Chất lượng cuộc sống của cư dân nông thôn thành phố hồ chí minh

VAN HOA-XA HOI y CHAT LirONG CUOC SONG CUA CU DAN NONG THON THANH PHO H CHI MINH ThS LE THI MY HA' (M^di viit dua trin nguon tdi lieu chung tdi khdo sdt tit ndm 2008 din ndm 2010 tgi ^^ khu VUC nong thon cua Thdnhphd Hd Chi Minh (TP.HCM), ciing v&i viic sit dung sd liiu cua Cue Thong ke TP Ho Chi Minh tic ndm 2006 din ndm 2012 di trinh bdy ve chdt lugng cugc sdng cua cu ddn tgi day Theo quan diem cua chung toi, chdt lugng cugc sdng Id su cdm nhdn, vi lien quan din yeu td hdi ldng vd hgnh phiic Ddy Id yeu to khd cd the lugng hda dugc mgt cdch chinh xdc Tuy nhien, vdn cd the phdn tich dugc duai gdc dg ca bdn ve diiu kiin sdng vd mite sdng de tic dua nhitng nhdn xet vi suphdt trien cUu ndng thdn TP.HCM Tir khoa: Chit Iuong cudc sdng, ndng ddn, ndng thdn Thdnh phi Hd Chi Minh (TRHCM) la mgt thi Idn nhdt nudc, qud trinh dd thi hda, cdng nghidp hda, hifn dgi hda (CNH, HDH) phdt triin vdi tdc nhanh, ddc biet la khu vyc ndng thdn, ngogi vi cua phd Ndm 1997, TP.HCM tidn hdnh tdch mgt sd huydn ngogi dl hinh thdnh thdm cdc qugn mdi, tdc dd thi hda d cac qugn, huyfn ttd ndn mgnh me hon trudc Difn tich ddt ndng nghifp d cdc khu VUC ndy thay ddi, lugng ngudi nhdp cu mgt ddng Co cau ngdnh nghd d ndng thdn thay ddi, cu dan ndng thdn dd cd su chuyin ddi manh me viec ldm tu luih vyc ndng nghidp sang phi ndng nghidp Ben cgnh dd, cac khu cdng nghifp, khu chd xuit, cdc dy dn khu dan cu mdi, khu tai dinh cu dugc xay dyng mgt nhidu d ndng thdn Ddc bift tfi nam 2009 din nay, vdi chu truang xay dung ndng thdn mdi vd di cung vdi nd Id cac cdng trinh giao dye, vdn hda, the thao, giao thdng da dugc xdy dung, phdt tridn mgnh me Chinh nhfing dilu dd dd tac dgng ldm cho didn mgo * Nghifin cull vifin - Ph6ng Nghien cihi V5n hoa Xit hfi Vifin Nghifin cihi Ph4t trifin thfinh ph6 H Chi Minh ndng thdn vd chit lugng cugc sdng cua cu dan ndng thdn d TP.HCM vdn ddng, bien ddi nhanh chdng Ban vl chit lugng cugc sdng, ddn nay, cd rit nhilu khdi niem, diitii nghTa dua ra; dd, R.C Sharma cho rang: "Chdt luang cugc sdng Id cdm gide dugc hdi ldng (hgnh phuc) hoac (thda mdn) v&i nhitng nhdn td cua cugc song, md nhitng nhdn td dugc coi Id quan trpng nhdt ddi v&i bdn thdn mgt ngu&i Them vdo do, chdt lugng Id su cdm giac dugc hdi long v&i nhihig gi md ngu&i cd dugc" Cdn cac hgc gia khac nhu Nguyen Kim Thoa, A.Smith, D.Ricardo, R.Malthus, J.S.Mill dl cao cdc gia tri vl chit lugng cudc sdng cua ngudi, nhu Id muc dich giap ngu&i co mgt cudc sdng vgt chdt vd tinh thdn phong phii Nhin chung, chdt lugng cudc sdng la sy cam nhdn, vi lidn quan den ylu td hai Idng va hanh phfic Ddy Id yeu td khd cd thi lugng hda dugc mgt each chinh xac Ben canh do, neu cudc sdng day dfi ve vdt chdt va tinh thin nhung sdng mgt mdi ttudng khdng an toan vd ldnh manh (vi dy nhu d nhiem, ket xe, khdi byi, tgi pham 67 TAP CHI NGHIEN CDtl PHAT TRIEN so 11(1/2015) mgi ddm ) cung khdng thd xem Id cd chat lugng cudc sdng tdt Mirc song cua cur dan ndng thdn Ho Chf Minh Nhu vgy cd thd hieu, chdt lugng cudc sdng mang y nghTa gifip ngudi cd mdt cudc sdng vdt chdt day du va tinh than phong phu mgt mdi trudng sdng dam bao cdc nhu cau cin thiet, Idnh manh va an todn Chit lugng cugc sdng bao ham y nghia rdt rdng va cdn dugc xem xet dudi nhieu gdc dg, chilu kich khdc Do do, d l ddnh gid v l chit lugng cugc sdng ndi chtmg cfia mdt qudc gia, mgt thdnh phd hay mdt vfing, khu vyc ndo dd that sy khdng don gian, ddi hdi phdi cd mdt cdng trinh nghien cuu khoa hgc d l ddnh gia ve van d l Trong bdi viet nay, chiing tdi di vdo phdn tich mdt sd ylu td co bdn, phdn anh phin nao ve chit lugng cugc sdng cfia cu ddn ndng thdn TP.HCM trudc chuong trinh ndng thdn mdi dien rdng khdp tten dia ban * Thu nhgp, tich lUy cua cir dan ndng thon TP.HCM - Ndng thdn TP.HCM la nam d vung ven cua mdt dd thi ldn, cu dan noi day cd nhilu dieu kifn, ca hdi dd