Đặc trưng trang phục ông tổng trong tang ma của người việt tại đà nẵng

• KHOA HOC N H A N V A N •> DAC TRUTSTG TRANG PHUC ONG TONG TRONG TANG MA CUA NGU6l VIET TAI DA N A N G HOANGTHIMAISA" NGUYfiN THU TRANG'"' Tom tdt: Bdi vie't tihdi qudt ve vai tro cda ong Tong tang ma cda ngiicli Viet d Ba Ndng; dong thdi, chd mo td vd pfldn tich sdu ve dgc trUng trang phuc ciia ong Tong Thong qua nghien cdu nay, bdi viet gop phdn bo sung vd tdm gidu them tinh da dgng van hoa cua ngudi Viet vd gdi md nhiing nghien ciiu sdu sdc hdn ve ddi song tang ma cda ngiidi Viet a Da Nang noi rieng vd xic Qudng boi cdnh hien TU khoa: Tang ma ciia ngiidi Viet; dac triing trang phuc; ong Tong Abstract: This article described the role of the General character in funerals of Vietnamese people in Danang, focusing on clothing features of the General Discussion of cultural diversity in Vietnam and future directions for research on Vietnamese funeral Keywords: Vietnamese funeral; clothing feature; the General Ngdy nhan bdi: 12112/2018; Ngdy sia bai: 12/01 /2019; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: Dat van de Tif CO truyen den hien dai, biic tranh tang ma cua ngudi Viet cl Da Ning khong th^ thieu sac raau ciia yeu to' tam linh, yeu to nghe thuat Yeu to lai dudc xay diing, vun dftp ttt nhiJng nguoi het sUc binh di, la nhiing ngUOi dong vai tro, vi tri la nhiing ong Tong, doi am cong Neu nhu nhiing dam ma b mpt so dia phudng khac, viec cd ban ruou thit, nhac ken de dugc xem la dam ma 16n, thi tai xU Quang, 16n hay nho, lai dugc danh gia tii ndi tie'ng, tai hat hay, miia gioi cua ong Tdng Moi dugc dng Tdng chuyen nghiep, thdi gian dien keo dai, kheo led than dugc ndi dau mat ngucii than cila gia chu dudc xem la diem nha'n ndi bat ciia mgt nghi thitc tang ma xii Quang Hinh anh ong Tdng tam thUc dan gian xU Quang Q] 27/02/2019 khong chi ra't a'n tugng v6i 16'i hat, ldi diSn, ldi ciing te nghi ll, ma cdn an tugng bdi phuc trang Bai vie't se tap trung tim hieu dac trUng trang phuc cua ong Tdng tang ma cila ngUOi Viet d Da Ning hien Khai quat ve ong Tong tang ma ngiidi Viet tai Da NSng 1.1 Nguon gd'c, ten ggi Ong Tdng la mgt chUc nhd lang, chuyen lo tang che cho ngudi dan Ong Tdng co ten ggi khac la ong Cai (nguoi chi huy ddi am cong lo viec tang); hay, ong Tau (nghia la hat, ca than), d Nghe An, nhan vat dugc goi la ong PhUdng Tu6ng (giu linh hdn ngUdi da '•' ThS., Truong Dai hoc Su Pham Dai !,„„ tl- IM= Email: hoangsa828gmail.com " " " °'» '^"'«' '"' ThS., Hoc vien Dan toe; Email: nguyenthutrang@cema.gov.vn NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOl Sd 3-2019 HOANG THI MAI SA, NGUYEN THU TRANG khua't tranh bi quy dii qua'y nhilu) Ngoai ra, ten goi ong Tong thiicJng gan liin v6i dpi am c6ng ciia lang, theo quan ni6m cua dan lang, tham gia vao dpi la la'y "cong doi cong", la tinh lang nghia xom, giiip cac gia dinh lo viec tang ma va cung chia se cpng dong 1.2 Vai tro cua dng Tdng ddm tang Trong qua trinh to chiic tang ma d Da Nang, vai tro ciia ong Tong dirpc