Nhà ở truyền thống của người minangkabau ở indonesia

NHA TRUYEN THONG CUA NGUCJl MINANGKABAU INDONESIA HOANG THI GIANG* Tom tdt: Ld mot ddo ldn cda Indonesia, Sumatra dugc biet din Id mpt hon ddo cd ddn so chu yiu Id ngiiiri Minangkabau Hien ngudi Minangkabau vdn la mpt tpc ngudi In che dp mdu he ldn tren thi gidi Ngudi Minangkabau d phia Tdy Sumatra sd hUu ngdi nhd truyen thong vdi ten ggi Rumah Gadang hay Rumah Besar Ddy Id nhitng ngoi nhd sdn truyen thd'ng, be thi vdi mdi nhgn cong viit nhu cap siing trau vd mang net dgc triing vdn hda cua ngidri Minangkabau Bdi viit gidi thieu ve ngudi Minangkabau vd ngdi nhd truyen thdng cua hg thong qua mpt vdi tieu chi nhU sUphdn bo vc khong gian nhd, trang tri nhd.v.v Tit khoa: Ngitiyi Minangkabau, nhd truyen thong, Rumah Vai net ve ngufcfi Mmangkabau d Indonesia Ngfldi Minangkabau ha\' cbn dfldc ggi la ngfldi Minang (Urang Minang tieng Minangkabau) la ngfldi dan ban dia tai eao nguyen d tinh Tay Sumatra, Indonesia Day la tdc ngfldi chiem da so' cf dao Sumatra Ten "Minangkabau" ddi gdn lien \'di mdt cau ehuyen lieh sfl, ndi ve viee tranh ehap dat dai gifla n ^ d i Minangkabau va ngfldi Jawa thdng qua hinh thfle ehpi trau Ket qua la ngfldi Minangkabau ehie'n thang va Minangkabau ehinh la sfl ket hdp bdi hai chfl "minang" va "kabau" Trong dd, "minang" nghia Ifi chien thfing, "kabau" la Gadang trau'^' Cung xua't phat tfl truyen thuyet nay, hien mdi nam mgt Ian, tge n ^ d i Minangkabau d Tay Sumatra lai to ehfle mflng mua mang bfing le hdi dua bb lA hdi nfiy da trd mgt phan ddi sd'ng vfin hoa eua tdc ngfldi Minangkabau d Tfiy Sumatra vao cudi mua vu Day cdn gpi la mdn the thao Pacu Jawi truyen thd'ng eiia bg tdc ngfldi Minangkabau Ve ngdn ngfl, ngfldi Minangkabau ndi tie'ng Minangkabau (Baso Minang(kabau) tie'ng Indonesia: Bahasa Minangkabau) la radt ngdn ngfl ngfl tge MalayPolynesia thupe ngfl he Xam Dao, dfldc si^ dung bdi dan Minangkabau d Tay Sumatra, d vung tay cua Riau va nhieu * H o a n g Thi Giang Vien nghien cflu n g X a m A Hodng Tbi Giang - Nhd d truyen thd'ng ciia ngUifi Minangkabau d Indonesia phd' khfip Indonesia bcfi nhflng ngfldi nhap cfl Minangkabau, nhiing ngfldi thudng lam nghe buon ban hay rad nha hang Ngdn ngU eung dugc su dung d mgt so phan eiia Malaysia Do nhiing sfl tfldng dong ldn ve ngfl phap gifla tie'ng Minangkabau va tie'ng Melayu nen cung ed mdt so' tranh eai ve quan he gifla hai ngdn ngfl nfiy Mgt so' ngfldi xem tieng Minangkabau la radt phfldng ngfl eua tieng Melayu, nhflng ngfldi khae cho rang tieng Minangkabau la mgt ngdn ngfl rieng biet'^' Tie'ng Minangkabau cd nhieu phfldng ngfl, doi eo sfl khac biet gifla cac lang gan (vi du nhfl cac lang each mdt eon song)'^' Ve tdn giao, ngfldi Minangkabau chii ye'u theo Islam