Chất lượng cuộc sống của công nhân tại các khu công nghiệp ở việt nam hiện nay

TAP CHf PHATTRIEN NHAN LL/C - SO (67) 2020 CHAT tUONG CUOC SONG CUA CONG N H A N TAI CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP VIET NAM HIEN NAY PHAM NGOC HdA" TS.TRIJONOOUANGKHAI" TOM TAT TUlchi hinh thanh, cdc khu cong nghiep da mang lai nhihig tdc dong tich cue doi vdi sUphdt trien ctki nen kinh te Viet Nam Tuy nhien, hien tmy doi tucfng lao dong chinh la cong nhdn ngudn luc quan cua cdc khu cong nghiep lat phdi doi mat vdi nhiing van de bdc xuc, nan gidi khong de gi gidi quyet neu khong cd sU tio luc tit Chinh phd vii cdc cd quan qudn ly Nhd nude Bdi viet tap trung phdn tich cdc vdn de rmy, qua de xuat mot so gidi phdp nhdm khac phuc nhiing khd khdn dang ndy sinh tren thuc te Tii khoa: cong nhdn, chdt lUdng cuoc sdng, ddi sdng ThUc trang d(*i song cua cong nhan Viet Nam tai cac khu cong nghiep Dang va Nha nildc rat quan tam cham lo den ddi song vat chat va tinh than cho cong nhan Viet Nam Ngay 12/10/2011, Chfnh phu da ban hanh quyet dinh so 1780/QD-TTg ve xdy dung ddi sdng vdn hda cong nhdn d cdc khu cong nghiep den nam 2015, dinh hudng de'n ndm 2020 Nhd do, chat lUdng cuoc song ciia cong nhan d cac khu cong nghiep titng bttdc dUdc nang len C6ng doan cac cap ca nifdc cung cd nhieu hoat dpng thiet thUc nhtl de xuat chu doanh nghiep cai thien biia an, tang qua cho cong nhan cd hoan canh Icho khan, kham siJc khoe dinh ky cho cong nhan; boat van hoa, the thao hudng ting "Thang cong nhan", "Ngay hoi cong nhan lao dpng" vdi nhieu boat dpng soi noi, bd ich nhU hpi thi tieng hat cong nhan, cac giai bong da, cau long, tu van phap luat Nhiing boat dpng tao nen sU giin bd mat thie't giiia cdng nhan va doanh nghiep Dudi tac ddng ciia cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hdi nhap qudc te, giai cap cdng nhan Viet Nam da cd sU phat trien nhanh ve sd' lUdng, da dang ve cd cau nganh, nghe, chat lUdng dupe nang len nhieu mat, trinh dp hpc van, chuyen mdn, ky nang nghe nghiep, thai chinh tri cd nhieu tie'n bp Hien nay, lUc lUdng lao dpng tit 15 tuoi trd len dang lam ChUdng trinh "IVlai am cdng doan"; cac sinh viec cac nganh kinh te qud'c dan la 53,3 trieu ngudi, tang gan trieu ngUdi so vdi 10 nam trudc day Cd cau lao dpng d khu vitc nooai nha nu'dc va khu vUc nha nu'd'c cd sil *' Hoc vien Chinh tn khu virc IV PHAM NGOC HOA, TS TRUONG QUANG KHAI - CHAT LUONG CUOCj^NG^ thay doi So lifdng doanh nghiep va cdng nhan lao dong d khu viic ngoai nha nildc tang nhanh (hien cd khoang 7,8 trieu ngitdi), cac so' lieu giam manh d cac doanh nghiep nha nitdc (khoang gan 400 nghin ngUdi so vdi nam 2008) Nganh, nghe truyen thd'ng dan thu hep, ben canh phat trien nhieu nganh kinh le mui nhon, ddng vai trd then chdt cua nen kinh te' qud'c dan, lam gia tang dpi ngu cdng nhan ky thuat bac cao Cdng nhan cac nganh cdng nghiep chiem 46,1%; nganh