the hien qua nghi ll chinh: ll trinh dien, bai quan; 1§ dpng quan, di quan va le te dao trung Trong moi ll, ong thUc hien nghi thtic Cling te va hat xUdng Le trinh dien, bdi quan Chii nha chpn gid tot d l rU6c ong Tong va Dpi am cong den mat, ll thitdng dien vao chap toi (thitdng khoang thdi gian tii 17h den 20h) V6i dieu bp tcf ton, bildc chan uyen chuyen qua chieu hoa dat ci cong vao, nhe nhang nhifng d^y uy luc Liic ong T6'ng dau dpi mii rong, mat dUdc to ve ky liiSng, ao quan, giay quan, trang phuc day du chinh te, bat d^u thiic hien nghi le v6i phan xUng danh: NhU ta ddy, que ngu viing San ddng, ngd biiu tU tong sinh, thiia lenh tren cdp td'c bdn trinh, xud'ng trdn the dUa linh cUu ve miin cue lgc Tiep theo, ong Tong tbiic hien cac nghi le din dpi am cong vao tbeo dpi hinh va cac nghi ll trinb dien vdi cbinh quyen, vdi gia dinh: ThUa chinh quyin luy cdp, sau thUa hg tgc nhd tang, huang linh da cOi hgc bay xa dgi dm cdng trinh dien Cung ll trinb dien nay, ong T6ng se thay gia dinh bay to sii dau ddn, xot thUdng trudc vong linb ngUdi da khuat bang ngon ngQ cua nhflng dieu S(f^20ig ngam, nhiing cau hat, cau noi loi, luc nhe nhang, sau lang nhu dong song phang lang, luc lai da diet, bao hiing, cuon cuon nhu bien Idn, song sau, khien tam tu ngUdi nghe nhu chiing lai Cupc ddi ngUdi da khua't liic ba'y gid cii nhu mpt cuon phim quay cham, tai hien mot each vo hinb tam tUcing ciia gia dinh, tpc hp, ba lang xdm Le ddng quan, di quan Trong ll dpng quan, di quan, ong Tong CO vai tro trieu tap dpi am cong vao chuan bi di quan Ong Tong dieu khien dpi am cong bang cac dieu bat, tieng ho va cac nhip go sinh hay chieng, Doi vdi nhiing trU6ng hdp an tang ci lang khac hoac dUdng de'n ndi an tang phai qua nhieu lang khac phai cd le te dao trung (ciing giQa dUdng) Ll ong Tong cbi dao, tii dia diem dQng chan, dat mam thd de'n lam le khan vai Ong Tong khan nhQng bai kha'n ve vong linb vdi hoang bon xU va than Tho dia cbudng xU da't ciia lang sd tai, cho phep doan dUa tang dUdc di ngang qua hoac vao lang an tang ngUdi qua co' Mpi ngUdi nin lang doi theo ong Tong va dpi am cong thiic hien cac nghi le cho de'n co quan dupc dUa xud'ng huyet, cung la luc chieng tro'ng, va am sac tieng sinb ca't len mpt hoi dai, mpi thU deu diln trang nghiem, tuan tii, dudi sU dieu khien cua ong Tong Dac triing t r a n g phuc ong Tong Ong Tong khdng chi cd vai tro quan trpng nghi thiic tang ma cua ngUdi dan dia phUdng xQ Quang ma sU xua't bien, hinh thQc ben ngoai cua dng cung ra't a'n tUdng Tao binh nhan vat luon noi bat giQa khong gian tang NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q j DAC TRl/NG TRANG PHUC ONG TONG ma bdi sii cau ky va noi bat each phuc sQc Khai niem trang phuc khdng chi bd bep cai quin, ta'm ao Liet ke day dii thi trang phuc la nhQng phUdng tien vat cha't bao gom: quan, ao, vay, mu, ndn, giay, dep, trang siic, cac phu kien di kem va cac binh thQc trang tri tren cd the Trang pbuc ong Tong cung bao gom cac bp phan, chiing loai ke tren Trang phuc dng Tong