giao, b&n canh do, hp cung theo cae tin ngfldng truyen thdng (adat) eua minh nhfl theo thuyet linh vat, thd cac yeu to tu nhien bdi hp tin rfing tat ea cac vat deu cd linh hon Ngifdi Minangkabau ra't sung dao Islam nhung cung ra't eoi trpng truyen thd'ng dan tdc hoae phong tue ciia hp Md'i quan he gifla Islam giao va truyen thdng van hda dupe mo ta bang cau ndi '^adat basandi syarak, syarak basandi Kitabullah" (phong tuc truyen thd'ng dfldc thiet lap theo luat Islam giao va luat dude lap dfla tren Holy Qur'an) Cd the ndi, truyen thdng va tin ngfldng Islam giao dfldc pha trdn cudc so'ng ciia hp Chung khdng nhflng khong mau thuan ma edn bo trd eho Cac penghulu (tdc trfldng) da thao luan va xae nhan rang truyen thdng va tin ngfldng Islam giao deu dfin dat van hda ciia ngfldi Minangkabau theo Cling mgt hud'ng va tao nen ban sac, truyen thdng dan tod"*' Ve ddi sd'ng, ngfldi Minang chu ye'u la 47 nhflng eu dan ndng nghiep, sd'ng ehii yeu bang nghe trdng lua Hg lam lua nude d rudng tha'p (savae) va lua khd d rugng cao (ladang) Hp dimg trau, bd de eay bfla Gifla moi khoang rupng deu cd mdt khoang dat dtmg lam ndi te "me lua" Trong do, lam dat la viee eua dan dng, gieo eay Ifi viee eua phu nfl Ngodi lua, ngfldi Minangkabau edn trdng nhieu loai cay khac nhfl dfla, chudi, ea phe, che, xoai Cae vat nudi ehinh la bd trau, ngfla, de Trau vifa de lay sfla viia dung lam sflc keo eho ndng nghiep Chd va gia cam hau het dflde nudi eae gia dinh, Cae nghe thu cdng phat trien eao, dae biet la nghe det, dan va eham khfic gd Ngoai ra, radt so nghe ren, due, kira hoan cung la rapt cae nghe truyen thd'ng Iau ddi ciia ngfldi Minangkabau Thfle an cude sd'ng hang ciia ngfldi Minangkabau chu yeu la cdm, thit, ca Dan dng, dan ba deu nhai trau Rfldu gdm rfldu gao va rupu qua Dan dng mac quan ao cfinh dai tay, eo trdn TrUde the ky XDC va cho ddn hien nay, ngUdi Minangkabau van cdn tdn tai phong tuc cUa rang va nhudm rang den'^' Ve van hda, ngudi Minangkabau la cdng dong theo che' raau he, do vai trb ciia phu nfl gia dinh ra't quan trpng Ho la ngudi nam gifl eua cai va dat dai, theo tue le, gai se la ngfldi thfla ke Trong dd, nara gidi gia dinh cd vai trb dam nhiem cac van de lien quan den chinh tri va tdn giao'^' NgUdi Minangkabau cd truyen thd'ng sinh boat van hda mang nghi thife cgng dong tai ngdi nha Rumah Gadang Chung dfldc truyen lai, ndi tie'p tfl ddi sang ddi khae gifla nhflng ngfldi phu nfl gia dinh Ngoai ra, ngfldi dan Minangkabau cdn cd truyen thd'ng doe dao gpi la merantau Merantau la boat ddng di .