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Dinh kign toe ngiroi ct My: Nghien cmi trudng hop nguoi My gic Viet tai phi New Orleans Nguyen Vii Hoang' ' Dai hoc Toronto, Canada Email: hoang.vunguyen@mail.utoronto.ca NhEin ng4y 03 thing 09 nSm 2019 Chap nhSn dSng ngiy 15 thing 10 nSm 2019 Tom tit: Hi^n nay, xa hgi My, vin de dinh kien tpc ngudi (DKTN) dugc nhic den thudng xuyen, khong chi frong hoc thuat, ma ton tgi frong ddi song hang Ngudi My goc Viet d phd New Orleans dugc tmy§n thdng My biet den nhieu hon qua viec phuc hoi cgng dong tu sau bao Kafrina nam 2005 Sau nam 1975, cong ddng ngudi My goc Vi?t phdt frien tft khoang 1.000 ngudi len tdi khoang 15.000 ngudi d6n thdi diim hifn Tren co sd Iy thuyet ve thugng tdn da tring va dan tgc thieu s6 ki6u mlu, bai vidt sii dyng phucmg phap chpn mau qua bdng tuyet (snowball sampling) ttong nghien cftu thyc dja, nhiing tu li?u dien da dan tgc hgc tgi phd New Orleans chi ring, ngudi My gic Vi$t doi cung nga theo y thftc h? thugng tdn da fring Tir khda: Dinh kien tgc ngudi, ngudi My goc Vi?t, New Orleans PhSn lo^i nganh: Dan tgc hgc Abstract: !n the American society today, the issue of racial prejudice is frequently mentioned not only in academia but also in everyday life Viemamese Americans in the city of Nfew Orleans are known to the American media for the community recovery after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Arriving after 1975, the community of Vietnamese Americans there has grown from approx.1,000 to approx 15,000 people Based on the theories of white supremacy and model minorities the article uses the snowball sampling method in fieldwork and ethnographic materials in the city to indicate that the Vietnamese Americans are sometimes inclined towards the white supremacy ideology Keywords: Racial prejudice, Vietaamese Americans, New Orleans Subject classification: Ethnology Nguyln Vu Hoang l.Datvinde "GiSc mo My" la mgt niem udc ao ddi vdi cong dSn cua nhieu quoc gia tten thd gidi Tuy nhien, da dat chan den My, nhirng tyu vd kinh te, hgc van chua chic da tao cho ngudi nhap eu mgt cuge sdng hanh phuc, vien man va an toan Xa hgi My vdi nhiing phan ting xa hgi va da dang vd chung toe da mang Iai nhidu tac dgng vao cude s6ng hang cua hg Ngudi My gdc Viet tai phd New Orleans, bang Louisiana, doi nga theo y thtic he thuang tdn da tring dat ttong mdi quan he vdi ngudi My da mau Vao thdi diem cudi thang nam 1975, cu dan cua nhieu lang ngu phu Ien ghe thuyen va chay ngoai bien de ttanh anh huong bom dan Trong bdi canh do, nhiing ngu phii cung dugc mgt sd tau hai quan My don len thuyen va dugc chd den mdt sd trai ti nan dugc thiet lap d My nhu Fort Chaffee, Pendleton Luc nay, Tdng Giam muc Philip Harman cua Tdng giao phan New Orleans ddng y tidp nhan 6.500 ngudi Viet Nam theo Cdng giao Ong da tim dugc mot vj Iinh muc ngudi Viet den cac trai lam thu tiic bao lanh ngudi Viet tdi phd New Orleans Gia dinh ngudi Viet dau tien dugc bao ttg tdi tiianh phd vao thang nam 1975,tidpdd la 1.000 ngudi Viet vao cudi nam 1976 Tdng Giao phan New Orieans da sap xgp ngudi Viet din dinh cu d khu chung cu Versailles Arms, d phia ddng New Orieans each tmng tam phd khoang 25 km Tft do, theo mdi lien he vdi han be, ngudi than, nhidu ngudi MJ gdc Viet di cu tu cac tieu bang khac ddn sinh song tEii khu vyc Cho ddn nam 1990, so lugng ngudi My gdc Viet d day Idn tdi 4.600 ngudi Theo thdng ke, sd lugng ngudi My gdc Viet hien khoang gin trieu ngudi [13] Sy hien didn cua ngudi My gdc Viet lap tftc dugc dat mdi quan he vdi cac ehung tgc khac ttong xa hdi My La mgt dan tgc gdc Chau A, ngudi My gdc Viet sdm dugc nghien cftu dudi goc nhin vd dan tgc thidu sd kieu miu Tuy sd lugng it nhung hg van dat dugc cdng tuong ddi Idn sau hon ba thap ky sinh sdng tai My Ngudi My gdc Viet dat nhidu cdng nhd sy cham chi, can cu va cac gia tri van hda mang ddn tu Viet Nam Darrel Montero (1979) chi ring hon 80% tiong sd 170.698 ngudi Viet Nam ti nan cd viec Iam toan thdi gian Nam 1999, thu nhap hang nam ciia mdt hd gia dinh ngudi Viet