di tQ hinh thQc ddn gian, cd gi dung de'n hinh thQc cau ky, hoa my, tao hinh cd chu dich Theo dong thdi gian, trang phuc dng Tong dat dupc sU on dinb, va hinb nhQng dac trQng sau: 2.1 Tinh ddc thit cua cdng viec TrUdc day, Hgi tra tang ciia mdi lang xa hoat dpng thUdng xuyen nhu hinh thUc "doi cdng" (hdm lam cho nha nay, mai nba minh cd viec, hp lai de'n giup) trang phuc cua cac Tdng va dpi am cdng lang cat may Luc nay, trang phuc ciia dng Tdng la chiec ao dai den, dng khdng dpi mu, khdng trang diem Trang phuc cua dpi am cdng cung vay, la kieu ao gian di, thuan lpi cho viec di quan Lang cat cii mdt ngUdi dam nhan viec bao quan, giat giu can than trang phuc cua dng Tong va dpi am cong, dung lang co tang che, trang phuc cu lang lam le cung va dd't chung di Hien nay, trang phuc cua dng Tong va dpi am cong tai mpt sd' lang da khdng cdn day du ca ao, quan, va mu dpi dau Dpi am cdng chi mac ao dong phuc, cdn quan thi mac y, nien thi mac quan jean, tam 30 tuoi tbi mac quan tay, quan kaki Ben canh do, trang phuc ciia dng Tong Q va dpi am cdng bat dau cd sii thay ddi ro ret, cd mdt so nghe si Tuong, ganh Tuong bd nghi, di danb nhac cho cac dam tang, nhan thay phu bdp vdi nghe Tong, va chuyen sang hat dng Tdng Ngay nay, trang phuc cua dng Tdng va dpi am cdng thQdng la: dng Tdng: gUdng mat danh pha'n hdng dam, rau dai, mac ao giap do, co theu hoa van sac sd, diu dpi kim khdi dd, quan trang, chan di hia hoac di giay vai, tay Tong cam cap sinh de go dieu khien binh (am cdng) dUa linh cQu Bdn ong ddu roi: mac ddng phuc mau vang nhat, cd vien xay cd va cac ta ao cdc tay mau dd vang hoa van d ga'u ao, mac quan mau xam tro, chan di giay vai, dau dpi ngach quan mau vang cd vien xanh, tay cam cd lenh cd tua vang hinh tam giac hoac cam tre cd vat tua phia tren Bdi dm cong: mac dong phuc, ao da'u ngan mau xanh, cd vien xay cd, xud'ng den ga'u ao cd vien mau dd, vang hoa van, diu dpi ngacb quan mau xanh, cd vien quanh mep, cd phu hi$u chQ thap dinh d trUdc mu Quan dai mau xam tro, chan di giay vai Mdi lang se cd each lila chpn chat li§u vai, mau vai, each cat may rieng cho tQng dd'i tUdng, nham tao net dac trung rieng cua tQng lang, tQng thdn Nhin chung, tren nen chung ciia mau trang hoac mau den cua tang phuc, bd trang phuc rQc rd cua dng Tong da khdng chi thu hut sQ chu y dac biet cua mpi ngUdi ma dd cdn la diem nha'n quan trpng dUa tang 2.2 Tinh hinh tUang Vai tro cua dng Tdng la vd cQng quan trpng viec hoan tat thu tuc mai NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Sff 3-2019 HOANG THI MAI SA, NGUYEN THU TRANG tang cf xQ Q u a n g , t u y n h i e n , vi dng Tong dupc t r a o cai q u y e n d i e u k h i e n dpi am cong, dieu k h i e n dpi di q u a n , h a huyet linh cQu ngQdi d a khua't Dd la bdi, tam thQc d a n g i a n xQ Q u a n g cho r a n g , ong Tong thQc cha't la m d t vi tQdng cudp xac dng Tong tang ma dgi dien cho mgt the liic sieu nhien, cd quyen hdnh dUa xdc chet tii nhd den huyet mg mgt cdch an todn, chu ddo, thi uy sUc manh doi vdi nhiing vong