Tiếp cận việc làm của người gốc việt không có quốc tịch di cư tự do từ campuchia về việt nam

CHUYEN MUC T R I E T HOC - CHlNH TR| HOC - XA HOI HQC TI^P CAN VIEC LAM CUA NGU-OI G C VIET KHONG CO QU6C TjCH Dl CU- TU" DO TU" CAMPUCHIA V^ VIET NAM'"' NGUYEN Nff NGUYf T ANN" CAO THANH TAM" Hiu hSt nhOrtg ngudi Vi$t sinh song va lam nghe dinh bat ca a khu vitc quanh Biin H6 (Campuchia) vdi cupc song khd khan va khong co quoc tich Nhung nSm gin dSy, nhieu nguvi so da di cu tir ve Viet Nam sinh song Tuy nhiin, vS Vi$t Nam, de khong co quoc tjch nen cuoc song cua ho bap b6nh NghiSn cm tim hieu kha nang tiep can viec lam cua ngwai goc Viet khong cd qudc tjch di cw ti/ de tif Campuchia ve Viet Nam Ngoai cac du' lieu thu' dp, bai viSt si> dung du- lieu sa cap thu thap tir cac cuoc phong vin sau bin ciu tnjc va quan sat tham du a thuc dia tai hai dia ban xa Tan Thanh va xa Tan Hoa, huy$n TSn Chfiu, tinh Tay Ninh - nai dwac xem la co nhieu ngwai Viet tra v4 tw Campuchia Ket qua nghien ciru che thiy, tinh trang bap benh ve phap ly gin nhw quyet djnh kha nang tiep can viee lam cua nhdm ngwai Tir khoa: vipe lam, ngudi goc Vipt, di cu ty do, tinh trpng khong quoe tich Nhan bai ngay: 28/1/2020; dwa vao bien lap: 5/2/2020; phan bien: 25/2/2020- duyet ding 10/4/2020 MO D A U Trong Ijeh su di cu cOa ngudi Viet, nhilu lan sdng di cu diln nhilu nguyen nhan khac Hien nay, han 100 quoc gia va vung lanh tho tren t h i gidi cd ngudi Viet dang sinh s i n g , djnh cu (Phan Thj Hong Xuan, 2018)! Theo so lieu cua To chijc Di cu Quoc tl (International Organization for Migration - lOM), trich Ipi ty nguin du lieu cua Vg Lien hipp q u i c v l v I n d l • - Tnrftng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan van, Bai hgc Qu6c gia Thanh Ho Chl Minli ^'"^ '^ ^^ '^^ *^^i (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs - UN DESA), tif nam 19go e^„ NGUYEN NQ NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CAN VlgC LAM nam 2015 cd 2.558.678 ngudi Viet di c u nyde ngoai theo t i t ea cac loai hinh di cy, nhyng chO yeu la di c u d l lao dgng, k i t hdn va du hpc Cac nyde CO ddng ngudi Vipt la My, Oe, Canada va eae nude lang gilng nhu Lao, Campuchia, Trung Quoe Sy di cu quay v l phin Idn xay ngudi lao ddng h i t hgp dong lao dpng, du hgc sinh t i t nghiep va trudng hgp k i t hdn vdi ngudi nude ngoai nhung ly than hay ly hdn Lan sdng trd v l cua ngudi Viet khdng t h i tilp tge cgpc song g nude ngoai nhu d Campuchia x u l t hien nhu'ng nam g i n day vdi so lugng cang tang phIn Idn khdng thude nhung nguyen nhan cd gily t d than, anh hudng r l t Idn d i n vipe on djnh cupc song d Vipt Nam (Chau Nhu Quynh, 23/8/2016) DO chua cd s i lieu thing ke chinh thi>e d p quoc gia, nhung so sanh cac so lieu bao cao cua cac tinh cd dong ngudi Viet ti> Campuchia ve sinh song thi Tay Ninh la tinh tilp nhan nhieu ngudi trd ve nhlt Trong pham vi bai vilt chung tdi tap trung vao viec phan tich khia canh lao dpng, vipe lam cua ngudi gde Viet di cu ty tCf Campuchia v l Viet Nam, dang cu tru tai xa Tan Thanh va Tan Hda, huypn Tan Chau, tinh Tay Ninh COng dong ngudi Viet g Campuchia cd nhu'ng d i l m khac bipt vdi cdng dong ngudi Viet d eae qudc gia khac v l nguyen nhan di cu, dja vj xa hpi, ITnh vuc n g h i nghiep Khu vyc quanh Bien Ho (Tonle Sap) - ho nyde ngpt Idn nhIt Ddng Nam A - la nai ngudi Viet tap trung dong nhIt va h l u h i t la khdng cd quoc tjch Nhung nam gan day, chinh sach v l ngudi Viet eua Campuchia va ca nhu'ng nguyen nhan khac, nhdm