xay difng chiem 15%; nganh thifdng mai, dich vu chiem 25,9%; nganh van tai chiem 4,7%, cac nganh khac chiem 8,3%'" Ca nifdc hi$n cd 325 khu cdng nghiep, tap trung d cac tinh, pho, khu vUc kinh te trgng diem vdi tren trieu cdng nhan Do tuoi binh quan cua cdng nhan tre, dudi 25 tuoi chiem 43,4%, tit 26 - 35 tuoi chiem 34,7%, tit 36 - 45 tuoi chiem 14% Tuoi nghe difdi nam chiem 6,9%, til nam - nam chiem 30,6%, ttf nam -10 nam chiem 16,4%, tif 11 nam - 15 nam chiem 10,5%, 16 nam - 20 nam chiem 16,8%, 21 nam - 25 nam chiem 13,3%, tren 25 nam chiem 5,5% Quy - 2018, ty le lao dpng da qua dao tao cd bang cap/chiJng chi la 22,22%, tang 0,42 diem phan tram so vdi cung ky nam trifdc Theo cac cap trinh dp, ty le lao dpng cd trinh dp dai hpc trd len tong so' life litpng lao ddng la 9,76%; cao dang la 3,68%; trung cap la 5,35% va sd cap nghe la 3,43%'-' So' lieu cho thay quy md "' Tong cue Thong ke: Nien gidm thong ke 2016, Nxb Thong ke, Ha Noi 2017, trang 279-284 '-' Biii Van Cuang- Phdi trien doi ngu cong nhan Iruacyeu cau mai, tir website: http7/tapchicongsan org.vn/web/guest/chitiel-tim-kiem/-/2018/54888/phat-trien-%C4%9ioi-ngu-congnhan-truoc-yeu-cau-moi.aspx, truy cap 09/01/2020 cong nhan ky thuat cao d nifdc ta cdn nhd be so vdi yen can cua qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai hda va hpi nhap qud'c te Ciang vdi do, sit quan tam den ddi sd'ng cdng nhan van chifa day du, chua ngang tam vdi vi tri, vai trd cua hp thdi ky mdi Nhieu chi'nh sach, phap luat lien quan trUc tie'p den ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than cua cdng nhan vin cdn nhieu bait cap, mot so' cap cdng doan boat dpng chUa hieu qua'^' Ngoai ra, cdng nhan Viet Nam cdn gap nhieu khd khan, thach thiJc khac Cu the nhu sau: Mot Id, cudng dp lao dong cao, tien luong chua ddp dng nhu cau tdi thieu Thdi gian lam viec cua cdng nhan khu cdng nghiep vUdt quy dinh so Bd luat Lao ddng Dac biet, cac doanh nghiep det may, che bie'n thuy san, dagiay ,cd so lUdng lao ddng lam vUOt thdi gian quy dinh binh quan mdi ngifdi den khoang 200 gid/nam Cudng dp lam viec cao, nhUng tien lifdng khdng dap dng dUdc nhu can td'i thieu cho ngUdi lao ddng, thu nhap cua cdng nhan chi du nudi song ban tbSn minh Ngoai ra, tinh trang cdng nhan phai vay ndng tien ben ngoai de lo cho cupc song mUu sinh van dang dien Ket qua la nhieu cdng nhan phai ddng lai suat cao, ddi gap 4,5 lan sd'tien hg vay ban dau''" ThenhUng, sU im lang cua cac chu doanh nghiep, cua nhiJng ngUdi cdng ty da khien cho ngUdi cdng nhan ngheo cang khd khan hdn Hai Id, dieu kien nhd d vd cdc hoat dpng gidi tri cdn han che 151 Nguyln Van Ngang: "Cham lo dm song cong nhan la cl5u tu cho sir phat trien b6n vihig", Ho sa su kien (Chuyen san cua Tap chi Cpng san), s6 2S5, 25/8/2014, trang ! '•" Le Thach: "Vay nong a cong xuong: Thg chip b§ng ca neu6n s6ng", bao Tudi Ire, so 249, 