linh khudt mat khudt mdy, chet dUdng chet cha ludn CO y dinh chgc phd ldm cho chuyen di gap trd ngai trdm be, du tU cdch di cao nhgp linh hon ngUdi dd khudt vdi the gidi hen (the gidi dy cd the Id cdi dUdng, vlnh hdng, cUc lgc, Id thien nhiing cUng cd thi Id coi dm ti u tdi, dia nguc thdm sdu)''^\ Cudp xac d d a y dupc b i e u t h e o h a i nghia, mpt la: cUdp di t h a n t h e ciia ngQdi qua ddi khoi sii n i u keo c u a n g u o i t h a n gia dinh, h a i la: g i a n h l a i l i n h h d n cua ngudi ma't khdi b a n t a y c u a q u y dQ dang triic chd cUdp di D u d k h i a c a n h hien thiic hay t a m l i n h t h i de l a m dUdc viec nay, dng Tong c a n p h a i cd ngoai hinh va dieu hp t h a t dQ d a n , h u n g t d n de quy dQ tha'y ghe sd m a t r a n h xa Theo ldi t h u a t lai ciia ngUdi l a m Tong: vi la tudng cQdp xac, n e n cac dng Tong thudng hda t r a n g gUdng m a t t r o n g ra't dang sd D a n g c h u y h d n ca la each di, difng, each k h u a t a y miia c h a n k e t hdp v6i bp trang p h u c rUe t h e u d l y h p a tiet cang lam cho q u y dQ k h i e p sd h d n Ve each hda t r a n g , ong T o n g thUdng danh mat pha'n day, h a i gd m a p h u m a u hong dam, ed d u d n g k e m a u d e n dpc sd'ng J^ui, danh son dam Ngoai e a c h t r a n g diem gUdng m a t noi b a t vdi sac dien Sii 3-2019 h u n g dQ, m a u sac t r a n g p h u c dng Tong c u n g dupc iQa chpn ed chu y T r a i ngQde vdi m a u t r a n g cua loai vai xd gai d u n g de m a y t a n g p h u c , h a y nhQng ngUdi de'n vieng mac nhQng bd t r a n g p h u c ddn gian, m a u t r a m buon, dng Tong lai mac m a u ra't d a m v a ra't noi bat, t h u d n g la m a u do, m a u cua t r a n g p h u c vd tQdng P h u k i e n di k e m giup dng Tong l a m t r d n vai eua mdt vi tQdng cudp xdc chinh la cap sinh Cap s i n h k h i gd vao n h a u se p h a t r a a m t h a n h , la mpt hieu lenh d u n g de dieu k h i e n dpi a m edng Xet ve m a t t a m linh, cac dng Tong de'u cho r a n g cap sinh ra't linh thieng, c a n g l a m n h i e u d a m t a n g , m a u sac cua cap s i n h lai c a n g t h a y ddi Ne'u la m a u v a n g t h i nd se c h u y e n d a n s a n g m a u den Cdn ne'u la m a u den t h i nd cang den hdn, v a bdng h d n trUdc Va tie'ng k e u eiia nd k h i gd len lai cang t h a n h Cac dng Tong k h d n g bao gid dUa cap s i n h cho ngUdi k h a c cam t r o n g luc d a m t a n g d a n g d i i n Ne'u de y, e h u n g t a se t h a y dng Tong ludn cam cap s i n h t r e n t a y , k h i h o a n t h a n h cdng viec lap tUc ca't nd n g a y vao t u i xach Hp tin r a n g ehi b a n t h a n m i n h la ngudi da dupc dn t r e n cha'p n h a n cho l a m n g h e dng Tong, t h i mdi cd t u d n g sac de cam dUdc cap s i n h a'y- Ld vd y mdt ngUdi n a o dd d m cap s i n h len v a gd vao n h a u t h i chae c h i n h d n ngQdi chet se b a m vao ngQdi hp, m a n g de'n dieu k h d n g td't 2.3 Tinh thdm my Tim h i e u ngudn gd'c ciia h i n h thQc H a t Ong Tong, Bia chi Bai Lgc cd ghi: Tuc Hdt Ong Tdng tang li d Bai Lgc cd