ngydi dang du'ng tryde nguy ca bj trgc xult hope bupc phai di ey khoi Campuchia Cd nhieu nghien cij'u phan tich eae khia canh khac ve cac vIn d l di cu cOa ngudi Viet Nhung bai vilt ve Ijeh sir hinh cpng dong ngudi Vipt g Campuchia tap trung tim hieu v l sy di cu, qua trinh hinh va t l chue ddi sing kinh t l , van hda, xa hgi eOa ngudi Vipt d Campuchia (Derks & Sukhum, 2009; Goshal, 1993; Nguyen Canh Toan, 2011; Nguyin Sy T u i n , 2006; Tarr, 1992; Tran Trpng Dang Dan, 1997, 2005) Cac nghian cuu nhu'ng xung dot Vipt Nam - Campuchia va anh hudng cOa nhu'ng xung dot d i n ngudi Viet song d Campuchia phan tich v I n de Viet Nam - Campuchia dual gde nhin ijch sij' va quan he quoc te (Abuza, 1995; Amer, 1997, 2010; Chandler, 1975; Kiernan, 2002; Kieman & Hughes, 2009) Mpt chO d l cung duge nhilu nha nghien cuu Ngydi Viet di c u t y t y Campuchia ve Viet Nam cang tang va sinh song d dpc eae tuyen bien gidi va khu vuc sdng ho d cac tinh Binh Phude, An Giang, Dong Thap, Long An, Kien Giang va Tay Ninh Da so hp khdng ca s d LY LUAN VA PHLfONG PHAP NGHIEN Cl>U 2.1 C a s d ly luan > CHl i^HOA HOC XA HQI s i (26022020 quan tam la anh hudng cOa chinh sach v l ngudi Vipt cOa Campuchia den cude song cua nhung ngudi Vipt dang cu tru tren dat nude (Amer, 1994, 2013; Bemian; Kirchner, 2015; Nguyen Sy T u l n 2012; Owsley, 1995) Ngay nhung ngudi Vipt da cd quoc tjch Campuchia v I n chiu nhung tac dgng tieu cue bdi nhung chinh sach danh cho nhdm dSn tpc thieu so ngudi Vipt so vdi cac chinh sach danh cho ngudi goc Khmer Cac cdng trinh nghidn ciru v l ngudi Vi^t d Campuchia kha phong phO va da dpng NhOng nghien ci>u tren t$p trung gidi thipu cpng dong ngudi Vipt (ca cd qudc tich va chua cd quoc tjch) g Campuchia va phan tich anh hudng cOa cac y l u to Ijeh su, chinh trj cOng nhu moi quan he giOa hai nude d i n cu$e sing cua nhdm ngudi Vipt sinh song tpi quoc gia Song, nghien Ci>u ve ngudi Vipt khdng cd quIe tjch, khdng t h i tilp tge song d Campgchia bupc phai di cu ty ve Vi^t Nam dang cdn la khoang tring V l m$t thu$t ngO', bai vilt si> dgng thupt ngu* "ngudi Vipt' (ethnic Vietnamese) hay "Vipt kieu" la mpt td Han - Vipt duge hieu tugng dugng vdi khai nipm "ngudi Vipt Nam dinh c y g nude ngoai" "la ngydi cd quoe tjch Vi$t Nam va ngydi Vipt Nam dang c u trO, lam an, sinh song Iau dai d nude ngoai" (Dilu 3, khoan cOa Nghj djnh so 138/2006/ND) "Ngudi Vipt" trpng bai vilt la nhung ngudi cd nguon g l c tu Vipt Nam, cd hay chua cd quoc tjch Vipt Nam; da di eu va dinh eu d Campuchia, va sinh sing d Campuchia nhung chua duge chinh quyin Campuchia trao tu each la cdng dan cua nude Tren phuang dipn phap lupt,^ "hoi huang" (repatriation) duge hilu la cong dan cOa mpt quoc gia cu tru g nude ngoai quay trd lai dIt nude ma cong dan dd cd quIc tich (Luat Quoc tjch Vipt Nam, Lujt sl7/1998/QH10) G i n day, nhilu ngudi Viet quylt djnh quay v l Vi^t Nam ap Iyc tryc tilp ho0c gian tilp ti> chinh sach cOa chinh quyIn Campuchia Trong bai vilt nhdm ngudi Viet quay v l eo huang la nhdm ngydi khdng co quoc tjch Vi$t Nam Do vay, nghien ciiu su dung cgm tu "hoi huang" vdi y nghia quay v l que huang, gia dinh nhung ngudi di eu tu d Viet Nam Ben cpnh vipe si> dung thuat ngu "hii huang", bai vilt cung dOng cgm tu "di cu tu do" (migration) va "di eu trd v l " (return migration) thudng duge cac nghien cuu v l di dan su' dgng Trd ve duge xem la budc hoan vdng di cu, ngudi di eu quay v l nude nhyng song d met ngi khac hay quay ve chinh que huang minh (Anarfi & Jagare, 2008; Eastmond, 2006) Su trd v l cd t h i khdng n I m dy linh cua ngudi di c u ma xay boi canh hp bi true xult vi ngudi cu tru bat hgp phap tpi nude tiep nhan thj thyc da h i t han (Cassarino, 2008) Cac nghien cuu cua Nguyen (2017) va Chimni (2004) da chi r ing nhdng ngudi di eu NGUYEN N U NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CAN VIEC LAM bupc phai quay v l nude mpt each khong ty nguyen thudng gap nhilu khd khan vipe tai hda nhap cpng ding ngi ho x u l t cu, dac bipt la tim kilm viec lam va on djnh cupc sdng De Bree et al (2010) che ring trd v l khdng chi dan thuIn la vipe di ve que nha va djnh eu iau dai ma edn la viec ngudi di ey cd duge cam giac "thude v l " hay khdng Mac du trd v l chinh cOng dong cOa minh, dilu dd khong cd nghTa la ngudi di eu cd t h i tilp tge cupc song trudc day cOa minh ma hp phai np lye de cd t h i ton tai va duge cpng dong c h i p nhan Sau mpt thdi gian rdi xa qua di cu nude ngoai, cpng dong cd t h i co nhieu thay doi va ban than nhung ngudi di cu cung cd nhilu thay doi sau da cd nhi>ng trai nghiem xuyen van hda (Chae, 2010; Ghanem, 2003; Hammond, 1999) Do vay, sau trd ve, viec ngudi di eu hda nhap nhanh chong, on djnh cupc song cua ban than la mpt qua trinh day khd khan, dac biet hp la ngudi khong cd quIe tjch va cd nhdng han c h l ve tiep can viec lam Tinh trang khong cd quoc tjch (statelessness) duge luat phap quoe t l d l cpp ed y nghTa khac Cong ude nam 1954 eua Lien hiep quIe lien quan d i n tinh trang cOa ngudi khong CO quoe tjch vdi muc dich bao ve quyIn va ty cua nhung ngudi khdng ed quIe tjch Theo D i l u cOa Cong ude "ngudi khdng ed quoc tjch la ngydi khong d y g c cong nhan la cong dan cua mpt quoe gia nao ca dual sy van hanh cua luat phap" (UNHCR, 1954) Hipn nay, khai nipm Cdng ude 1954 v l n duge su dgng biln nhlt cac nghien cuu va eae d i l n dan ban v l ngudi khdng ed quoc tjch tinh bao ham cua no Ngoai ra, bai v i l t cdn dya trSn khai nipm tinh trpng b i p benh (preearity hay precarite) de phan tich ve kha nang tilp can viec lam cOa nhdng ngudi Viet di cu ty Nhung ngudi khdng ed quoc tjch bj d|t tinh trang bap benh ve mat phap ly, dan d i n nhung kho khan khac viec tilp can cac djch vg phue vu cho cac nhu e l u eg ban cOa cupc song, dac biet la tim viec lam Khai nipm tinh trang bIp benh phan anh su thilu an toan lien quan d i n cac chinh sach nhlm kilm seat di dan va s i ngudi nhap eu (Goldring et al., 2009: 245) 2.2 Phipang phap nghien cuu Nguon d u lieu thu d p (tai lieu, thong ke, chinh sach, luat, bao cao cOa dja phugng, bao cao khoa hpc cOa eae nghien cdu trudc day) duge sd dgng d l gidi thieu so lugng ngudi di cu quay v l va phan tich chinh sach hipn thdi lien quan d i n nhOng ngudi Ben canh dd, nghien ci>u dua tren du lieu sa d p thu thap tu' cac cupc phdng v l n sau ban e l u trOc va quan sat tham dy d thyc dja thdi gian t y thang 6/2019 den thang 8/2019 tai hai dja ban xa Tan Thanh va xa Tan Hda, huyen Tan Chau tinh Tay Ninh nai duge xem la ed nhilu ngudi Vipt tu Campuchia trd v l nhlt Thdng tin t y phong v l n sau cho biet tinh trang phap ly, tilp can viec lam; quan sat hp ChlnhphOViatNamvaCamPU^^'iMa gia dinh va quan sat cdng ddng cho thing nhlt: ngudi Viet a Camp bilt hipn trpng cudc song Nhung n l u chua cd qudc tjch campuchia th ngi/di tra ldi bao gdm: ngirdi Viet di duge xem la ngudi Viet Nam nen c u ty trd ve tu Campuchia (41 ngudi), lanh dpo dja phuang (5 ngudi) quay v l Viet Nam se duge ehmh uyin tilp nhan Theo Bd