lira chgn vifc ldm, nghe nghifp de tgo thu nhdp Theo sd lifu thdng ke, muc thu nhgp bmh quan cfia ngudi dan d ndng thdn TP.HCM tang len qua cdc ky dilu tra Ndm 2002: 549,0 nghin ddng, ndm 2004: 726,0 nghin ddng, nam 2006: 988,3 nghin ddng, ndm 2008: 1.352,2 nghin dong va ndm 2010 tdng ldn: 2.778,7 nghm ddng [2:321] Tuy vgy, thu nhdp cfia cu dan khu vyc ndng thdn vdn cdn khoang each chenh Ifch kha Idn so vdi thi Tinh ttong ndm 2010, thu nhap tiomg binh mdt thdng cfia mdt nhan khiu d thdnh thi cao hon 39,23% so vdi thu nhdp ti^mg binh mgt thdng cfia mdt nhan khiu d khu VUC ndng thdn Bieutfo1 Thu nhap trung b)nh mot nhin khau thang (OV:1000d] Hif n nay, khu vyc ndng thdn TP.HCM bao gdm rdt nhidu ngdnh nghi, nhu ndng nghifp, lam nghifp, thfiy sdn, didm nghidp, cdng nghiep, thuang nghidp, dich vy, vgn tai Trong tiidi gian qua, nhd sdn xuit phdt ttiln, chuyen dich co cdu kinh tl va co cdu cay ttdng vgt nudi dat hifu qud nen thu nhdp cua cu dan ndng tiidn tdng len, vdn tich luy cfia cac hg ndng thdn cung tdng ldn so vdi dgt dilu tta ndm 2006 Tuy nhidn, vdn tich luy gifta cdc nhdm ngdnh nghi khac cho thiy cd sy chdnh lech kha Idn Trong do, hg Idm thucmg nghifp cd vdn tich luy tinng binh cao nhat (38.695 nghin ddng/ndm); cdc hg ldm cac nganh nghi nhu dich vy (33.137 nghin ddng/ndm), van tdi (30.984 nghm ddng/nam) [3:16] 68 VANHOA-XAHOI Bing Tteh luy binh quan ho nong thon theo ho ngh£ nam 2011 STT Loai ho Tich luy hinh quan hp (l.OOOd) So vol nam 2006 (13n) Tong so 28.914 2,1 Ho thucmg nghi?p 38.695 2,6 HO djch vy khac 33.137 2,1 Ho vgn tai 30.984 2,4 Hg nong nghiep 27.896 2,4 HQ thuy s ^ 24.613 1,6 Hp xay dung 24.166 1,8 Hp cong nghi?p 23.212 1,7 HO lam nghiOp 8.500 1,4 Ngu6n:Bao cao so bd ket qud dieu tra ndng thdn, ndng nghiep v^ thuy sdn nam 2011, tr.16 Tdc dgng cua qud trinh dd thi hda, cdng nghidp hda, hifn dai hda d tfing huyen vdi mfic dg khdc nhau, co cau ngdnh nghe cua hd gifia cdc huydn khdc nhau, ddn den tich luy cua ngudi ddn gifta cac huyfn cting khdng gidng Bdng Vdn tich luy binh quan ho nong thdn qua k^ tong dieu tra nam 2006 vd 2011 (DVT: l.OOOd) \6a tich luy thod dilm 1/7/2006 Von tich liiy thfri dilm 1/7/2011 13.714 28.914 Cii Chi 13.849 20.655 Hoc Mon 15.155 44.732 Binh Chanh 13.988 26.632 Nha Be 11.503 32.048 Can Gia 11.863 19.476 T^ng s6 Nguon: Bao cao so bo ket quS a\iu tra nong thon, nong nghiep va thuy sSn nam 2011, tr.75 Theo s6 lieu thdng ke nam 2010, vi$c chi tieu ciia nguoi dan nong thon tang len theo thoi gian, nhimg chi so tieu diing da phin tap trung vao cac yeu to "sinh ton", nhu chi cho vi6c an u6ng, dien, nuac, ve sinh, y ts, dd, chi cho viec vdn hoa, * Chi tieu cua cuddn nong thon thdnhphd thi thao, gidi tri lai rit it Cu the: chi cho Hi Chi Minh vifc an, udng, hiit chijm 45,58% tdng S6 liSu tren cho thay, nguoi dan a Hoc Mon va Nh4 B4 va Binh Chanh co ty IS vdn tIch luy tang manh hon so vcri nguoi d ^ a cdc huyen 1^ Day 14 nhiing huyen giap ranh vcri khu vyc d6 thi vk co t5c dO th; hfia manh me th&i gian 69 TAP CHI NGHEN CBH PHAT THIEN so 11 (1/2015) CO ciu chi tieu; chi cho vdn hda, Ihi thao, gidi Iri chiem 3,05%; chi cho gido due chiSm 6,13% [2:326] khoang each chdnh lech chi tieu, hudng thu cudc sdng huong dung cac tien ich ciia xS hpi, ciing nhu cac tien ich sinh hoat giai Thu nhap, tich luy cua ngudi dan ndng thon thSp hon so voi ngudi dan d thj, nen cac ho dan giiia hai khu vue ciing cd mot tri S6 lieu thdng ke cho thiy, chi tieu cua cu dan d ndng thdn thap hon nhieu so vol chi heu cua cu dan d khu vue thi Bieu Chi tieu HA song binh quin mot ngucri thang (DV: lOOOd) NguSn: Nien giim th6ng ke TP.HCM 2010, tr.323 Wh vi?c chi mua sam cac dd dung lau bdn gigt eung tang len i ^ nhanh Tinh den nam gia dinh d khu VUC ndng thon, nhat la nhQng 2010, tyl^hg gia duih cd dien thogi dat 100,00%, dung thiet ydu ph^c vu nhu ciu sinh hoat hang ti vi dat 100,00%, xe gin miy dat 