15/9/2019, trang PHAM NGOC HOA, TS.TRUONG QUANG KHAI - CHAT LUONG CUOC SONG Hien nay, so lUdng cdng nhan cd nha d rat It, da phan phai di thue nha tro vdi dieu kien ve sinh thieu thdn, cu va xud'ng cap Dong thdi, cdng nhan cung thieu cac dieu kiSn de thda man nhu cau hUdng thu ve van hda tinh than, nghi ngdi, hpc tSp, giao lUu van hda, the thao ThUc te, cdng nhan phai thudng xuyen lam tang ca nen khdng cd thdi gian thU gian, giai tri Cd nhieu chd doanh nghiep vi muc tieu Idi nhuan nen da tang ca, them gid cd mot bd phan cdng nhan chap nhan vi miic lUdng cd ban cua doanh nghiep tra cho hg khdng dii dieu kien sd'ng toi thieu Nhifng tinh trang tang ca, lam them gid trien miSn khien cdng nhan khdng cdn thdi gian danh cho hpc tap, giai tri va tham gia cac boat dpng xa hpi khac so' cdng nhan cd thu nhap tren trieu dong/ thang Cd den 88% so' ni5 cdng nhan nhap cU phai lam them de tang thu nhap va cai thien cudc song'^' Nhu vSy, lao dpng la cdng nhan niJ chi cdn mdt khoang tien rat it di sau da chi cho ca nhan, cdn lai nudi va cac khoan khac Vdi so tien tiet kiem it di nay, chi can cd nhiing bie'n ddng ve sdc khde, ve hpc hanh ciia cai, ngUdi lao dpng ni5 se rdi vao tinh trang khd khan, tung quan Bdn Id, te nan xd hdi vd tinh trang vi pham phdp luat gia tdng Ben canh nhflng pham chat td't dep ciia cdng nhan Viet Nam nhU can ciJ, chiu khd, tiet kiem, song cd trach nhiem vdi ban than va cdng dong xa hgi thi cac hien tUdng tieu cUc, vi pham phap luat, bi ke xau kich ddng Ba Id, lao dpng nU cdng nhdn it dupe quan dang lam van due va hoen o hinh anh dep cua cdng nhan cang cd chieu hudng tdm Van de dang lo ngai hien la lao ddng gia tang Do mdi trUdng sd'ng cua cdng nhan ni5 cdng nhan gap khd khan tinh yeu, chUa dung nhieu mat trai nhU cd bac, trdm hdn nhSn, sinh de, cham sdc va nudi day cap, ma tuy, mai dam, bao life gia dinh cai Hau het niJ cdng nhan khdng cd thdi Ngoai ra, v^n cdn mot bd ph$n cdng nhan gian de giao tiep, tim ban cUdng lao cd nhan thi3c md ho ve chinh tri, bi cac dd'i ddng cao va nang nhgc Neu cd thdi gian, tUdng xau du do, mua chudc tham gia bieu hp cung khdng cd dia diem, mdi trUdng de tinh trai phap luat, gay mat an ninh trat tif d giao lUu, gap gd Mot nghien cdu mdi day dia phUdng ve thUc trang mdc sd'ng cua nfl cong nhan Mot so giai phap chu ye'u nham nang Ban NO cdng (Tong Lien doan lao ddng Viet cao chat lUdng cuoc song cho cong nhan Nam) tien hanh khao sat tai 50 doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien thudc tinh, phd' tap trung ddng khu Trudc he't, Chi'nh phii va cac bg, nganh cdng nghiep tai Ha Ndi, Thanh phd' Ho Chi Trung Udng can xay dUng va kiem tra viec Minh, Da NSng, Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh, thuc hien chinh sach, phap luat lien quan trUc Dong Nai, Thanh Hda cho thay, lao dong la tie'p de'n cdng nhan nhU giam sat tinh hinh tang niJ cdng nhan nhap cu cd