Chi huy va dpi dien to chue tdn giao (1 ngudi) quan s y «nh Tay Ninh (2017, 2018), M l u nghien cuu chinh la nhung ngudi d i n thang 7/2017, da CO 1.514 h p v a , di eu v l Vipt Nam dang cu tnj tai b i n 519 nhan k h i u d i e u v e Tay Ninh I p : xa Tan Thanh cd I p Ta Da (12 ngudi) va I p Dong Ken (17); xa Tan Tu thang 10/2017 den thang^ 7/2018 Hda ed I p Cay K h i (8) va ap Tan them 63 hp vdi 313 nhan khau Tinh Thu^n (4) Sy phan bd khdng dong den thang 7/2018, s i ngudi cd ehO'ng d l u v l so lugng m l u giua hai xa Tan minh nhan dan Campuchia cap r l t Thanh va Tan Hda la tong sd thlp, chi ed 325 ngudi ngudi hp/ngudi di cu ty dang cu trO tai khong ed gily td la 7.507 ngudi xa Tan Thanh cao ban nhilu so vdi Theo lanh dao dja phuang, viec d p Tan Hda gily td than nhu chung minh nhan Trong s i 41 ngudi tham gia tra ldi dan c I n phai duge xae minh nghiem ngat nguIn gde cdng dan cua ngydi phong v l n cd 31 nu va 10 nam, cd dp l u l l khac va hp gia dinh eOa hp duge d p Luat Quoc tjch Viet Nam di eu v l Vipt Nam vao nhung thdi chi cho phep ngudi nhap quoe tjch giu" dilm khac nhau; da s i eae dap vien mot qudc tjch (hope Viet Nam hope mu chu, chi cd ngudi bilt chu nude khac) trd nhung trudng hgp dac nhung chi dung lai d d p tilu hpc Hp bipt N I U nhu'ng ngudi da la cdng chu y l u dang song vdi vg/chong va dan Campuchia thi khdng duge d p gia dinh, chi cd ngudi gda vg/chong, quIe tich Viet Nam Trong so nhilng ngudi dang ly than (thyc chat la da ngydi trd ve, chi ed mot sd it dyge bo vg/chong nhung vl hp khong ed Dai su' quan Viet Nam d Campuchia gily td, khdng dang ky k i t hdn hgp xae nhan la Viet k i l u eu tru tai phap nen khong muon sdng cung Campuchia Do vay, v l Viet Nam nhau) Muc thu nhap cOa ngudi di cu hp duge dja phuang d p gily td ty khong on dinh, khdng t h i ude chung thu nhap vi khdng phai luc nao than va duge hudng quyIn cua cdng dan Viet Nam hp cung ed viec lam Tiep CAN VIEC LAM CUA NGLPai VI$T KHONG CO QU6C TICH 3.1 Tinh trang phap ly va lipu tru cua n g y d i Viet dang c y tru tai Tay Ninh Lanh dao xa Tan Hoa cho bilt, nam 2018, Trung uang chi dao cong nhan tinh trang phap ly cho 50 hp da di cu ve sinh song tai dia phuong ti> rat Iau va day la trudng hgp lam thi dilm n l u hipu qua se trien khai dpi tra NGUYEN N U NGUY5T ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CAN VIEC LAM Trong nam 2018, tong so 1.577 hp vdi 7.832 nhan khIu, chi ed 417 hp vdi 2.209 nhan khIu da d i n g ky cu trO tpi tinh, so hp chua dang ky la 1.160 hg vdi 5.623 nhan khau T u triln khai thyc hipn T i l u d l an ve he trg ngydi di cu ty dp cua huypn Tan Chau Oy ban Nhan dan tinh phe duypt, xa TSn Thanh da cap hp khIu cho 48 hp va xaTan H d a i a 3 h p Bleu 1, Tinh trang dang ky cu tru cua ngudi Vi^t di cu tu v l Tay Ninh tinh din thang 7/2018 , 6000 'JJ' j 5000 jjT 4000 3000 2T74H 3000 HH 1000 Ho NlunlQimi TlO/2017 • D i dang kycir DEU •W^'N 2.209H 1.160 Ho H H Nhiiii Ktinii T7/2018 ã C h i a ding k^ cu uôu I«i VN Nguon: BO Chi huy quan sy tinh TSy Ninh, 2017, 2018 Nhin Chung, da so nhu'ng ngudi di eu ty hoi hyang thudng co cupc sing tpm bg tren t i t ca c i c khia canh: phap ly, kinh t l , cam giac duge thupe v l chua xae djnh duge quoe tjch va khdng cd bat eij' gily td gi d l chung minh nhan than Hp khdng dam bao dO eae d i l u kipn phap ly theo quy djnh eua phap luat Viet Nam de duge d p hp khau, can cudc cdng dan nen dilu kipn s i n g gap kho khan, dac bipt trpng vipe tilp can vipe lam (Luat QuIe tjch Vipt