92,94%, tii lanh nhu tivi, dien thoai, xe may, tu lanh, may dat 75,43%, may giat dat 39,07% BSng T^ ie dd dung lau ben nong thon phan theo loai 66 dCing (%) 2010 Nam 100,00 C6 ti vi Radiocassette 2,56 Co tii lanh 75,43 Co may giat 39,07 May dilu hoa 13,82 C6 di$n thoai 100,00 Xe gan may 92,94 Nguon: Cue thong keTP Ho Chi Minh, 201D 70 VAN HOA-XAE Co thd tiidy, ddi sdng kinh td cfia cu dan ndng tiidn TRHCM dang cdng cd su chuyen bidn tich cue, thu nhdp tdng ldn, tich luy cung nhidu hon Ddng thdi, vide chi tieu mua sdm cho cac dd dung ldu ben cdn thidt dap fing nhu cau cudc song cung cang nhidu hon Tuy vdy, so vdi cu dan khu VUC thi thi ddi sdng kinh te cfia cu ddn ndng thdn van cdn cdn dugc quan tam va chdm lo cdi thidn nhidu ban thdi gian tdi Dieu kifn song cua cir ddn ndng thdn thdnh Ho Chi Minh 2.1 vi tinh hinh nhd & Nha d cua cu ddn thdnh phd ndi chung va khu VUC ndng thdn ndi rieng dugc xdy dung mdi va cdi thifn ngdy cang tdt hon Theo sd lieu tfi Cue thdng kd TP.HCM ndm 2009, ty Id h$ cd nha d toan thdnh chiem 98,89%, dd, khu virc ndng thdn ty Id hd cd nha d chilm 99,27% Tfi ndm 1975 den 1999, khodng 25 ndm sau gidi phdng, sd nhd dugc xdy dymg trdn todn thdnh phd nhieu han gdp ddi giai doan trudc gidi phdng (2,67 ldn) Dgc bift, 10 ndm tfi 2000-2009, sd nha d dugrc xdy dyng nhieu gap 2,7 \kn sd nhd ducrc xay dung trudc gidi phdng 1975 Ridng, d khu vuc ndng thdn, sd nha xay d\mg trade gidi phdng 1975 chidm sd lugng rdt it, chi chiem 6,0% tdng sd nha d todn thdnh phd cung thdi didm Do thdi ky chidn tranh, khu vuc ndng thdn Id cdc cdn cfi dia each mang, la khu vuc bi chidn tranh tan pha ndng nd Sau giai phdng 1975, cu ddn ndng thdn cung vdi thdnh phd va ca nudc da bdt tay vao lao ddng, sdn xudt, vugt len tren hoang tdn, buy dift, bidn vfing ddt dugfc mfnh danh la "vanh dai trdng" trd "vanh dai xanh" Tfi dd, nhfing cu ddn tfing sinh s6ng d cac dia bdn ndng thdn phd trd ve lai qud nha, ddng thdi, cu ddn tu nai khdc ddn sinh sdng ngdy cdng ddng due Do vay, giai doan 25 nam sau giai phdng (1975-1999), so nhd d ndng thdn dugc xdy dung tdng ldn khd ldn, chidm ty Id 18,3% tdng so nha d toan thdnh phd cung thdi didm, vd chiem 8,2 ldn sd nhd d ndng thdn dugc xdy dung trudc nam 1975 Giai doan tfi 2000-2009, su phdt tridn nha d tai khu vuc ndng thdn cung tdng len rdt nhanh so vdi thdi ky 25 ndm sau gidi phdng (19751999), chidm 27,0% tdng sd nhd d dugc xay dung tren toan phd cfing thdi didm, Sd nhd d dugc xdy d\mg d ndng thdn thdi ky 2000 - 2009, 10 nam, chidm 1,5 ldn sd nhd d ndng thdn dugc xay dung thdi gian 25 ndm, tfi 1975-1999; chidm 12,2 ldn sd nha d dugc xay dung d ndng thdn thdi ky trudc gidiphdng 1975 [4:881-882] Bing Nhi if TP H£ Chi Minh chia theo nam xay dung (DVT: nhi) Toan Thanh thi Nong thon 279.769 1.396.622 1.116.853 Trucrc 1975 216.171 203.243 12.928 TCr 1975-1999 577.747 472.191 105.556 Tir 2000-2005 400.470 296.895 103.575 Tir 2006-2009 182.746 128.830 53.916 Khong xac dinh 19.488 15.694 3.794 Tong so Ngu6n:T6ng dilu tra dan so v4 nha d nam 2009TP Ho Chi Minh, tr.881 -882 TAP CHI NGHIEN CHtJ PHAT TRIEN SO 11 (1/2015) Xet vd loai nha d khu vuc ndng thdn, sd lifu thong kd nam 2009 cho thdy, ngudi ddn chu yeu xay dung nhd d theo dang nha ridng Id (chidm ty If 99,41%), ty If nhd chung cu rat thdp (chidm 0,58%) Day cung la dieu kifn thudn lgi vd ddt dai vd mdt ddn cu khu vyc ndng thdn thdp so vdi khu vuc thi Ve quyen sd hfiu nhd d, khu vuc ndng thdn sd nhd ridng cua hg chiem ty If cao han thi (thanh thi chiem 79,76%, ndng thdn chidm 85,57%), nha thue/mugn d khu vuc ndng thdn thdp han khu virc thdnh thi (thdnh thi 15,69%, ndng thdn chidm 8,46%) [4: ti 851,933-935] fing day dfi cho ngudi ddn hogt dgng sinh boat va san xuat 2.3 Mang Itr&igiao thong nong thdn Sau nam 1997, tidn tiinh CNH, HDH cfia thdnh phd dugc thfic ddy, mgng ludi giao thdng ndng thdn ciing phdt tiien nhanh Hf thdng dudng bd d khu vuc ndng