la 32.000 la (USD) [9] va hon 90% sd tiiu nhap la tft lao ddng chinh thftc dugc tta luong Sau hon 40 nam, cdng ddng ngudi Viet d day cang ldn manh va hda nhap vao xa hdi My, nhung hp vin tiep tuc chju sy DKTN ttong xa hgi My Do do, nghien cftu vi the thieu sd ciia ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans ddng gdp ve ca ve ly thuydt va tu Hdu cho nganh nhan hgc Bai vidt ban vd DKTN t^ My va nghien cuu tiudng hgp d phd New Orleans, bang Louisiana Dinh kien toe ngirdi tai IVTy 2.] Ngudn gdc vd cdc biin the cua dmh kiin tgc ngudi Xa hgi My tdn tai ngim ngim mgt h? thdng ttat ty ehung tpc mang tinh lich su ngudi da tting tao lap Dudi he thdng nay, nhung chung tgc khdng phai da tring bi xdp d hang dudi so vdi ngudi da ttang Lich su cua vin de cd ngudn gdc tft budi so 93 Khoahpcxahoi VietNam, so 11-2019 khai cua nudc My d the ky XVI ngudi da trang Chau Au ciing vdi ngudi nd le da den gdc Chau Phi den vdi lue dia Hg da nhanh chdng thiet lap mdt he thdng dam bao vi tri thugng tdn cho ngudi da tting Theo do, khai niem chung tgc dugc tao dung de hgp ly hda y thftc he thdng tri cua ngudi da trang Su ket thuc che nd le sau eugc ngi chien (1861-1865) da khien he thdng chuydn tft nhung cdng cu bao luc nhu cuong ep nd le va diet chung, sang cdng cu luat phap nham thiet lap vi the ciia ngudi da trang, tao dyng mdt he thdng cho phep DKTN ddi vdi nhung ngudi khdng phai da trSng Trong giai doan nay, nhflng cgng ddng ngudi da mau chiu nhidu tdn thuang tft nhung hanh ddng DKTN d nhiing noi cdng cdng, d tmdng hgc va khu vyc cu tru Dac biet, che dp DKTN Jim Crow dugc ban hanh d nhieu bang mien Nam nudc My da hgp phap hda viec phan biet chung tgc gifta ngudi da ttang va ngudi da mau d noi cdng cdng Giai doan diln tft sau nam 1865 cho ddn Phong ttao Quydn Dan sy vao thap nien 1950 Mgt trang sft mdi cua nudc My da dugc md vdi sy thang lgi cua Phong frao Quydn Dan su Phong trao da dua ddn sy ddi ciia hai dao luat quan trgng: Dao luat Quydn Dan sy nam 1964 bao dam quydn binh dang giua cac cdng dan; chdng ky thi, phan biet chung tgc, mau da, tdn giao, gidi tinh tren toan nudc My; Dao luat Quydn Biu cft nam 1965 khing dinh quydn dugc biu cft ddi vdi tat ca cdng dan My khdng phan biet mau da, ngudn gdc Trong nhidu ngudi cho rang cdng cua Phong trao Quydn Dan sy da xda bd sy DKTN d nudc My, nhidu hpc gia da chftng minh ring, ngudi da mau tiep tuc bi ky thi d nhung dang thuc mdi Eduardo BonlllaSilva ggi dang la ky thi khdng mau da ttong thdi ky hau Phong trao Quydn Dan sy Bonilla-Silva cho ring he tiidng quyen lyc da ti^g chuydn tft ky thi cdng khar sang tiiyc hidn ky thi ngim Theo do, thay vi sft dung cac cdng cu cdng khai bang bao luc hay luat phap nhu tiidi ky tiorde, sy DKTN ttong giai doan ttd nen tinh vi va khd nhan dien ban Bit binh ding chung tgc tidp tuc dien va vi thd da sd cua ngudi da tting tidp tuc chi phdi xa hdi My [4] Mpt sd tidp can khac ve y thuc he tiiugng tdn da tting cung dugc phat tiien ttong nhftng thap nien gin day Clafre Jean Kim (1999) dua luan thuydt vd tam giac chiing tgc vdi viec dat ngudi My gdc A d dudi ngudi da fring va d tten ngudi da den vd thft bac xa hdi, nhien ngudi My gdc A Iai kem ngudi da den vd muc dp hda nhap vdi xa hdi My; hoac Andrea Smith (2010) vdi lap luan vd ba tru cdt dam bao tinh logic cua h? thdng da tring Ba tru cdt Clia Smith la: (1) tinh logic cua che dp nd le, gan lien vdi chft nghia tu ban; (2) tinh logic ciia che di^t chiing, gan lien vdi ehu nghia thyc dan; (3) tmh logic cua ddng phuong, gan vdi vide coi ngudi My gdc A ludn mang hidm hga cho dit nudc My Diem quan ttgng ciia lap luan la vide nhung ngudi thudc mgt try nao ciing bi cam bdi viln canh cd the tham gia cac try cdt khac NhGng tidp can mdi khing dinh ring y thftc he thugng tdn da fr^g van ludn tdn t^ va anh hudng tdi cuoc sdng cua mgi cdng dan My bat ke mau da 2.2 Ddn tgc thieu so kiiu mdu Phdt trien gan nhu song song vdi Phong frao Quyin Dan su la Iy thuydt vd dSn tgc tiiidu sd kiiu mau Ly thuydt nghidn euu cac nhdm ngudi gdc Chau A nhu ngudi Nhat