thu nhap dUdi trieu '^' Vu Thi Loan (2017): "Dg lam t6t cong tac giao due chinh tri, dong/thang chiem 39,7% va tit 4,1-5 trieu tir tirong cho cong nhan, lao dong cac khu cong nghiep, che xu^i", Tap chi Cong sdn (Chuyen de ca sa), so 122 dong/thang chiem 28,6%, chi cd khoang 2% khu (2-2017), trang 70 PHAM NGOC HOA, TS TRUONG QUANG K H A I - CHAT LUONG CUQCSONG^ lUdng td'i thieu vung, chmh sach bao hiem xa hgi, bao hiem y te, bao hiem that nghiep Dong thdi, day manh cdng tac tuyen truyen, bien Bd Luat lao ddng, Luat Cdng doan den cdng nhan; tang cUdng cdng tac day nghe va giao due nang cao ky luat lao dpng va nep sd'ng van hda lanh manh cho cdng nhan Dong thdi, can doi mdi manh me ndi dung, phUdng thUc boat ddng ciia to chUc cdng doan d cac khu cdng nghiep, hUdng manh ve cd sd, cham lo bao ve quyen, Idi fch hdp phap, chmh dang cua cdng nhan, xay dung quan he lao ddng hai hda, on dinh, tien bg, chu trgng boi dudng can bg cdng doan cd sd Thii hai, dam bdo miic sdng tdi thieu cho cdng nhdn Khi xay dUng mdc lUdng cd sd can can cU vao chi so' gia tieu diing, ddi sd'ng lao ddng, su chenh lech giiia khu vUc chinh thUc va phi chmh thflc, lUdng gifla doanh nghiep quy md Idn va doanh nghiep quy md nhd Ben canh do, can lap hgi dong nghien cflu nang suat lao ddng nham dam bao ddi sd'ng cdng nhan va de xuat nhfl'ng giai phap canh tranh cua lao dpng Viet Nam Mat khac, can nang cao ddi sd'ng vat chat cua cdng nhan nhu cham sdc sflc khde, chmh sach lUdng - thudng, bao dam an sinh xa hgi Nang cao tam vdc, the lUc cho ngUdi lao ddng, de cd du sflc khde, tang nang suat lao dpng, cai thien thu nhap, cai thien ddi sd'ng vat chat va tinh than cua ban than Thii ba, chain lo ddi sdng tinh thdn cho cdng nhdn Tiep tuc xay dUng va hoan thien cac chu trUdng, chmh sach ve phat trien ddi sd'ng tinh than cho cdng nhan, huy ddng nguon lUc dau tu cua chi'nb quyen dia phUdng, ddng gop cua cac doanh nghiep va toan xa hdi Tap trung xay dung va phat trien dkh vu cdng cdng nhfl giao due, y te, vui chdi giai tri cho cdng nhan To chflc cdng doan can phd'i hdp vdi chinh quyen dia phUdng va cac doan the ndi cd khu cdng nghiep to chflc cac buoi giao lUu van hda van nghe, the due the thao Cung vdi dd, kien quyet dau tranh chd'ng suy thoai ve tu tudng, dao dUc, Id'i sd'ng, boi dUdng cac gia tri van hda cdng nhan, nhat la ly tUdng sd'ng Xay dUng cdng nhan Viet Nam hoan thien ve nhan each, Id'i sd'ng, cd ly tfldng sd'ng, nang lUc tri tu$, ban Imb van boa Thii tu, phdt trien nhd d xd hpi cho cdng nhdn Cac bd, nganh Trung Udng cung vdi chinh quyen dia phfldng can thflc hien chfnh sach hd trd nha d cho cdng nhan; khuyen khich cac doanh nghiep tai cac khu cdng nghiep dau tfl xay dflng nha d cho cdng nhan tren cd sd quy hoach cua Nha nUdc Tang cUdng sU phd'i hdp giua Nha nUdc, doanh nghiep va ngUdi dan dia phfldng bang khuyen khich xa hgi hda ve nha d, huy ddng sU