thdn dugc ndng cap, trai nhua hoac be tdng hda ngdy mgt nhidu Nhu khu vuc Bmh Chdnh, tiyc Id chinh cua huyfn la qudc Id vd cac tr\ic Id vdnh dai thdnh phd nhu qudc lg 50, dudng Hung Vucmg noi ddi dugc md rdng va trdi nhua til ndm 1999 Tinh Id 10, huong Id 80, huang 2.2 Ve mgng lir&i diin vd dien sinh hogt Id cung dugc md rdng ndng cdp Hf thdng & ndng than dudng thuy cua Binh Chdnh cung dugc chu Theo danh gid cua Sd Difn luc TP.HCM, trgng phdt tridn, nhu vifc xay dung cang Tdn trudc thap nien 90 cfia thd ky XX, hf thdng Tuc, xdy dyng cdu Chg Ddm dien d ndng thdn rdt kem Ndm 1990, bdng Ddn ndm 2001, hf thdng giao thdng dd hinh thfic huy ddng vdn, Sd Difn Luc thdnh dugc keo dai vd ndng cdp Hdu hdt cdc xd dd phd da phat trien mgng ludi difn ndng thdn, cd dudng d td den tan uy ban nhan ddn xd (trfi nhu dua dien ludi qudc gia vd huyfn Cdn Gid, xa dao Thanh An huydn Cdn Gid) Trong d6, difn hda thi diem xS Trung Lap Thugng, da cd 77% (47 xa) cd dudng be tdng, vdi tdng huyfn Cu Chi, [5] Ddn ndm 2001, mgng ludi chidu dai Id 1.405km, binh quan moi xd cd difn dd dugc phu kin khdp vung ndng thdn, kd 32,1 km dudng d td; nhidu nhdt Id huyfn Cu cd xa thudc vung sdu, vung xa vd 15 xa thudc Chi cd 32,7 km vd it nhdt la huydn Nhd Bd difn ngheo Theo thdng kd nam 2001, da cd km binh qudn xd Cd 34,4% chidu ddi dudng 100% sd xa, dp (61 xa, 380 dp) va 97,5% sd d td dd dugc be tdng hda Ty If ndy d Binh hg (181.472 hd) dung didn Trong dd, ty If dp Chdnh la 41,6%, Nha Be % , Cdn Gid 33%, cd difn ludi qudc gia Id 99,2% Ty If hg dung Cu Chi 32% vd Hdc Mdn Id 29% [5] difn cao nhdt Id Hdc Mdn 99,3%, Binh Chanh 98,7%, Cu Chi 97,3%, Nhd Be 95,1% va tiidp Ddn ndm 2006, theo tdng didu tia tgi khu nhdt la C k Gid la 87% Tinh ti-ong ndm 2001, vuc ndng thdn TP.HCM, xa cd dudng d td den chi cd 9,42% hd d Cdn Gid chua dung dien ti*u sd uy ban nhan dan (UBND) xa tdng len 57 ludi qudc gia, cdn lai ldt cd cdc hd d cdc huydn xa, dgt ty If 98,28%; xd cd dudng d td ddn ti^ ddu dimg difn tfi difn ludi qudc gia.[6] Ddn sd UBND dugc nhua, bd tdng hda cd 55 xd, ndm 2006, ty Id xa, dp cd didn (58 xa, 367 dp) dgt ty If 94,83% [6] d khu vuc ndng thdn ty If cd difn dat 100%, Ddn ndm 2011, xa cd dudng d td ddn sd hg sfi dung didn dgt ty If 99,79%[7] Nam 2011, tai thdi didm 01/7/2011, ty le xa, dp cd tru sd UBND xa dgt 98,3% (chi cdn xd ddo difn (58 xd, 381 dp) d khu vuc ndng thdn ty If Thgnh An, huyfn Cdn Gid) Dudng bd tdng nhua chilm ti If 46%, dudng be tdng xi mdng cd difn dgt 100% [4] chidm 0,6%, dudng dd nhua 14,8%, dudng Nhu vgy, mgng ludi difn ndng tiidn cua cdp phoi 28,3%, dudng ddt 2,3%, cdc logi TRHCM hifn vd ca bdn da ddm bao cung dudng khdc 8,1% tdng sd difn tich 72 VANHOA-XAHOI dudng huyfn quan ly Trong do, cdc huydn Cu Chi, Nhd Be va mdt sd qugn vimg ven nhu Qudn 2, Binh Tdn, Thfi Dfic cd hf tiidng dudng bd tdng nh\ra chidm ti If cao (Thu Dfic chidm % ; Binh Tan chidm 63%; qudn chidm 54%; Cu Chi chidm 53%; Nhd Bd chidm 60%) [4] xd cd tiudng tiung hgc phd thdng 20 (ty If 34,5%) [4] Den ndm 2006, so trudng, ldp mdm non d khu vuc ndng thdn TP.HCM tdng ldn: xa cd ldp mdu giao la 58 xd, chi^m 100%, dd: sd ldp mau gido trdn dia bdn xa la 619 ldp, sd ldp mau gido tu thyc Id 135 (chidm 21,8% tdng sd ldp), sd ap cd ldp mau giao la 247 ldp S6 xd cd tirudng tirung hgc co sd Id 55 (chidm 94,83%) Xa cd trudng trung hgc phd tiidng la 15 (chidm 25,86%) [6] Phdng Giao due cua cac huyfn, hau het gido vidn mam non d ndng thdn hifn deu dgt chuan Nhu, huyfn Cu Chi co so lugng gido vien dat chudn la 96,7% (trong cd 41,17% trdn chudn); huyfn Hdc Mdn cd 43,8% ttdn chudn; 56,2% dgt chuan; huyfn Binh Chdnh cd 99,35% dat chudn; huyfn Nha Be va Cdn Gid cd 100% giao vidn dgt chuan Dgi ngu giao vien phd thdng d khu vuc ndng thdn hifn da phdn ddu dgt chudn qudc gia Nhu, huyfn Cfi Chi cd 81,22% giao vidn bdc tidu hgc va 69,37% gido vifc bgc trung hgc ca sd dgt trdn chudn