Ban, ngudi Han Qudc va cho ring Nguyen Vu Hoang nlu nhu cac cdng ddng thieu sd cd the cdng, thi khdng cd ly nao cd thd ngSn can ngudi My gde Phi phat triin binh d^g vdi nhung cdng ddng khac Ra ddi vao thap nien 1960, ly thuyet dugc coi nhu mdtfrongnhflng nd lyc phan khang lai Phong ttao Quyen Dan sy cua ngudi da den He thdng da ttang cho rang thay vi loi cho hetiidng,ngudi My gdc Phi ndn tap trung nang cao trinh va hpc each thich nghi de cd the dat nhidu cdng hon [6], Dik da tao mot su ttdng dgi xa hdi cho ngudi My gdc Chau A Mgt mat, nd bilu duong tyu cua ngudi My gdc Chau A, mat khac nd la can cft de chi ttich nhung doi hdi quyen lgi cua ngudi My da den Tuy nhien, ca khai niem dan tpc thieu so kieu mau ciing chi nham bao dam vj the thdng tri cho ngudi My da ttang Basch va cdng sy (1994) cho rang chu nghia da van hda da khien cho nudc My chSp nhan ngudi nhap cu da mau nhung giu hg d vi tri thap hon xa hdi Cung xem xet ngudi My gdc A ttong he tu tudng thdng tri cfta ngudi da trang, Mia Tuan dat cau hoi ring lieu cd thd coi ngudi My gdc A "mai mSi la ngoai kieu" hay hg la "nhixng ngudi da ttang danh dy" Nghien cuu cua Mia Tuan khdng dua cau tra ldi bdi le ca hai khai niem bd qua ban chat phftc tap cua quan he chung tgc ttong xa hdi My Ndu cho ring hg mai la "ngoai kieu" thi se phu nhan viec ngudi My gdc A cdng hon mpt sd cdng ddng khac cung sinh sdng tren nudc My; do, neu coi hp la "ngudi da tring danh dy" thi lai phu nhan viec hg vin dang hang phai chiu dyng sy DKTN tai qudc gia hg mang qudc tich [12] Chia se vdi Mia Tuan, Rosalind Chou va Joe Feagin neu bat ban chat cua thuydt dan tgc thidu sd kidu miu frong vide cung cd vi the ciia he tu tudng thdng tri da trang Chou va Feagin nghien cuu nhung dia ban nhu tmdng hgc, noi lam viec, khdng gian cdng cdng va chi viec ngudi My gdc Chau A ludn bi ngudi My da tting ky thi tai bat cft khdng gian nao Cac tac gia kit luan, he tu tudng da tting thdng tri mgi khdng gian xa hdi va dd, vi?c dugc coi la dan tgc kieu mau khdng giup ich gi ngudi My gdc Attanhkhdi sy DKTN [5], Nghien cihi trirdng hpTp ngndi IVly gic Viet tai New Orleans L Dinh kien tgc ngudi tgi nai cu tru vin de an toan/an ninh la dieu dau tidn tdi nghe dugc tft nhung ngudi dan d lang Versailles Bing vide p h ^ tich nhan thftc vd an toan d nai cu tni ciia ngudi My gdc Viet mdi quan he vdi ngudi My gdc Phi cd thu nhap thap, phan se chi dinh kien gidng vdi ngudi My da trang cua ngudi My gdc Viet Vao thang nam 2010, sy kidn ttan dau cua tap doan BP d Vinh Mexico da khidn hang nghin ngudi bi mat viec lam Ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans bi anh hudng truetidpbdi cd mdt sd lugng ldn ngudi smh sdng dya vao cdng nghiep hai san d vimg Vinh Trong nhung thang dau tien cua tham hga nay, ca quan tft thidn Cdng giao d New Orieans da trao tang 100 USD moi tuin cho 75 gia dinh dua tren phuong thftc "ai din trudc dugc tmdc" Do do, mdi budi sang, ngudi dan keo den xep hang dai de tim co may nhan dugc tidn hd ttg Hp cd mat xdp hang nhidu gid ddng hd tindc van phdng md cfta Tdi nghe tiiiy nhidu ngudi My gdc 95 Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 11 - 2019 Viet ndi vdi vd nguy ca bi ngudi My da den cudp ndu di mdt minh vao sang sdm Nhidu ngudi so sanh tinh hinh vdi bdi canh sau bao Kattina nSm 2005 Ong Doan^, 72 tudi, khing dinh: "Vd vin de an ninh, qua khu cd nhidu ngudi My da den, cd nhieu vu cudp bdc, dac biet la d khu vuc Versailles Arms Sau ngudi My da den rdi di, tinh hinh cd tdt hon Bay gid chu yeu la ngudi My gdc Vidt, chi cd mgt it ngudi My da den, ngudi Mexico sdng d day thdi" Tuy nhidn, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet khac lai cd nhflng suy nghT ddi lap Cd Van, 60 tudi, chia se vdi tdi: Cd Van: Cd khdng dam di nha thd mdt minh vao budi sang, bdi vi cd sg ngudi My da den Hoang: Tai cd sg? Cd Van: Ngay nay, ngudi My da den d Versailles chu ydu la nhiing ngudi thue nha, khdng phai chii nha Nam ngoai, cd nghe ndi cd nhieu tmdng hgp bi cudp, hiep d sau nha thd nhd Do dd, bat cft luc nao cd di chg Viet, cd