\ghicn ci'tu Ddng Wmi X^sdL^/^^^JZTrong tieng Indonesia, tfl Gajah Maharam nghia la voi dang ngu Do do, nh^e den ngdi nha nay, chung ta co the thay dd la rapt ngdi nhd to va rdng, trdng be the va sang trpng Phan dau hdi ben trai va ben phai cd efin phdng (gpi la anjung) trdng gidng nhfl sif ket nd'i tfl toa nha ehinh Phdng dupe siJf dung lam ndi ngoi cua cd dau vao nhflng le cfldi truyen thd'ng Hang ngay, ben canh efic N h a t r u y e n thd'ng ciia ngiicfi nghi le truyen thd'ng thi phdng cdn Mmangkabau dflde sd dung la san chdi cho tre em hofie tinh Tay Suraatra, nha truyen thdng Ifim ndi det vai cho phu nfl Ngdi nha nfiy eua ngfldi Minangkabau ed ten la nha dflde lam bhng gd chat Ifldng td't nhfl gd Gadang (Rumah Gadang/Rumah Besar) juar, surian va ru3njng Mai nha dUde lam Rumah Gadang cd nghla la mdt ngdi nha bfing ngdi Nhfi bao gom phdng dfldc ldn Mdt sd vung khac d Tay Suraatra edn trang tri vdi nhCfng cham khfic dac biet So' ggi Gadang vdi phfldng ngfl khac, dd la lUdng cdt nha la 30 cot, vi vay, loai Godang dd thuat ngfl Rumah Gadang nha cd kha nfing chdng ddng dat rat tdt Ngoi nha Gadang thudng dUdc eung dflde gpi la Rumah Godang tha'y d phd quy tge Piliang Nha Gadang la ngdi nha san hinh chfl nhat \ a raai nha thfldng dfldc bie't de'n la Nhd Gadang Gonjong Limo mai dfic trflng ed hinh vdm nhgn trdng Dac trUng ciJa ngdi nha truyen thong gidng nhfl mdt cap siing trau Hinh dang la ed sU bd sung mai gonjong d ben trai ciia raai nha hudng Ien tren dflde ggi la vd ben phai ctia ngdi nha Nha hau he't Gonjong Vi vay Nha Gadang cung cd the dugc tim thay d Thanh phd Payakumbuh, dflpc ggi la nha Bagonjong boac Padang Nha Gadang Gonjong Limo hau Bagonjoang Trfldc day, mai nha Gadang nhu gidng vdi loai nha Gadang Gajah dflpc lam bang la eg Ngay nay, ben eanh Maharam ke tren nhflhg nd khdng eo nha Gadang dflpc Idp bfing la eg thi ciing phdng anjung d hai dfiu nha ed nha Gadang cd mai nha dfldc lpp bfing Nhd Gadang Surambi Papek ngdi boac nhdra'^' Ngdi nha truyen thd'ng trdng kha 2.1 Cdc logi hinh nhd Gadang khae biet so vdi nhijftig ngdi nha truyen Xt'u ndi ve nha truyen thdng d Sumatra thd'ng khac, cd ciia vao dfing sau d ben trfii Barat (phia ta\- Sumatra) thi theo thd'ng ke va ben phai (ggi la bapamokok hoae papek cd den loai hinh nha Tuy nhien, dfla tie'ng Miang) Vi vay, neu du khach tren sfl phan ehia khu \Uc dien tieh va lieh mudn vao ngdi nha tham sii ngdi nha thi nhfi Gadang dupe phan quan thi phai di qua eiia sau cua ngdi nha chia loai nhU sau'^': Tuy nhien, thdi gian trdi qua, nhieu ngdi Nhd Gadang Gajah Maliaram nha Gadang Surambi Papek da dupe siia khdi lang eua nam gidi de tim kiem cudc sdng va trai nghiem tdt hdn Day khdng chi la tae ddng cua qua trinh dd thi hda van hda hien dai raa edn la mdt truyen thd'ng tfl xUa Xam gidi Minangkabau da di khap Ddng Xam A tham chi xa hdn nfla de tim kiem van raay vdi tu each la thudng nhan hoae eae hpe gia'"' Hodng Thj Giang - Nhd d truyen thdng cua ngudi