ddo tao; 18,4% giao vidn tieu hgc va 29,19% giao vidn tmng hgc ca sd dat chuan Huyfn Hdc Mdn cd 68,2% giao vien bgc tidu hpc va 67,9% giao vidn bdc himg hgc ca sd Ben cgnh vifc tdng ty If trudng, chdt lugng cua cdc trudng cung dugc ndng len CJ cdc huyfn nhu Cfi Chi, Binh Chanh dd cd mgt sd trudng mam non dgt chudn qudc gia Nhu, huydn Cfi Chi cd 29 trudng mdm non, Nhin chung, mgng ludi giao tbdng cua cd trudng dgt chuan qudc gia cap df Id: khu vuc ndng thdn TRHCM da cd nhung bidn Bdng Sen 2, Bdng Sen 3B, Sen Hdng 2, Bdng chuyen mgnh me tidn trinh phdt tridn; Sen 5[8]; Huyfn Binh Chanh cd 1/16 trudng ddc bidt la mgng ludi giao tiidng ndi bd dd mdm non dat chudn qudc gia (Id trudng Mam dugc d4u tu nang cdp, xay dung mdi ngdy mgt non Hoang Anh) Cac trudng phd tbdng d nhieu Day chinh la mgt ti-ong nhung nhan td ndng thdn cung dugc dau tu dd ndng cao chdt tich cue nhdm gdp phdn ndng cao chdt lugng lugng nham hudng den dgt chudn qudc gia O mgt sd huyfn da cd trudng dat chudn, nhu cugc sdng cfia ngudi ddn vung huyfn Cu Chi cd tmdng tidu hgc (tmdng 2.4 Trir&ng hgc vd mang lir&i gido d^c Phu Hda vd Th; tian Cfi Chi) dgt chudn qudc & ndng thon gia cdp 1, va tmdng (tmdng An Phu 1) Theo so lieu thdng kd nam 2001, binh dgt chuan qudc gia cap 2; d cdp phd thdng quan mOt van ddn ngogi thdnh cd 223 hgc sinh ca sd cd tmdng dgt chudn qudc gia cdp mau gido vd 1.765 hgc sinh phd thdng Kdt Huydn Binh Chanh co tmdng tidu hpc la qud didu tra ndm 2001 cho thdy: cd % xd tmdng Nguyen Van Tran, tirudng Ciiu Xdng vd cd nba tre, 83,6% xS cd Idp mdu giao, 100% tmdng Tdn Quy Tay dgt chuan qudc gia Cdc xd cd tiudng tidu hgc, 82% xa cd trudng trung tmdng hifn chua dat chudn van dang dugc ddu hgc CO sd vd 21,3% xa cd trudng trung hgc tu de phdt tridn thdng Tat ca cdc trudng phd thdng deu Ve dgi ngu giao vien cua cdc tmdng mdm dugc xay dung kidn cd 36% va ban kien cd non d ndng thdn cung gia tdng ve sd lugng 64% [5] ian chat lugng chuyen mdn Theo bao cdo tu Theo kdt qud thong ke nam 2011, xa cd trudng mau gido/mam non dat 100%, ap cd Idp mdu gido Id 234 (ty If 61,4%), dp cd nhd tre la 106 (ty If 27,8%); vd tinh hinh gido due phd thdng: xa cd tiardng tidu hpc dgt 100%, xd cd trudng tiimg hgc ca sd 55 (ty If 94,8%), 73 TAPCHI NGHIEN CHt PHAT THIEN so 11 (1/2015) dgt tren chudn dao tgo; 31,2 gido vidn tieu hgc vd 30,9 giao vidn trung hgc co sd dgt chuan Huydn Nhd Be cd 92,8% giao vidn tidu hgc va 84,4% gido vien trung hpc ca sd dat trdn chudn Huydn Cdn gid cd 99,29% giao vidn tieu hgc vd 100% gido vien tnmg hgc ca sd dat chuan [8] Ngodi ra, ca sd vat chat khac nhu sdch gido khoa, tai lieu tham khdo, dung cu, thidt bi hgc tap cilng dugc cac sd, ban ngdnh cung cac td chfic doan the, phu huynh hpc sinh ddng gdp, ddu tu trang bi tuong ddi day dfi cho cdc tmdng phd ihdng d ndng thdn Theo ddnh gid cua Phong Gido due va Ddo tgo cdc huydn, trd em ndng thdn den tmdng mdm non ttong nhfing nam gdn ddy dat ty If cao, nhu Cu Chi dgt 77,2% (ttong do, dgt 100% tte em tudi ddn trudng mam non), Hdc Mdn dgt 77,7% (98,55% tte em tudi ddn tmdng), Binh Chanh dat 100% tre tudi ddn tmdng; Nha Be va Cdn Gid dgt 98,2% tie tudi den tmdng Ty Id hgc sinh tidu hgc, trung hgc ca sd nhdp hpc dung dp tudi dgt 100%; ty If hpc sinh trung hgc phd thdng nhap hgc dung tudi dat 98,07% Ty le hgc sinh tdt nghifp cdc cdp dgt ttdn 95% Huyfn Hdc Mdn, ty Id hpc sinh den tmdng dung tudi dgt ty Id ttdn 97%, dd bdc tidu hgc dgt 98,6%, bac trung hgc ca sd dat 97,1%; ty If tdt nghifp cdc cap d huydn cung dgt trdn 95,5% Hodc tai cac huyfn Binh Chanh, Nhd Be, Can Gid, ty If hgc sinh ddn tradng dung tudi va ty If hgc sinh tdt nghifp cac cdp chidm ty Id ttdn 95% [8] Vdi nhung dfi lieu ttdn cho thdy, hf th6ng tmdng hgc va mang ludi gido due d ndng thdn ttong nhfing ndm qua da cd nhiing budc phat tiidn mgnh Trong dd, sd lugng tradng Idp, ddi ngu gido vidn, ty Id hpc smh tdt nghidp cac cap