phai nhin xung quanh can than tmdc xudng xe CJ day thudng chi sg ngudi My da den, nhung cdn sg ca ngudi Me"* nua Chung ta khdng the g ^ hg vi chiing ta yeu hon hg Hoang: Cd cam thay d day mSt an toan tu luc nao? Cd Van: Da lau rdi Ngudi gia thi khdng biet tidng, hg khdng lam dugc gi Neu ngudi tre thay vide day, hg cd the ggi canh sat hd khu vyc khdng an toan dSu Sau can bao Katrina, ca ba xe dtd nha cd hi trgm d day Tmdc bao, khu vyc rat tdt vi chu nha cung d day Ngudi My da tring dpn di chd khac sau bao, ngudi My da den cting vdi ngudi Me vd thue nhiing ngdi nha Bay gid, d day khdng an toan ti nao (Phdng vin thang 10/2011 tai New Orieans) Trong sudt cupc phdng vin, cd Van chi tap tinng vao ngudi My da den va sau la ngudi Me ttao ddi vd sy mit an toan Kit luan dua tten ca tin ddn va gia djnh cua ca nhSn cd Mac du khdng cd barig chftng, nhung cd cho ring xe da bi ngudi My da den ttgm bdi vi "ngudi M? da ttSng da dgn di hdt sau can bao Katrina" Ddi vdi cd Van, vide khu cu tni trd nen kem an toan hon la vi su rdi di cua ngudi da ttang va nhap vao cua ngudi da den va ngudi Mexico den thud nha Ong Sang, mdt ngudi Iam nghi ngu phu, cd Cling quan didm vdi cd Van vd cam giac bat an vdi nhung ngudi mdi den La mgt chu nha d Versailles hon 30 nam, dng td rit lo ling vd nhiing ngudi ddn thue nha Theo dng, khu phd tmdc bao Katrina rit an toan bdi vi cd nhiiu ngudi chu nha cu trft Trdi nghiem cua dng la nhung ngudi chu nha ddu cham sdc ngdi nha ciia minh va quan he tdt vol hang xdm Iang gieng Tuy nhidn, sau bao Katrina, nhieu ngudi My da trang da ban nha va nhiing ngudi chu mdi cho thud nhftng ngdi nha cho ngudi My da den, ngudi Md Didu khidn dng Sang cam thiy lo ngai vi hg "thudng mit ttat tix, hu hdng, mgu bia va dftng ma tiiy" Trong cupc phong vin, dng khdng chi so sanh ngudi thue nha va ngudi chu nha, ma dng cdn tiid hi§n hodi niem vd cuge sdng gin ngudi My da ti^g Nhiing cym tii nhu "tmdc bao Katrina rit an toan", "ngudi My da tting tiiudng d diy rit nhiiu" thi hien sy thi$n cam ciia ong Sang vdi ngudi My da tting Tuy nhien, khdng phai tit ca ngudi My da den sdng d Versailles ddu la ngudi thue nha Tdi gap nhiiu chu nha la ngudi My da den d cac cude hgp cgng ddng tai viing ddng New Orieans Ong Edward Blouvin sdng d Versailles tft nam 1980 din Mdc du dng sdng d gin bdn gia dinh ngudi My Nguyen Vii Hoang g5c Viet, nhung hg ciing khdng cd nhidu dung nhung hanh vi DKTN mdt each tinh giao tidp vdi Tuy nhien, dng cd in vi Phan se phan tich sy tiiam gia ciia tugng tit ve ngudi Vidt Nam: "Ngudi ngudi My gdc Viet d nhiing noi nhu benh Viet rit tit nhung ma hoi nhftt nhat" Ong vien, quan an va khu vui choi giai tri Qua thudng chi ndi "xin chao" mdi gap dd se giup Idm ro vi tri cua ngudi My goc ngudi Clia bdn gia dinh ngudi My gdc Viet ttong hetiidngchung tgc tai My Viet hang xdm Mac du cd it lidn lac vdi Ddi vdi the he thft nhat, nhung rao can hang xdm nay, dng Blouvin Iai rat tich cue boat ddng cgng ddng Ong la ve ngdn ngft khdng chi ngan hg vuon len thinh vien cua Ban Dieu hanh nhdm phat su nghiep md cdn la ngudn gdc cho trien Iang Village de I'Est va la chii cua sy ddi xft bac dai tft nhftng ngudi chiing tgc ngdi nha cung bi trdm pha ba Ian tu nam khac Xuan Lan nhd lai cau chuyen ciia bd cd d mdt benh vien dia phuong 2011 din 2012 Hodng: Bac sT va didu duong da cu xft Trong mdt lan tdi dang di xang, mdt the nao vdi gia dinh ban? ba ngudi My da den tien Iai va hdi tdi cd Xuan Lan: Bd tdi tmdc day cd vao benh nhin thay mdt cai tiii d dau khdng Sau dd, vien Methodist d ddng New Orleans Do la ba gidi thich rang xe ciia ba bi dap cfta kinh mdt benh vien tft thien, cdc dieu kien deu va lay trdm tiii xach Ba dang mong ke ttdm khdng tdt cd Cac bac sT khdng chu tam Hg se chi lay tien va vut tiii lai dau dd Vi the, cft chay chay vao ghe tiiam rat nhanh khflng chi ngudi Viet ma ngudi My da den Chiing tdi khdng dugc hudng mdt dich vu Cling phai chiu canh trgm cudp d khu vyc tdt nhu d cac benh vien nhd hon hoac d Mat an toan la cam nhan phd bien lien nhiing quan khac quan den an