Minangkabau d Indonesia ddi vdi viee mcf ciia tnfdc gidng cac ngoi nha truyen thd'ng khae Nhd Gadang Batingkek Mo hinh xay dUng ciia ngdi nha Gadang tfldng tfl nhU ngdi nhd Gadang Gajah Maharam Trong tieng Indonesia, Rumah Gadang Batingkek cd nghia la ngdi nha Gadang nhieu tang Trong qua khfl, ngdi nhfi truyen thd'ng hau he't dflde tim thay d Padang, nhifng hien viec tim tha'y ngdi nha hau nhfl la rat hiem Nhin chung, nha Gadang eiia ngUdi Minangkabau dUdc phan ehia nhieu loai thupe vao tiing khu vflc nhflng ve Cd ban day la ngdi nha san ldn, hinh chfl nhat, cd mai nhgn dflpe ggi la Gonjong the hien niem tin eiia ngfldi Minangkabau vao than vfi thidn nhien cung nhfl tflpng tnfng cho sflc manh, tinh doan ke't ciia hg cgng ddng 2.2 Su phdn bd ve khong gian: V^ tdng the "Rumah Gadang" la mgt ngdi nha rat be the, cd hinh dang la hinh chfl nhat Kich thflde chieu dai ctia ngdi nha thfldng nfim khoang 12,5 m (5 phong) chieu dai nha't la 59,5 m (17 phdng), nhien, thdng thfldng ngdi nha Gadang cd phong Chieu rgng ngdi nha khoang 10-14 m, chieu eao la 5-7 m so vdi mat da't, chieu eao san tfl mat da't la 2.5 3,5 Vdi ngfldi Minangkabau, ehfle nfing cua ngdi nha Rumah Gadang vfla la ndi cfl tru, gap gd cua eae vien gia dinh, vfla la ndi hgi hpp \ a dien nhflng hoat dgng mang tinh nghi thfle eong ddng Ngdi nha the hien tinh cau ky, ti mi xay dflng mai nha la nhflhg Idp xep tfl hang ngan spi chi dupe lay tfl than cay sago - mdt loai cay thude hg cp, dfla, phan vach dfldc lpp 49 phen tre va gd Do sdng d vung dong bfing lua nude nen ngdi nha ngudi Minangkabau thiet ke' theo kidu nhfi sfin Khdng gian nha dUde ehia lam cfie phan thdng thoang khdng ed vach ngan each, gian ehinh gifla nha la gian tiep khach, edn lai la khu gifldng ngu va bep Khdng gian ben nha Gadang chu ye'u la cac khdng gian md (trfl cac phdng ngii) So phdng phu thude vao sd vien gia dinh, thfldng la so phdng le Tai phan cudi eua tflng mai se eo mgt bfle tfldng ngan each cac phdng Cung vdi tfldng la hang cdt (tiang) ehia khdng gian nha khoang (lanjar) Cpt nha Gadang dflpe lam tfl gd cha't Ifldng td't vi nd cd chflc nang ehd'ng dd ngdi nha Cac cdt khdng dflde chdn trflc tiep trdng dat ma dflpc dd bdi nhflng tang da ehfic chfin Vi vay, vdi thiet ke nay, cd dgng da't, nha Gadang khdng de dang hi lay ehuyen hay sup dd Phdng khaeh thfldng d dang phdng khdng cd tfldng hoae vat lieu each nhiet, lam ndi ngoi dara phan eung nhfl cac cude hgp gia dinh hoae mang tinh chat cdng ddng Khdng he eo ranh gidi rd rang gifla cae khdng gian nha mfi chung chi dfldc xae dinh bdi rauc dieh sii dung (na'u an nhfi bep, boat dgng ehung - khu vfle chinh) va ngan each vdi bfing cfie ranh gidi vd hinh Dieu tao cho ngdi nha rapt khdng gian md, rdng ldn va thoang mat Do khdng