Nam ban hanh nam 1998) 3.2 Kha nang t i l p can viec lam eua n g y d i Viet trd' v l tiJ Campuchia khdng cd qudc tjch Vi khdng ed chij-ng minh nhan dan, ngudi di c u t y lir Campuchia khd tim dyge vipe lam chinh thu'c de ed thu nhap, on djnh cudc song K i t qua khao sat cho thIy doi vdi nhO'ng ngudi dang ed viec lam, cdng viec cOa hp thudng la theo mua vg va khdng duge hudng t i t ca nhu'ng quyIn Igi nhu cac lao ddng ed d l y du gily td Tong hgp eae nguon di> lipu sg d p , nhdm nghien cuu nhpn thIy cd s y khac biet gida viec tiep can vipe lam cua cac eu dan I p (y I p Ta Da, xa Tan Thanh, ngydi di eu tu duge chia lam hai nhdm: nhdm di c u ve kha Iau, td nam d i n tren nam va nhdm di cu v l khoang - nam Theo quan sat cpng dong, nhieu ngudi nhdm quay ve nhieu nam trudc da mua dIt va xay nha Nhdm nhung ngudi mdi v l (khoang 150 hp) dang sing nhu'ng leu tam (dung bIng epe nhd va che bat tren phIn d I t cOa ngudi dan dja phugng hay eua nhung ngudi da v l trudc dd dpc dudng vao I p Ta Da hay dpc me h i Dau Tilng Chinh quyen huyen Tan Chau chi dae si> dgng quy d I t eua xa Tan Thanh, danh han Iha d I t d I p Ddng Ken va 10 ty dong eOng vdi s y dong gop cOa Quy Dao Phat (11 ty dong), xay dyng khu tai dinh vdi 183 can nha liln k l Hipn nay, ed 179 hp dang sinh s i n g d day TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI sA (260) 2020 Sau v l Vipt Nam, nhieu ngudi loay hoay tim viec lam phu hgp nhung ngoai nghi danh b i t ca tren Biln Ho hp khdng ed chuyen mon lam nhung cdng vipe tren bd nen hp cam thIy tim vipe khd khan Song doe theo h i Dlu Tilng ed nguIn Igi thOy san, phln ddng nam gidi lam nghi danh ca Tuy nhien, ca cang it din, ngudi dan phai di danh bit d xa, nhung van khong dO von Nhilu hg treo ghe khong tilp tge cdng vipe von tu bao ddi Mpt so hO gia dinh d I p Ta Da v l n theo nghi ca v l Vipt Nam nhung h i g nhu nhdng ngudi song g I p Ddng Ken (khu tai dinh cu cua 179 ho, quay v l Vipt Nam trudc thang 6/2016) khdng cdn lam nghi xa khu vyc sdng hd Khi khdng t h i tri nghi ca, nhilu ngudi dan dng d I p Ta Da va Ding Ken di lam cdng nhan, l i p d^t cac he thong dien nang lugng m$t trdi Thdi gian dau, hp de dang xin duge vipe va duge tra luang 250.000 - 350.000 dong/ngay Vi thIy luang cao so vdi danh ca, nhilu nien da chuyin sang lam cdng nhan cho eae cdng trinh Tuy nhien, cdng viec khdng thuan Igi, thu nhap bIp benh va bj ng lugng chi thyc hipn mpt so cdng doan l i p rap cho cac nha thiu nho Cd trudng hgp bj ng lugng nhilu thang va hg phai bo viec Khi nhdm nghien Ci>u di khao sat, mpt so dan dng dp tuoi lao dpng dang g nha (mdi trd v l tu eae cdng trinh xay l i p dien nang lugng mpt trdi va chd tim cong viec mdi), mdt s i di phg ho, luang 300.000 ding/ngay (nhung cdng viee lOc ed luc khong, khdng du de dam bao cho cupc sing eua gia dinh) Hlu hit phu nu ap Ta Dg va Dong Ken d nha lat hat dieu va Quan sat cho thIy tung t i p nu' (tre em, ngudi gia va phg nu tre hay trung nien) deu tranh thu cao v6 Iga hat dieu (lat dilu) Thoat nhin, cdng viee tudng Chung cd the kilm tiln d l dang vi ed t h i huy dpng duge nhieu li>a tuoi gia dinh cung lam, nhung thu nhap lai rlt thap, 10kg hat dilu pham chi cd 50.000 dong (trong 2-3 ngudi lat lien tuc khoang ngay) Vi it CO kha nang tilp can vdi nhu'ng Icai cong viec khac nen day van la viec lam bien eua phg nO" khu vuc Theo quan sat cua nhdm nghien eu'u, chua tim duge viec lam mdi, nhung ngudi dl eu ty d ap Ta Da CO t h i thoal mai nghi d nha han se vdi nhung ngudi d