ninh tai dia ban nay, khdng chi Hoang: Methodist cd phdi Id mot benh voi ngudi My gdc Viet Tuy nhien, ngudi vien ldn khdng? My gdc Viet dudng nhu gan van dd ndy vdi Xuan Lan: Diing rdi, tdi cho rang Iuc do, ngudi thue nha la My da den va ngudi Me cac nhan vien ddi xft khdng thi$n cam vdi bd Nhin chung, ddi vdi ngudi My gdc Viet me tdi vi hp khdng ndi tieng Anh vd chftng sdng d khu vyc ngoai d phia ddng tdi thi cdn qua be de can thiep Luc dd, tdi phd New Orleans, Idi sdng d nhixng ngdi chi nghi Id hg da khdng cho chftng tdi mgt nha don Ie da han chi tdi da sy tuong tac sy phuc vu cdng bing nhu nhung ngudi giira hg va nhung ngudi thudc cac chiing khac Tdi nghi, rao can ngdn ngft da khien tpc khac Didu la mdt tac nhan quan bd tdi khdng dugc phuc vu chuan myc trgng din din nhftng mdi quan he ndng can, Hoang: Ban cd nghT Id day chi Id vin di md nhat, tham chi la hiiu nhim gifta nhung vd ngdn ngft? ngudi thuge nhung chiing tpc khac Xuan Lan: Dftng thd, bdi vi chiing tdi cdn qua be nen khdng giup dugc Nhtmg 3.2 Dinh kiin tgc ngudi d noi cdng cdng niu nghT ky hem, tdi khdng bidt co tim thuat ngft chinh xac hon khdng Nhung dd Noi cong cgng la nai diln nhidu hoat CO lien quan tdi DKTN d benh vidn Ban dgng chung cua cac cu dan, cd biit diy, chung tdi thiy each hg cu xu vdi ngudi My gdc Viet Day cung la noi chua nhflng ngudi bdnh ndi tidng Anh, ngudi My 97 Khoa hoc xa hgi Vigt Nam, s6 11 -2019 da ttang, da den, va thiy dich vu cd khac biet hon Bd me chiing tdi khdng ndi dugc tieng Anh, khdng hidu cac y, bac si Do dd, tdi nghT chung tgc la mdt Iy quan trpng khien cho cdc dich vu khdng tdt nhu le chiing phai dugc thuc hien (Phdng vin 8/2014 tai New Orleans) Tmdng hgp cua bd Xuan Lan frong benh vidn chi rd tai nhirng rao can ngdn ngft da t^o su ddi xu bat binh dang Nhieu ngudi My gdc Viet khac da phai le thudc vdo cai va nhan vidn cua cac trung tam hd frg cdng ddng de nhd thdng dich hd hda don tien dien, tidn nudc vd cac van de bao hidm y td, bdo hiem xa hdi Do do, sy thieu hut ve ngdn ngu da can trd ngudi My gdc Viet the he thft nhat vide hudng thy mgt dich vu day du d noi cdng cgng Trong cupc sdng hdng ngdy, nhieu ngudi cap tin cfta tdi xac nhan rang ngudi My gdc Viet da phan danh gia thap ve ngudi My gdc Phi va lai danh gia cao ngudi My da trang Ong Tuc, tdi My nam 1975, cho rang dng khdng bi ddi xft ky thi ma chi cd ngudi My gdc Viet hay ky thi ngudi My da den Tuc: Ci My hg tuan thu phap Iuat lam Cd nhieu ngudi nhap cu ma Do dd, hg quen vdi nhieu ngudi da mau rdi Tmdc ngudi Viet sang thi cung cd ngudi Cuba, ngudi Ailen va nhieu ngudi nhap cu khac Hoang: Ong cd nghi la vi thd cua ngudi My gdc Viet d cao han ngudi My da den xa hdi khdng? Tuc: Cd day, ngudi My da den thi khdng ky thi, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet Iai la ngudi ky thi ngudi My da den Ngudi My gdc Viet thich di mua sam d cac khu vyc Clia ngudi My da ttang vd khdng thich den khu ngftdi My da den Hodng: Tai vay? Tftc: Mdt phin la vi vin de an ninh, nhung cai chinh tdi nghT la vi hg che nguoi My da den Mmh ky tiii hp nen minh toari din khu cua ngudi My da tring Ngudi cd thu nhap cao tiii mua nha d khu ddng ngudi da fring se an toan hon Khdng dam di vao khu vyc cua ngudi My da den sinh sdng vao budi tdi Hg se gidt minh Neu mmh mudn di choi, minh se tdi khu vuc cua ngudi da tting kd ca ngudi My da den td chuc su kien gi dd vao cudi tuan (Phdng v i n thang 6/2012 tai New Orleans) Quan diem cua dng Tuc rat phd bien nhixng ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans Ciing nhu da trinh bay d phin tindc, ngudi My gdc Viet rit lo ling vd van de an ninh, khdng phai chi d noi cu tni ma cdn tren toan phd Doan trich phdng van tten vdi dng Tuc da chi viec Iam the nao ngudi My gdc Viet lai cd cai nhin dinh kidn ve khu vyc cua ngudi My da den Trong cd ngudi cho rang day chi Id van de sd thich cua tftng ngudi, viec ngudi My gdc Viet lya chpn dia diem vui choi giai tri Cling thd hign ring hg thich song vdi kidu Clia ngudi da tting va sinh hoat d nhiing khu vyc ddng ngudi da tting hon