tham gia cua cdng nhin, cua Nha nUdc va sU hd trd cua cdng dong xa hgi Khi quy hoach khu cdng nghiep phai gSn vdi quy hoach khu nha d cua cdng nhan Cung vdi van de nha d, Nha nUdc va doanh nghiep can quan tam xay dung dong bg he thd'ng nha gifl tre, trudng hgc, cdng vien, ndi vui chdi giai tri ciia cdng nhan, xay dUng trUdng dao tao nghe cd chat Ifldng de nang cao trinh dp cho cdng nhan Thii ndm, tdng cudng phd bien, gido due phdp luat eho cdng nhdn Tang cfldng giao due phap luat, bie'n PHAM NGOC HOA,TS TRUONG QUANG KHAI - CHAT LUONG CUOC SONG , cac quy dinh va che dd dd'i vdi cdng nhan nham giam ty le vi pham phap luat, cac te nan xa hgi, xay dUng ddi sd'ng mdi khu cdng nghiep Xay dflng cac khu tro van hda, giam thieu va tie'n tdi xda bd cac te nan xa hdi Dong thdi, cap uy, chinh quyen va cdng doan day manh tuyen truyen chinh sach, phap luSt lien quan de'n quyen Idi, nghia vu cua cdng nhan Cdng doan phd'i hdp vdi cac cac c^p, cac nganh viec xay dUng ddi sd'ng van hoa, phdng chd'ng cac te nan xa hdi; thUc hien che chinh sach, giai quyet viec lam cho cdng nhan Trong do, dac biet quan tam de'n giai quye't che dp tien lUdng, tien cdng, ddng nop cac loai bao hiem xa hdi, y te, that nghiep, cdng tac bao hd lao dpng cho cdng nhan trflc tiep tai cac doanh nghiep; chu ddng kiem tra, giam sat viec ky va thifc hien thda fldc lao ddng tap the, hdp dong lao dpng va thflc hien td't quy che dan chu d cd sd TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Vu Thi Loan: "De lam tot cdng tac giao due chinh tri, tfl tfldng cho cdng nhan, lao ddng cac khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat" Tap chi Cpng sdn (Chuyen de cosd), so' 122 (2-2017) Nguyen Van Ngang: "Cham lo ddi sd'ng cdng nhan la dau tu cho sU phat trien ben viing" Ho so sU kien (Chuyen san ciia Tap chi Cdng sdn), sd285, 25/8/2014 Le Thach: "Vay ndng d cdng xfldng: The chap bang ca nguon sd'ng", bdo Tudi tre, so 249/2019, 15-9-2019 Tong cue Thd'ng ke: Nien gidm thd'ng ke 2016, Nxb Thd'ng ke Ha Npi 2017 Bui Van Cfldng: Phat trien ddi ngu cdng nhan trUdc yeu cau mdi, tfl website: http:// tapchicong s an org vn/web/guest/chi-tiet-ti m kiem/-/2018/54888/phat-trien-%C4%91 oingu-cong-nhan-truoc-yeu-cau-moi.aspx, truy cap 09/01/2020  ... nghe difdi nam chiem 6,9%, til nam - nam chiem 30,6%, ttf nam -10 nam chiem 16,4%, tif 11 nam - 15 nam chiem 10,5%, 16 nam - 20 nam chiem 16,8%, 21 nam - 25 nam chiem 13,3%, tren 25 nam chiem... lao ddng Viet cao chat lUdng cuoc song cho cong nhan Nam) tien hanh khao sat tai 50 doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien thudc tinh, phd' tap trung ddng khu Trudc he't, Chi'nh phii va cac bg, nganh cdng nghiep... phfldng bang khuyen khich xa hgi hda ve nha d, huy ddng sU tham gia cua cdng nhin, cua Nha nUdc va sU hd trd cua cdng dong xa hgi Khi quy hoach khu cdng nghiep phai gSn vdi quy hoach khu nha d cua