I p Ddng Ken Lanh dao xa Tan Thanh cho bilt, eae mpnh thudng quan va ngoai tinh thudng hay d i n I p Ta Da tham hoi, cho nhu y l u pham, binh quan mdi nam tren 1,5 ty dong (ed lOe vao cuoi tuln cd - doan d i n tham), vi vay, ngudi dan g day v l n ed thiie an s i n g qua khong co viec lam Trong do, ngudi dan d I p DSng Ken it nhan duge ho trg luang thyc t y cac to ehuc tu thien va phai dong cac khoan chi phi dien nude nen ap luc tim viec cao han Mpt muc su nhan xet "C khu vyc minh cd t h i di ru'a Chen cho quan an, di lam ed r l i di NGUYEN NCr NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEp CAN VIEC \JM nho khoai ml, di cat mia Cd r l t nhilu cdng vipe d l lam ma khdng c I n g i l y td Lam xong mpt ngudi ta tra tiln Co nhilu viee de lam nhung hg phai d nha trdng nha, giu eon va hg cung cd y chd dgi s y giup dd ty cac doan tu thien, cho nen oil' 10 ma chua thIy doan nao tdi la hp chd dd lam Minh cho hg di lam d l hp kilm tiln thi hg mdi quy trpng d i n g tiln, chO' hp eu chd vao cac (Joan thi khdng nen Khi minh xuing, hp cu hay hoi cd cho gl khdng, d i n hlnh thdi quen" Ong cho ring t§m ly y Ipi vao nhu'ng phln qua ti> thi^n cung hpn c h l su ed g i n g tim vl$c cOa ngydi di ey tu do, dac bipt la a Ip Ta Da Mpt s i hp gia dinh di c u dang sing tai khu tai dinh eu d I p Dong Ken v l tu nam trd Ien da duge chinh quyIn dja phugng tao dieu kien d p gily xae nhpn tpm trO de cd t h i xin viec de dang han va ed thu nhap on dinh han M|t khac, nam dien duge h i trg Ciia cac du an, eae dan vj tu thien nhlm tap cdng an, viec lam cho ngudi nhpp cu, met s i gia dinh duge hd trg hang hda, dung eu d l budn ban nhd tpi nha Chj L.T.L - ngydi di eu tu d Ip Ding Ken chia se: "May thang trudc cd hd trg m i y gia dinh g khu nay, khu b i n vdi d dau dd, mdi gia dinh duge tripu Hp khong dua t i l n cho minh dau M i y ong di s l m d l bSnh trai, keo banh ng, m i l thu chut dinh b i t d l u dya cho minh ban" Tuy nhien, theo khao sat, chi ed vai hp flugc giOo 6a tit ehyqng trinh Thdi gian sau, qua nhieu ngydi di eu ty v l Viet Nam, quy h i trg khong cho phep tilp tge triln khai Tygng ty nhu xa Tan Thanh, nhilu ngudi di eu t y de ve song tai I p Cay K h i (gin sdng) va I p Tan Thuan (khu tai dinh cu) cua xa Tan Hda Tai I p Cay Khe, du muc dich ban d l u cOa ngudi di c u tu dung cac llu, lan tai day d l thuan tipn cho viee danh bat ea, nhung tai thdi dilm khao sat, chi cdn vai hp gia dinh sinh sing bIng nghi So lai di chat le (cay Ire nen), chat cay dem ban hay lam thue d bien gidi Trudng I p Cay K h i cho bilt d khu vuc nay, cha mp gui eon cho ong ba va dl cu sang cac tinh Ddng Nai va Binh Duang d l lam thue cac cupc quan sat cpng dong va phong v l n ngudi dan cho thIy cd 4/41 hp, chi ed nhung dua tre ty cham Cha mp di lam xa, cuoi tuln hay mpt thang ve tham eon 2-3 lan va gui tien hp hang, hang xdm mua giup thuc p h l m Nhung dua tre, nhlt la eae be gal - tuoi da cd the nau an, giat do, trdng em va cham sdc cho em Hau h i t cac dan vj su dgng lao dpng, dac bipt la Tnh vyc chinh thyc, d i g han c h l nhan nhu'ng lao dpng khdng cd gily td tOy than ro rang Mot s i ngydi su- dung gily chung minh nhan dan eua ngudi than, ban be de xin vipe d cac cdng ty tu nhan Tuy nhien, hp chi duge hudng lugng, vi la cdng ty tu nhan, va theo thoa ude lao dgng ngoai luang khdng duge hudng cac khoan phu d p , khong duge mua bao hilm thit nghipp, bao TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA H Q I s d j g j g g g khd khan vipe tilp