Khdng chi cd thai dinh kiin v i khti vyc cua ngudi da den, ngudi My gdc Viet cung cd cai nhin phan bidt ddi vdi ngudi My da den so sanh vdi ngudi My da tting va ngudi My gdc Vidt viec an udng Tac Nguyln, mdt ky thuSt vien y khoa, nhan xet: "Ngudi My da t r i i g khdng thich di an buffet bdi vi hg mudn chit lugng dich vu hori sd lugng thuc an Hg nghi rang hg tta tidn dd nhan dugc thu ma hg mong mudn Dac biet la vao sinh nhat, hg khdng mudn di an buffet vi moi ngudi cft phai chay di chay Iai liy dd an Hg mudn cd tide suih nhat d tiem va duoc Nguyen Vu Hoang b6i ban phuc vu Tuy nhien, ngucri My da den lai nghi khac Ho mu6n di toi ncri ma ho CO thi an duoc nhieu, an d6n no Hp ngK ring dugc an la suong Va d6i vcri nguiri My g6c Vi?t mudn an ngon nhung phai re D6 an ngon nhung anh muon hoa to thip, doi khong cho tien tip" Nhiing suy nghT dap khuon trcr nguyen tJc cho Tac Nguyln ung xu voi nhfing ngucri ban khac mau da c6 viec giao luu Nhu vay, co thi thSy van de chung toe hien dien moi hoat dong cua doi s6ng hang ma ngucri My goc Viet tham gia Til benh vien, quan an, cho dSn nai vui choi giai tri, nguoi My goc Viet luon xem xet va danh gia nhiing nguoi thuoc chung toe khac Ngugc lai, hp cung bi danh gia va doi xii dua vio nhftng gi ma nhiing nguoi nghi ve hp Trong m6t s6 nguoi My g6c Vift van thjy hp bi d6i xil ngugc dai boi nhflng ca nhan nguoi My da den, nguoi My da tring, nhieu nguoi My goc Viet van gift cai nhin dinh kien ve nguoi My da den J.i Dinh Iden toe nguoi a nai lam viec Neu nhu a khu lang Versailles, nguoi My goc Viet khong co nhiSu m6i quan he true tiJp vcri nhiing nguoi thupc chimg tpc khac thi d nhthig ncri cong so nhu van phong, nha may, cua hang nguoi My goc Viet phai tim each d6 chung song vol nhung dong nghiep khac chung tpc Phin duoi day se lam ro rjng, mac du nguoi My g6c Viet da vuon len cong viec, thugng t8n da tring tijp tuc am anh hg tai noi c6ng so qua he thdng chung tpc Hp vin luon phai chiu dung viec minh la mpt nhom thiSu s5 va bi d6i xit khong cong bSng a m6t mile dp nhit dinh Sau toi New Orleans vao nam 1975, ngucri Viet da phai bat tay vao cupc song mcri Nhieu nguoi bat diu bing cong viec dap so va be dau tom o cac hang chi bien hai san Hp di timg nhom toi cac hang vao buoi sang som va tro ve nha vao luc trua sau ket thiic ca lam viec Mpt so lugng Ion nguoi cap tin cua toi nhan xet ring ngucri Viet kheo leo va lam t6t hon ngucri My da den Hp thuong hoan cong viec sam hem va hieu suat cao hon nguoi My da den Dan din, thi he ngucri Viet thii nhat tro luc lugng lao dpng quan trpng d cong nghiep che bien hai san ciia dia phuong Nhthig ngucri Viet lam cong cac cong xuong c6 nhieu trai ngliiem tot vrli cac ong chu ngudi My da trang Ong Lae Bui lam viec d mpt xudng che bien go ngudi My da tring lam chii Sau 20 nam, dng dugc di bat lam trudng mpt bd phan Nhan xet vi nhiing ngudi ddng nghiep da tring, da den Mi va ngudi My goc Viet, dng khing dinh ring ngudi My gdc Viet cham hem ngudi My da tring, ngudi My da den Diiu nhit ma dng lo lang nhat la ngdn ngu Mac du tiing Anh ciia dng du tdt de sir dung, dng thira nhan rang: "So vdi ngudi My da tring, thi tiing Anh cua minh khdng bing Ddi minh cd nhung cai bat lgi Do dd, di canh tranh voi ngudi My da trang, chiing ta phai lam tot hon Niu khdng hp se coi thudng minh" Theo dng, so vdi ngudi My da tring thi ngudi My gdc Viet bi xep a vi tri thip hem trir phi ngudi c6 nang luc, trinh dp cao hon ngudi My da tring Dieu cung dugc gidi hpc gia ve ngudi My gdc A trao ddi rgng rai Mia Tuan mo ta ve thach thilc thao luan lam the nao ngudi My gdc Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban ddi mat vdi thuc ti quan he quyin luc va he Khoahocxahpi VietNam, so 11 -2019 thdng chiing tgc d My Tuan chi ring rit nhidu ngudi cap tm cfta ba da dugc canh bao: "Hg can phai Iam viec cham chi hon de dat dugc muc tieu bdi vi hp khdng phai Id ngudi da tting" [12] Tuong ty vdi trudng hgp cua dng Lac Bui, ndu nhu chi cd ky nang nghd nghiep ngang bing vdi ngudi da tting, thi ngudi My gdc Viet ciing khong