai khuyit tat Ti chiic, ca nhto diu tu xay dpig CO so chinh hinh, phuc hii chiic ntog, chtai soc, giao due, dsiy nghi, tao viec Itoi hoac co so cung cip dich vu khac trg giiip nguoi khuyit tat dugc huong chinh sach uu dai xa hgi hoa theo quy djnh cua phap luat [5] khia cEuih khac, viec huy dpng xa hpi hoa trg giiip nguoi khuyit t^t Trinh Thi Phugng ^ai quylt viec lam gidp cho nit ngan khoang each, su tach biet giua ngudi khuylt tat vdi xa hdi, giiip ngudi khuyet tat dl va nhanh hoa nhap xa hdi Thay ddi nhan thuc cua chu su dung lao dgng ve kha nang lam viec ciia ngudi khuylt tat, thay ddi dinh kien cho rang ngudi khuyet tat khdng dam bao sue khde lam vi^c, nhan ngudi khuyet tat them phien phdc, tin kem, kinh doanh khdng cd lai Ben canh nhiing lgi ich cua viec su dung lao dgng ngudi khuyet tat, can phai nhan thirc day ciing la trach nhiem ddi vdi xa hgi Vi nlu khdng dugc lam viec thi ngudi khuyet tat se phai sdng phu thudc, la ganh nang gia dinh va cgng ddng Ket lu^n He thing chinh sach giai quyet viec Iam cho ngudi khuyet tat dugc ban hanh cang d4y du va hoan thien, cang nhieu viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat, gdp phan nang cao ddi sdng va kha nang hda nhap xa hoi cho ngudi khuyet tat Tuy nhien, cac chinh sach cung cd nhdng han che, nhu: chu ylu mdi chu trgng den tao viec lam theo chilu rgng, cang nhieu viec lam cang tit ma chua chu trgng den ch4t lugng viec lam; chinh sach vl viec Iam cho ngudi khuylt tat dugc ban hanh cdn tan man d nhieu van ban gay chdng cheo Ve mat hoach dinh va dilu hanh chinh sach, dang g3p nhilu khd khan vl co chl, cdng tac tham muu chi dao Vin cdn tinh trang nhieu ngudi khuylt tat sdng khep kin hoSc bi tach khoi xa hdi Trinh do, chuyen mdn ky thuat cua ngudi lao ddng khuyet tat cdn th4p nen kha nang tim ki^m viec lam gap nhieu khd khSn Van de giao due, dao tao, day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat, khau quan trgng nhat de tao dieu kien cho ngudi khuyet tat cd thi tham gia hda nhap vdi cdng ddng d Viet Nam van cdn mgt so han che nhat dinh Ngudi khuyet tat vin cdn nhieu rao can ve co hgi tham gia vao cac hoat dgng xa hdi, dac biet la ITnh vuc viec lam nhu: rao can ve mdi trudng sdng, mdi trudng lam viec, kha nang giao tilp, ky nang nghe Dieu da anh hirdng tdi tam ly cho ngudi khuyet tat, lam tang khoang each giiia ngudi khuyet tat vdi cgng ddng DS khic phuc nhung han chS, bSt cap nay, Nha nudc can thirc hien mdt sd gial phap: thti nhdt, nang cao chat lugng td chiic thuc hien Luat Viec lam, gin chinh sach viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat vao chinh sach viec lam ndi chung de dam bao sir tap trung va ddng bd ve mat chinh sach; thif hai, de nang cao hifu luc cua chinh sach viec ngudi khuyet tat lam can cd sir phdi hgp ddng bd cac cap, nganh va dia phuang cd lien quan; tang cudng giam sat, kiem tra viec thuc hien chinh sach, phat hign nhiing han chl, nhiing ach tic de xii ly kip thdi, qua dd de cac chinh sach di vao cuge sdng cd hieu qua hon; thu ba, chinh sach viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat can dugc hoach dinh sat kem vdi cac ke hoach, chinh sach phat triln kinh te - xa hgi cac dia phuong; dl cao vai trd tu chd cua chinh quyen dia phuang v l phia ngudi khuylt tat cUng phai tu trang bi cho minh nhiing kien thiic, k5' nang chuyen mdn, san sang dam duong 123 Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 11 - 2019 ngitdi khuyit tdt vd ddi tugng duoc bdp trgxa hoi, Nxb H6ng Diirc, Hi Ngi [7] Quic hOi (2010), Lugt ngudi khuyit tgt, Nxb Tuphdp, Ha NOi 8] Truong D^i hgc Lugt Ha N^i (2011), Gido Tai lifu tham khao trinh Lugt ngudi khuyit tdt Vi?t Nam, Nxb C6ng an nhan dan Ha N^i [1] Nguyln Thi Que Anh, Vii Cong Giao, Ngo [9] https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/van-hoaMinh Huong, La KhSnh Timg (2019) (D6ng xa-hoi/Nghi-dinh-28-2012-ND-CP-huong-danchu bien), Quyen cua nguai khuyet tdt, Nxb Luat-nguoi-khuyet-tat-137918.aspx Chinh tri qu6c gia, Hk Noi [10] https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Van-hoa[2] B6 Lao dong - Thuong binh vk Xa hoi (2016), Xa-hoi/Van-ban-hop-nhat-763 -VBHNTdi Ii4u hitong dan thifc hdnh cong ldc xa hpi BLDTBXH-2019-huong-dan-Luat-Nguoivai ngum khuyet tdt Ha Npi khuyet-tat-408334.aspx [3] Chinh phu (2012), Nghi dinh s6 28/2012/ND[11] https://news.zing.vn/unicef-hon-7-dan-so-vnCP ngdy to thdng nam 2012 Quy dinh chi la-nguoi-khuyet-tat-post907932.html tiet vd hudng ddn thi hdnh mpt so dieu cua [12] https://infonet.vn/hoi-chu-thap-do-da-dao-taoLugt ngudi khuyet tgt Ha N§i nghe-va-tao-viec-lam-cho-tren-1500-nguoi[4] Chinh phii (2012), Quyet dinh so khuyet-tat-post231777.info 1019/20!2/QD-TTg ngdy 05 thdng cUa Thu tudng Chinh phit phe duy4t Di dn trg giup [13] https://text.123doc.org/document/4785562thuc-trang-chinh-sach-viec-lam-cho-nguoingudi khuyit tgt giai dogn 1012-2020, H^ Npi khuyet-tat-tai-thanh-pho-ho-chi-minh.htm [5] Quic Cuong (2012), Bo lugt Lao dpng cua nudc Cpng hoa xd hpi chit nghia Viqt Nam, [14] https://thoidai.co'ii.vn/ho-tro-hoa-nhap-kinhte-xa-hoi-va-viec-Iam-cho-nguoi-khuyet-tatNxb Lao dong, HA Noi 53418.html&mobile=yes&=l [6] Quy Lam- Kim Phucmg (2018), Hoi - ddp cdc tmh hudng phdp lugt vi bdo trg xa hgi • chinh [ 15] https://baomoi.com/giai-bai-toan-nguon-vonsdch an sinh xa hoi chinh sdch ngudi cao tudi, vay-cho-nguoi-khuyet-tat/c/301U414.epi dugc cdng viec cua nha tuyen dung de khang dinh dugc kha nang cua minh ... viet ban ve chinh sach tao viec lam cho ngudi khuyet tat d Viet Nam hien Chinh sach ho trff von cho ngirdi khuyet tat Luat Ngudi khuyet tat dugc ban hanh nam 2010 nham the che hda quan diem,... (1) cap dat cho Trung tam Day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat va tre md cdi phd de md rdng ca sd hien hiJu, tang them sd lugng xudng day nghe cho ngudi khuyet tat va tre md cdi; (2) cap dat cho Hgi Nan...Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 11 -2019 Mddau Ty le ngudi khuyet tat d Viet Nam hien khdng nhd Viet Nam cd khoang'6,2 trieu ngudi khuyet tat Khoang 13% dan sd