deu dugc nang cao, ca vd sd lugng ldn chat lugng Day Id yeu td tich cue gdp phdn thfic ddy ndng thdn TP.HCM phat tiidn ttong nhfing nam tdi 2.5 M^ng Itr&iy te & nong thon Ngudi ddn d khu vuc ndng thdn TP.HCM dugc tidp cdn vdi mang ludi y td cfia Thanh phd ttong vifc khdm chfia benh Ngodi ra, tgi khu vyc ndng thdn, de dam bao cho vide chdm sdc sfic khde ban ddu cua ngudi ddn, hf thdng y td CO sd d cung dugc thdnh phd quan tdm ddu tu phdt ttidn Trong thdi gian qua, cdc bdnh vidn, trung tdm y td, ttam y td d cdc huydn, xa da dugc dau tu nang cdp, md rdng co sd hg tang, tdng cudng ttang thidt bi hifn dai, bd sung lyc lugng cdn bg y te Cac benh vidn huydn dugc ndng cdp thdnh bfnh vidn da khoa hgng Nhung bdnh vifn tfing budc dd thuc hifn dugc cdc ky thugt cao, gdp phdn rdt ldn vdo vifc gidm tdi cdc bfnh vidn trung tdm thdnh phd va dua dich vu y td ky thugt cao tidp can ngudi dan dd ddp fing nhu cdu khdm chua bfnh va cham sdc sfic khde ban ddu cho ngudi ddn d khu vuc ndng thdn TP.HCM Hidn nay, mdi huyfn ndng thdn deu cd bfnh vifn, tnmg tam y td va d moi xd deu cd ttam y t^ xd, cdc ttgm y td dang dugc dau tu theo hudng dat chuan qudc gia Nganh y td da tap trung phat trien cdc bdnh vifn chuyen khoa, da khoa cua ngd nhu cac bfnh vifn da khoa khu vuc Cu Chi, Hoc Mdn, Thfi Due Tinh ddn nam 2011, ty Id xd cd ttgm y te dat 100%, ttong cd 93,1% xa dgt chudn qudc gia vd y td xa; 74,3% dp cd can bd y te (tang gdn 25% so vdi nam 2006); ttong dd Cu Chi vd Binh Chdnh Id nhfing huyfn cd t>' le can bg y td dp cao nhat Ben cgnh mang ludi y td Nha nudc, cdc phdng khdm tu nhan cfing phat tridn vdi 86,2% xa cd phdng kham tu nhan; ttong do, 100% xa cua huydn Hdc Mdn cd phong kham tu nhdn; d huyfn Binh Chanh, Cu Chi ty If cung dgt ttdn 90% [7] Ben canh do, cac huyfn ddu dugc lap tiung tam y td du phdng gdp phdn tridn khai thuc hidn cac nhifm vu chuydn mdn ky thudt vd y td du phdng, phdng chdng HIV/AIDS, VANHOA-XAHOI phdng chdng dich bfnh vd cdc bfnh xd hdi, chdm sdc sfic khde sinh san, tmydn thdng giao due sfic khde, thyc hifn cdc chuong trinh muc tidu qudc gia vd y td, chi dgo toan didn hogt ddng ttgm y td xd Trong nhung ndm qua, dich bfnh cd chidu hudng gia tdng, ngodi nhfing bdnh thudng xay nhu sdt xudt huydt, sdt ret, cdn xudt hifn mft sd bfnh mdi, phdt trien ttdn difn rgng nhu SARS, tay chan midng, cum A/ H5N1, cum A / H I N I ; mgt sd bdnh cu cd chidu hudng xudt hifn ttd lgi nhu sdi, Rubella, tidu chdy cdp dang ta hf thdng y td d ndng thdn TRHCM da ddng vai ttd rdt to ldn ttong vide phdng ngfia vd chfia bfnh cho ngudi ddn d khu vyc ndng thdn thudng "tym ndm, tum bdy", hinh xdm day minh Chinh nhung ngudi bj ngudi dan ndng thdn cho la "thfi phgm" dem ma tfiy vd ndng thdn Trong nhfing budi hpp khu phd d ndng thdn, chinh quydn dia phuang cung ludn dd cap den van dd ndy, vd kdu ggi ngudi dan canh gide ddi vdi cdc ddi tugng bi nghi ngd [9] - Ve ngn trdm, cu&p, ngudi ddn cho rang hp cdm thay lo ldng va khdng an todn Trong qua trinh dd thi hda, ddn cu d vfing ndng thdn ngdy cdng gia tdng, tinh hinh dn ttfm vat, ttdm chd va cd cudp gidt da xdy nhidu hon trudc d khu vyc ndng thdn Td ngn la mgt p h ^ tdt ydu ttong xd hgi d tdt ca cac qudc gia Ddi vdi nhfing vfing phdt tridn tdp ngp, ddn cu ddng dfic vd ddn nhdp cu nhidu, thi sy tdn tgi cua td ngn xd hfi Id didu khdng the ttdnh khdi Khu vuc ndng thdn dang ttong qua trmh dd thj hda, CNH, HDH vd dugc dinh hudng phdt ttidn theo hudng dd thi vf tinh, giup giam tai cho khu dd thi tnmg tam Do dd, can cd sy quan ly xa hdi chdt chd nhdm tgo mdi trudng sdng an todn cho cu ddn nai day Tdm lai, vd ca sd hg tilng thidt ydu nhu didn, dudng, tmdng, tram, nha d khu vuc ndng thdn TP.HCM da phat tridn mgnh, vh co bdn da dap fing du nhu c^u cfia ngudi dan ndng thdn Didu ndy gdp phdn lam cho difn mgo cua ndng thdn thay ddi hifn dgi han vd ndng cao chat lugng cufc sdng cua ngudi ddn ndng thdn ttong tidn