dugc danh gia bing ngudi da tring Chi cd each la phai ldm viec va cd ky nang vugt trdi hon thi ngudi My gdc Viet mdi dugc nhin nhan nhu ngudi da tring Trong thi trudng lao ddng d New Orleans, ben canh ngudi My gdc Viet cdn cd ngudi da ttang, da den, va ngudi Ml Ong Lac Bui nhan xet so sanh: "Ngudi My da den khdng bao gid Iam tdt han minh dugc vi hg khdng nhftng ludi ma cdn thich kien dng chft Ngudi Me thi "ok", hp cd sftc khde, nhung khdng nhanh nhen nhu ngudi My gdc Viet Do dd, neu dng chu hang phai cho thdi vide mpt ngudi, dng ta se chpn ngudi My da den dau tien" Trong suy nghT cfta dng Lac Bui, ngudi My da trang d vi tri cao nhat, tiep sau Id ngudi My gdc Viet, ngudi Me rdi den ngudi My da den Gdc nhin cua dng cung tuong ddng vdi y thftc he thugng tdn da trang, coi ngudi My gdc Viet Id mdt dan tpc thieu sd kieu mdu Thugng tdn da trang cdn dugc cdm nhan ttong bdi canh la, cho du hg cd cham chi lam viec, va dugc dd bat thdng chftc thi ciing khdng dam bao cho ngudi My gdc Viet dugc hoan toan chap thuan bdi ddng nghiep da trang Ong Tac Nguyen, Iam viec cho phdng xet nghiem y te, ttai nghiem viec cu xft xau tu nhiing ngudi ddng nghidp da tting Ong ndi: "Van de ky thi tdn tai d khip noi, bat cft ndo chftng tdi cd vi tri tdt Trudc bao, tdi Iam vide d vi tri quan ddc tai mpt bd phan d benh vien La ngudi My gdc Viet, nhung minh cd tiid bao ngudi My da tring Idm bit cft viec gi lien quan ddn cdng viec Mdc dft nd phai Idm, no Idni Id vi tidn luong, chft khdng phdi vi nd ne minh Nd chi lam vi tiin chu khdng phai yi nd coi ttpng minh Cho dft minh cd tdt den dau chang nua tiii hg cung khdng coi ttgng minh Hg se dat cau hoi, tai hg khdng dugc dd bat lam quan ddc, tai mdt ngudi My gdc Viet lai dugc?" Trdi nghidm cua dng Tac Nguyen cho tiiiy sy lan tda cua thugng tdn da trdng ttong khdng gian noi cdng sd rit rd net He thdng chiing tgc d My la ndn tang cho vide ngudi My gdc Viet bi dat dudi ngudi My da tting Quan diem cua dng Tac Nguyen chia se vdi BonillaSilva: "Khi ngudi da tting khdng cd vide lam hoac khdng dugc dd bat, la vi mdt ngudi thidu sd Neu hg khdng vao dugc trudng dai hgc, dd Id ngudi tiiiiu sd Ddng chay tu cho phep ngudi da tting khdng bao gid cdng nhan nhftng ly kliiin hg khdng dugc dd bat" [4, tt.83] Trong cac trudng hgp ciia Lac Bui va Tac Nguyen, nhung cau chuyen cua hg da cho thiy rd vin dd rao can vi chiing tgc d noi cdng sd tai My Nhftng rdo can khdng phai ngudi chu co sd dgt ra, md nd din tft nhung ngudi ddng nghiep Trong mdt sd ddng nghidp da tting khdng sin sang chip nhan viec ngudi My gdc Viet nim vi tri Ianh dao, mdt sd ddng nghidp da den cung nhin nhan ngudi My gdc Viet nhu mdt mdi de dga cho tucmg Iai nghd va nhin xudng ngudi da den, dac biet la nhung ngudi da den cd thu nhap thip, ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans tiip tuc cung cd cho ly thuyit dan tgc thidu sd kiiu mau, va do, da vd thuc nga theo y thftc he thugng tdn da tring Nguyen Vii Hoang 4, Ket luan Bai viit da cung cip chi tiit nhieu khia canh chung tgc ddi sdng hang cua ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans Y niem \k DKT Nhdng van hien hixu d nhieu khong gian nhu: khu dan cu, noi cdng cdng va noi Iam vide Mac diu cd rat it, tham chi la khdng cd nhung hanh dgng DKTN mang tinh cue doan, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet the hien mmh vfta la ngudi cd suy nghT dinh ki6n, 1^ vfta la nan nhan cua viec dinh kidn Nhiing trudng hgp nghidn cftu tten chl rang ngudi My gdc Viet bi rai vao bay cua y thiic he thugng tdn da ttang Nhieu ngudi My gdc Viet cd cai nhin djnh kien ve ngudi My da den thu nhap thap d thdnh phd Khu Idng Versailles tap trung nhieu ngudi My gdc Viet va tao mdt vung dat dan tpc khac biet d New Orleans Sy hien dien cua nha thd Maria Nft vuong Viet Nam va ldi song cgng doan cdng giao cfta nhung ngudi My goc Viet da giam thieu mdi quan he xom gieng vdi nhung ngudi khac chung toe, van hoa va ngdn ngu Do dd, ngudi My goc Viet cd mdt su canh giac cao dp vdi ngudi My da den d noi cu trft Didu ndy the hien rang ngudi My