côn viĐe lam Mdt bO ph$n ngudi trd ve phai dya vao n g h i d i n h ca nguIn ea g i n cpn ki^t Mdt s i khac di lam thue nhyng khdng dygc chO tra tien cong So vdi nam gidi, phg nO khdng cd qgle tjch h l u nhu chi Ipt hpt dieu vdi s6 tiln cOng rlt thlp Kha nang tim vl$c lam cSe nha may, xl nghiep bj hpn c h l hp khong trinh duge gily chdng minh nhan dSn Nhung ngydi "dOng tpm" gily chirng minh cua ngudi khac d l u khdng duge hudng nhdng phln tiln phg d p khac tpi nai minh dang lam viOc Hp chua thyc su duge chinh nhung ngudi d que hugng cOng nh$n sy thupe v l cOa hp va hp v l n phai song ben l l xa hpi hiem y te Th$m chi cho du hp tim duge viee lam thi tim duge mdt chd d trp eung la mOt dieu khong d l ddng gi vi muon d trp thi cung d n cd gily chijng minh nhSn dan Dilu dang luu y la, nhu'ng ngydi d I p cay Khe dang bd sdng d l Ien ba tim vipe thi nhung ngudi d khu tai djnh eu I p Tan Thu^n, ngoai mdt so di lam thud, Ipi dang ed xu hudng quay v l sdng de nudi ea va nudi cua dinh Hp eu sang di toi v l hay tham chi xay ao, dyng lan d g i n ngi nudi ea va cua dinh, thinh thoang mdi v l nha d khu tai djnh eu Theo hp, dIt va nha duge d p giOp hp ed c h l a khang trang han nhung hg khOng cd thu nh$p Do v$y, hp phai quay lai sdng h i d l nudi trdng thuy san Tuy nhien, hp khdng danh b i t ea tren h i nhu mpt so ngudi g I p TaOg 0§ XUAT Theo danh gia cOa ngudi dan nhpp eu, cdng vipe hi^n tpi chuyin ve song tpi Tay Ninh d l dang va t i t hgn so vdi cdng viOc trudc day edn g Campuchia Cf Vidt Nam, dO cong vipe cdn bIp benh nhilu nguyen nhan, chO y l u nhu khdng cd gily td tOy than, trinh dg chuyen mon tay nghe, m i l quan hp d l tim vipe, thi cugc sing cOa hg van thoal mai hgn rlt nhieu Ngoai ngudi dan I p Ta Da, ngudi dan cac I p khac khdng trdng chd vao ho trg vpt chit tu ngudi khac ma chi mong cd gily td tOy than 6e ty kilm vipe lam Nhu vpy, chinh sy bIp fcienh tinh trang phap ly - khdng ed quoc tich da lam cho nhung ngudi di c u ty tu Campuchia v l phai d l i m j t vdi nhOng Bai vilt SU' dgng khai nipm tinh trpng bIp bSnh d l phSn tich sy mg ho eOa tinh trpng phap ly da dan d i n nhu'ng rao can viee tim vipe lam de on djnh cupc song cOa nhom ngudi g l c Vipt trd ve ti> Campuchia N i n tang ca sd ly luan va thuc tiln cOa nghien eu'u tren day cho thIy, di cu eua ngudi Vipt trudng hgp la mpt vdng tuln hoan ludn an chua nhieu rOi ro va bit trac Qua nhung cau chuyen v l lich sir cupc ddi cOa ngudi cudc, lao dpng muu sinh va kilm ke sinh nhal eua nhiDm ngudi ludn d trpng thai bIp benh, thu- thach Nhu-ng han che ve tinh trang phap ly, xult phat dilm, dac diem ca nhan va nhan than da tao mpt chuoi lien hoan nhOng hp Igy can trd kha nang tiep K§T LUAN VA li/IQT VAI Y Kl^N NGUYEN NU NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CM VIEC LAM e§n cac loai hinh cdng vipe chinh thi>c, ding thdi anh hydng tryc tilp d i n ddi sing, dia vj xa hpi cua ngudi di eu (3 gde dp nao dd, hp la nhu'ng ngudi duge x i p vao nhdm yeu t h i , de bj ton thugng va n I m ben l l cua xa hpi d n duge quan tam Dya trdn cSc k i t qua nghien cyu, nhdm tac gia dua mpt vai y k i l n d l xult nhu sau: cac bO, ban nganh Hdn quan phoi hgp vdi n h l m xOe tiln xae nhpn va xae l^p tinh trpng phap ly cho ngudi di cu Bdi le, hgn h i t , ban than nhu'ng ngudi cupc nhpn thIy ring gily td than la g i l y thdng hanh quan trpng giOp hg thao gd nhdng khd khan v l vipe lam, t i l p cpn vdi khu vyc lac dpng chinh thyc N l u v l n d l duge giai quylt, dia phuang va