ttinh phdt ttidn 2.6 Moi tru&ng xa hgi Trong bdi vi^t nay, chfing tdi chi xem xet vdn de mdi tradng xa hgi d khia cgnh tf ngn xa hgi Qua khdo sdt ciia d^ tdi [9], v^ tf ngn xd hpi d ndng thdn, cd 15,3% nhung ngudi dugc hdi cho rdng tang hon cdc nam tmdc Nguyen nhan de din ddn vifc gia tang td ngn xa hfi d ndng thdn, ngudi ddn dua hai van dd chinb: tinh trgng nhdp cu tdng (chiem 43,5%/tdng y kidn), vd ty li thdt nghiep & nong thdn ngdy mgt nhiiu (chidm 37%/tdng ^ kidn) [9] Day cung Id van dd tdc dpng ddn mdi tradng sdng cfia ngudi dan ndng thdn Tf ngn ma ngudi dan ndng thdn thudng dd cap vdi chung tdi la ma tiiy vd trdm cdp - vi ma tiiy, ngudi ddn cho rdng, vifc gia tdng tf nan ndy d ndng thdn Id lugng ngudi nhgp cu tdng, ddc bidt la nhfing ngudi nhgp cu song tgi cdc khu phdng trg Hg la nhfing ngudi sdm di tdi v^, nghd nghifp khdng rd rang va 2.7 Mdi tru&ng tu nhien - Vd van dd vf sinh, rdc thdi, d khu vuc ndng thdn tmdc day, dat rgng ngudi thua, vdn dd rdc thdi ddu moi nha tu xfi ly nhu ddo hd chdn ldp hodc dot Qua ttinh dd thi hda dd thu hgp ddn khdng gian sdng, nha cfia mgc ldn nhidu han tten ddt ndng nghifp, do, van de thu gom rdc thai cilng dugc quan tdm, thuc hifn dd dam bdo vd sinh chung Didu tra ndm 2011 cbo thdy, vifc thu gom rac thdi cua td vf sinh ty qudn d cac huydn ngogi dd dugc tidn hanh ttdn difn rdng Trong do, xd cd td chfic/thud thu gom rac thdi la 58 xa (ty Id 100%); dp cd td chfic/thud thu gom rdc thai Id 332 (ty If 87,1%), ttong dd, huyfn Hdc Mdn dat ty If cao nhdt 100%, Nhd Bd 96,2%, Cdn Gid 85,7%, Binh Chanh 84,1 % vd tiidp nhdt la Cfi Chi 81,8% [7:55] 75 TAP CHI NGHIEN cdt PHAT TRIEN so 11 (1/2015) Nhu vdy, d khu vyc ndng thdn hidn nay, van de d nhidm bdi rdc thai khdng nghidm ttgng, vgy, cdc td chfic dodntiidcung can ddy manh tuydn traydn, van ddng de ngudi ddn khu vyc ndng thdn ndng cao hon nfia y thfic gift gin vf sinh chung Vi ttong qua trinh chfing tdi di khao sat thyc hifn dd tdi [9], ngudi ddn d khu vyc ndng thdn ciing dua mdt sd bfic xuc vd rac thai, la mdt sd ngudi ddn chua cd y thfic vd sinh chung, dd vut rdc vao nhfing khu dat bd hoang, ddt ttdng nhung khdng san xudt ndng nghifp Hodc ngudi ddn bd rdc khdng dung nai quy dinh thu gom rdc Ldu ddn, rac chdt ddng, bdc mfii hdi gay dnh hudng ddn mdi tmdng chung nhfic ddu Dd dung sinh hoat ttong gia dinh cung nhanh chdng bi hu hdng sy tdc dgi^ cfia acid cd ttong ngudn nudc d nhidm bdc hoi ldn Ddng thdi, d nhiem ngudn nudc cdn anh hudng rdt ldn ddn hogt dgng san xudt ndng nghifp - thfiy sdn cfia ngudi dan Cu the la ban 9.000ha ddt sdn xudt nhu mia, tham, lua he tiiu, ao nudi ttdng thfiy sdn khu vuc bdc Binh Chanh, Cfi Chi, Hdc Mdn da bi dnh hudng nang Hodc ngudi ddn d Can Gid nhfing ndm gan day khdng dam ddu tu nhidu vao vide nudi ttdng thfiy sdn, vi lo nggi mdt miia, thdt vu, thfiy sdn chdt ngudn nudc d nhiem gdy [9] Tdm lgi, dudi tdc dgng cfia quatimhdd thi hda, CNH, HDH, khu vuc ndng thdn cung dd bdt ddu phdi ddi mat vdi nhung vdn ngn cua xa hgi vd mdi trudng Do vay, ndu Nhd nudc, xa bgi va ngudi ddn "lo Id" ddi vdi vdn dd ndy se dan den d nhiem mdi tradng sdng, dieu se dnh hudng nghiem ttgng den chdt lugng cugc - Doi vdi ngudn nudc, ddc bidt la ngudn sdng khdng chiridngciia cu dan ndng thdn ma nudc phyc vy cho sdn xuat d khu vuc ndng la ciia todn thdnh phd thdn hifn dang ttd noi lo cfia ngudi ddn lln chinh quydn dia phuong cdc cdp Cdc Mgt vai nhan xet kdnh tfi ldu vdn cung cdp ngudn nudc Ndng nghidp, ndng ddn, ndng thdn Id van tudi tieu vd sdn xudt ndng nghifp, thfiy san dd quan ttgng ttong chien lugc phat tridn kinh cho khu vyc Bdc Binh Chdnh, Hde Mdn, Cu td cua dat nudc, dd, Imh vyc tam ndng Chi nhu kdnh Thdy Cai, An Ha, Rgch Tra ludn dugc Dang, Nha nudc quan tdm ddu tu dd bi d nhiem ngng Theo bdo cdo cfia Sd phdt ttidn ttong qua trinh phdt tridn kinh te Tdi nguyen Mdi tradng, tu gifta ndm 2009, cac theo hudng cdng nghidp