gdc Viet cd chung gdc nhin ciia ngudi My da tring ve ngudi My da den thu nhap thip CJ New Orleans, ngudi My gdc Viet chiu thiet thdi vi la mdt nhdm thieu sd mpi mdi trudng Trong cdng sd, nhidu ngudi My gdc Viet khd sd vi nhftng su dii xft ngirgc dai mang tinh chung tpc tft nhftng ngudi ddng nghiep khac chung tgc Trong nhiiu tinh hudng, ngudi My gdc Viet phai dii mat vdi sy phdn khdng tu nhiing ngudi My da tring ddng nghiep cip dudi Do dd, dii la cd ttd mdt ca nhan thieu sd kidu mau d cdng sd, dieu ndy khdng dam bao cho mdt thai khdng dinh kiin tft nhftng ngudi thudc phe da sd (da tting, da den) Dac biet, bai vidt phan tich ro rang ngudi My gdc Viet the hien mdt sy thda hiep vdi y thftc he da ttang Muc sdng trung binh va nhung tyu ma ngudi My gdc Viet vugt ttdi hon ngudi My da den da lam cho hp chap nhan vi the: "It nhat hg khdng d dudi day cua cau tnic xa hdi chung tgc" [11, tt.2] Ndi each khac, bang vide tdn ttgng gia tri cua ngudi My da ttang vd dat vi the cua minh d tten ngudi My da den, ngudi My goc Viet d New Orleans dudng nhu thuan theo y thuc he da trang thdng tri xa hdi My Chu thich ^ Trong bai vi6t nay, tdt ca ten nguiri deu da dugc thay dfii dS bao dam bi mat danh tinh cho ngirii cdp tin ' Ngufri Ml \k ten nguiri Vi^t Nam diing de chi ngu&i Mexico (Me Tay Co) Tai lieu tham khao [1] Nguyln Vu Ho^ng (2011), "Nhan h(?c xuyen quic gia: NhOng tigp can ly thuygt nhan hoc vh ngutii Viet tai Hoa Ky, Tap chi Ddn lpc hpc, so 172 [2] Nguyen Vu Hoang (2017), "Qud trinh tao dung hinh inh mdi sau thien tai: So sdnh tru&ng hii^) nguiri My g6c Phi vil nguiri My g6c Vi§t d New Orleans", Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc, so 203 [3] Basch, Linda, Nina Glick Schiller & Cristina Szanton-Blanc (1994), Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Poslcolonial 101 Khoahpcxahoi VietNam, sd 11-2019 Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation- [9] [4] Bonilla-Silva, Supremacy Rights Eduardo and Racism Era, Boulder, (2001), in the (2007), "Resilient History and the Rebuilding White of a Community: The Vietnamese American Post-Civil Lynne Community in New Orleans East", Journal of Rienner American History 94 Publishers [5] Chou, Rosalind S & Joe R Feagin (2008), The Myth ofthe Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism, Paradigm Publishers, London [6] Fong, Timothy P (2008), The Contemporary Asian Beyond American Model Minority, Experience: the 3rd Edition, Upper Saddle River, Pearson Education [7] Freeman, Identities: James M Kim, Changing Vietnamese Americans 1975-1995, Claire Jean [10] Montero, Darrel Americans: Patterns Socioeconomic (1979), of (1999), Vietnamese Resettlement Adaptation in the and United States, Boulder, Westview Press [11] Smith, Andrea (2010), "Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism, White Supremacy", Global Dialogue, 12 [12] Tuan, Mia (1999), Forever (1995), Boston, AUyn and Bacon [8] Leong, Karen L, Christopher A Airriess, Wei Li, Angela Chia-Chen Chen & Vema Keith States, Routledge, New York Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today, Rutgers Universi^ Press, London [13] Zhou, Min & Carl L Ill Bankston (1998), "The Racial Growing up American: How Viemamese Triangulation of Asian Americans", Politics & Children Adapt to Life in the United Society 27 Russell Sage Foundation, New States, York ... ve ngudi My gdc Phi va lai danh gia cao ngudi My da trang Ong Tuc, tdi My nam 1975, cho rang dng khdng bi ddi xft ky thi ma chi cd ngudi My gdc Viet hay ky thi ngudi My da den Tuc: Ci My hg tuan... thd cua ngudi My gdc Viet d cao han ngudi My da den xa hdi khdng? Tuc: Cd day, ngudi My da den thi khdng ky thi, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet Iai la ngudi ky thi ngudi My da den Ngudi My gdc Viet thich... ngudi My gdc Viet cung cd cai nhin phan bidt ddi vdi ngudi My da den so sanh vdi ngudi My da tting va ngudi My gdc Vidt viec an udng Tac Nguyln, mdt ky thuSt vien y khoa, nhan xet: "Ngudi My da
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