eg quan chinh quyIn eSc d p se giam bdt dygc eae ganh nang lien quan din lao dgng, viec lam va cac v l n d l kinh t l , an sinh xa hgi khac Bin cpnh dd, dja phyang eung eIn h i trg nang cao nhan Vtiirc va trinh dg van hda cho nhdm ngydi bIng each long ghep nhieu hinh thuc khac lien quan d i n b l tOe van hda, day nghe irng dgng va thief thyc vdi cupc sing hipn thdi cOa hp Hipn nay, chinh quyen dja phuang sd tpi da va dang trien khai cong tac xda mO chu cho tre qua dp tuoi den trudng ho^e ngudi Idn ed nhu e l u Tuy nhlSn, vipe t l chue ton tai nhieu b i t c$p va khd khan nhdm ngudi di c u v l n uu tien thdi gian cho viec muu sinh dap i>ng nhu c l u eg ban trudc m i t Chinh quyIn dja phugng dua cac chugng trinh eg t h i , tap dilu kipn d l cac hd gia dinh tai day on djnh cho d hope cho vay v l n vdi lai suit uu dai thdi gian dai n h l m gia tang ea hpl tu tao cdng an, vlpc lam Cac ca quan cd tham quyIn cIn can thipp va xu ly kjp thdi nhu'ng trudng hgp nhu bee lot sue lao dpng, khdng tra luang, hay d l i xi> khdng cdng bIng qua trinh lam viee Q CHU THiCH ''' Nghi6n cdu iJugc tai trg bdi Trudng Dpi hgc Khoa hgc X5 hOi va Nhan vSn, Dai hgc QuIc gia Thanh phi HO Chl Minh trgng khudn khO d l tai T2019-07 TAI L I | U TRiCH D A N Abuza, Zachary 1995 "The Khmer Rouge and the Crisis of Vietnamese Settlers in Cambodia" Contemporary Southeast Asia, 433-445 Amer, Ramses 1994 "The Ethnic Vietnamese in Cambcdia: a Mingrity at Risk?" 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Assets, Livelihoods and Social Policy New Frontiers of Social PolKy, 107-126 Berman, Jennifer 1996 "No Race Like Hgme: Anti-Vietnamese Discriminatign and Natignality in Cambodia" California Law Review, 84, 817 BO Chi huy quan sy tinh TSy Ninh 2017 Tinh hinh vm ki4u tai Campuchia di cu tw v6 Iwu tnj trin dia bin tinh Tiy Ninh BO Chi huy quan sy tinh TSy Ninh 2018 Bio Tinh hlnh Vi$t kiiu, ngwai Viet Nam d Campuchia di cuti/dovi cu trii trin dja bin tinh 10 Cassarino, Jean-Pierre 2008 "Conditions of Modem Return Migrants - Editorial Introduction" IntemationalJoumal on Multicultural Societies, 10(2), 95-105 11 Chae, Suhong 2010 "Sy trd v l cua nhOng ngudi lao dOng ViOt Nam tpi Han QuIc: Trai nghiOm xuy6n qu6c gia, nhan thuc chinh tri cua ngudi lao dOng va sy hgp tac khu vyc BOng A" V H Luong (biOn tjp), Hlin dpi vi ding thii cua tmyin thong W#( Nam: NhOng cich tiip cin nhin hoc (pp 439-460) TPHCM: Nxb Dpi hgc Quoc gia TPHCM 12 Chandler, David P 1975 "An Anti-Vietnamese Rebellion in Early Nineteenth Century Cambodia; Pre-colgnial Imperialism and a pre-nationalist Response" Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 6(1), 16-24 13 Chau Nhu Quynh (23/8/2016) "DSn di cu ty tu Campuchia ve Vipt Nam gia tang" Din td online, https://dantri.com.vn/chinh-tri/dan-di-cu-tu-do-tu-campuchia-veviet-nam-gia-tang-20160B23153245605.htm 14 Chimni, Bupinder S 2004 "From Resettlement to Involuntary Repatriatign: Towards a Critical History of Durable Solutions to Refugee Prgblems" Refugee Survey Quarterly 23(3), 55-73 15 COng thOng tin diOn tu Chinh phu nude COng hOa Xa hOi Chu nghTa ViOt Nam "Lupt s6 07/1998/QH10 ciJa QuIc hOi: Lu$t Qu6o tjch Vi^t Nam' http://vanban.chinhphu vn/pgrtal/page/portal/chinhphuyhethongvanban?class_id=1&_page=6&mode=detail&doc umentjd=80038 truy cOp ngSy 20/1/2020 16 De Bree, June, Davids Tine, & De Haas, Hein 2010 "Post-Return Experiences and Transnational Belonging of Return Migrants: A Dutch-Moroccan Case Studv" Glnh^l Netwod