hda, hifn dgi hoa kenh ndy dd bat ddu cd ddu hidu d nhiem, Vdi TP Hd Chi Minh, ndng nghifp, ndng dan, tinh trang d nhidm cang ttd nenttdmttgngvao ndng thdn cd nhimg net dgc tnmg ridng cua cudi ndm 2010 Ddc bift, vao khodng cudi ndm mpt thi ldn vd hifn dai 2011 va dau ndm 2012, ddng nudc cua cdc Chdt lugng cudc sdng cua ngudi ddn kdnh thudng xuyen xudt hifn nhfing dgt nudc cd mdu den, bdc mfii rdt khd chiu [10] ndng thdn da cd su thay ddi ddng kd thdi Didu ldm dnh hudng rdt ldn ddn sfic khde, gian qua Dd la ddi sdng kinh td cfia ngudi mdi tradng sdng cfia i^ydi danttongkhu vyc ddn dugc ndng cao, thu nhfip, tich luy, chi tieu Nhftng hd sdng gdn cac ddng kenh bi d nhiem, tdng len theo thdi gian, co sd hg tang timg ludn cdm thdyfiechd vd nggt ngat vi phai chiu budc dugc nang cdp vd phdt tridn Dgt dugc dyng mui hdi thdi bdc ldn tu ddng kdnh Cdc nhfing kdt qud ttdn dd Id nhd vao sy no luc cdn bfnh ma ngudi ddn nai ddy thudng gdp la to ldn cfia ngudi dan, sy lya chpn ly cua viem mui di fing, viem xoang, viem hgng vd tung ngudi dd ddm bao cho sy sinh tdn - Ve hf thdng thoat nudc thdi chung, d khu vyc ndng thdn cilng dd dugc quan tdm ddu tu phdt tiien Didu tra nam 2011 cho thdy, xa cd xay hf thdng thodt nudc thdi chung Id 23, dgt ty If 39,7%; Ap cd xay hf thdng thoat nudc thdi chung la 108, datty If 28,3% [7:54] 76 VANHOA-XAHOI ti"ong qua trinh van dOng va phdt tridn Tuy nhidn, qud trinh phdt ttidn, thay ddi d khu vyc ndng thdn cung bgc Id mdt sd mat tieu cue, dd la co sd hg tdng tdng ldn nhung van chua the dap ung kip vdi tdc dp phdt trien ddn sd nhanh d ndng thdn; td ngn xd hdi, d nhiem mdi tmdng d ndng thdn dang tang len ttong qua trinh phdt tridn Chinh vi vdy, Thanh phd vd cac cdp dia phuang cdn cd nhung chinh sdch hgp ly dd tiep tuc phdt huy mat tich cyc vd ban chd mdt tidu cyc da va dang dien d ndng thdn nhu hifn D6ng thdi, TP.HCM cdn quan tam hon nfia ttong vifc cai thidn mdi tradng sdng, didu kifn s6ng cfia cu dan ndng tiidn tiieo hudng hidn dai, bdn vftng, tidn tdi nang cao chat lugng cugc song cfia ngudi dan, keo gidm khodng each chdnh lech gifia ndng thdn vdi ddthi Tai lifu tham khao Nguyen Kim Thoa, "Bdn vi khdi ni$m chdt lugng cugc song", Tgp chi Ddn sd vd Phdt triin, sd 6/2003, Website Tdng cue DS-KHHGD), http://giadinh.net.vn/ 2011111703242523pll56cll60/ban-vekhai-niem-chat-luong-cuoc-song.htm Nien gidm Thdng ke TRHCM nam 2010, tt 321 Cue tiidng ke TRHCM, Bdo cdo so bf Kit qud diiu tra ndng nghiep, ndng thdn vd thOy sdn ndm 2011 Cue tiidng kd TRHCM, Tdng diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd & 2009 TP Hd Chi Minh, tr%5\, 933-935 "Tinh hinh phdt triin he thdng di$n qud trinh cdng nghiep hda, hiin dgi hda khu vuc ndng thdn ngogi thdnh" ttdn ttang web http;//www.sonongnghiep hochiminhcity gov.vn, 18/11/2011 Cue thdng kd TRHCM, Kit qud diiu tra ndng nghidp, ndng thdn vd thdy sdn ndm 2001 Tdng cyc thong kd, Kit qud dieu tra ndng nghiep, ndng thdn vd thdy sdn ndm 2006 Ki hogch phdt trien Gido due vd Ddo tgo giai dogn 2011-2015 vd ndm hgc 20112012 cua Phdng Gido due & Ddo tgo cac huyfn 'LdThiMyHd,2012,A^ongd?d«, ndngthdn TP.HCM qud trinh cdng nghiip hoa, hiin dgi hoa, Vifn Nghidn cfiu Phdt tridn TRHCM 10 "TPHCM: d nhiim de dga han 9.000ha hoa mdu ", trdn Thai bdo Kinh ti Gdi Gdn online, 14/42012  ... TP Hd Chi Minh, tr%5, 933-935 "Tinh hinh phdt triin he thdng di$n qud trinh cdng nghiep hda, hiin dgi hda khu vuc ndng thdn ngogi thdnh" ttdn ttang web http;//www.sonongnghiep hochiminhcity gov.vn,... hoa, * Chi tieu cua cuddn nong thon thdnhphd thi thao, gidi tri lai rit it Cu the: chi cho Hi Chi Minh vifc an, udng, hiit chijm 45,58% tdng S6 liSu tren cho thay, nguoi dan a Hoc Mon va Nh4 B4... giat 39,07 May dilu hoa 13,82 C6 di$n thoai 100,00 Xe gan may 92,94 Nguon: Cue thong keTP Ho Chi Minh, 201D 70 VAN HOA-XAE Co thd tiidy, ddi sdng kinh td cfia cu dan ndng tiidn TRHCM dang cdng