co tran nen eae eau true xa, keo nha dflpc bdc Id hoan toan dudi Idp mai Idp Didu eung gdp phan lam khdng gian nha cd the tieh ldn gan gap ddi cac kien true nha eo tran, gdp phan lara ngdi nha trd nen thoang raat nham thich nghi vdi hau nhiet ddi ndng am Nghien cdu Ddng Xiiin 4, v ( W £ ^ \"i theo che mau he nen ngfldi phu nfl la ngfldi sd hiiu ngdi nha Khi nhiing dito tre (ca nam va nfl) cdn nho thi ehflng sdng ciing gia dinh nhifng ldn Ien, chua den tuoi ket hdn thi nhflng dfla tre la nam gidi khdng ngii d nha ma ngu nhfi thd Islam gifio Chung dupe ren luyen va ldn Ien nha thd, va thUdng ve nha thara cha rae vao ban nga>- Tu\nhien, sau da ke't hdn thi hp lai dUdc phep ngu a nhfi vd (hay edn ggi Ifi tyc d re theo each ggi ciia ngUdi Viet) Khi ngUdi gai ket hdn, hg se sdng d nhflng can phdng each xa ldi vao, tai khu vflc Koto Piliang Alan, phdng eua hg nfim d phia ben trai cua ldi vao Cac phdng dflpc trao eho eae cap vd chong mdi eudi la cfie phdng dflde vinh danh va se dfldc trao cho cac cap vp chong mdi cfldi tie'p theo, nhung ngfldi cu se chuyen sang phdng ben canh va efl tiep tue nhfl vay hdn Day dfldc W nhfl la hai vfla liia ciia gia dinh, mdt cai de dU trfl gao fin hfing ngay, mpt cai de ehfla gao cho cac dip ciing le hofie lam tfl thien Dfic biet hai kho ehfla thdc dflpe dat ngofii trdi \-i theo quan niera eua ngfldi Minangkabau neu nhfl chfing raay nha Gadang cd hoa hoan thi hp van cd gao dfl trfl de an Neu nhfl nhin theo chieu tfl tren xud'ng thi chung ta se thay nhfi Gadang dfldc chia lam hai phan, la phan mfit trfldc vfi phan mfit sau Phan phia trfldc ciia nha thfldng ed day dii cae trang tri cham khfic va thfldng ed hoa vfin vdi re hoa, la va cae eanh dong hinh chfl nhat va hinh binh hdnh Trong mat ngoai ciia phan mfit sau dfldc phii bfing cfie phen tre 2.3 Ve mdi nhd, tiiifng, cgt Mdi nhd la mdt bieu tfldng dac tnfng cho ban sfic ciia ngfldi Minang Chi can nhin Ifldt qua hinh dang ciia mai nha, ehung ta se bie't ehu sd hflu cua ngoi nha ay Ifi ngfldi Minang hoae cd to tien ngfldi Minangkabau Ciia chinh nam gifla true ngang eiia ngdi nhfi, eae chop mfii dflpc udn eong dd'i xflng theo eiia ehinh Nhflng canh ciia so cQng dflpc phan bd deu theo true ddi xflng vdi efla Nha Gadang cd ea'u true mai eong a'n chinh va dflpc trang tri bang nhflng net tflpng vdi nhieu tang raai dflpc udn cong tai chara khac ehi tiet dflpe phii nhiing gam dau hoi nhu hinh sflng trau Nhin chung, mau manh nhfl do, den, vang, nau, trang, la>* tfl nhflng loai cay ed va da't da tU ngoi nha ed hinh chfl nhat, sd Ifldng vfi nhien Nha bep dupe xay difng rieng d phia chilu cao mdi tang dfldc tiiy chinh khae theo tflng trfldng hpp cu the Nhfi sau ciia ngdi nhfi gfin lien vdi tUdng thudng dupe xay dung bfing gd ket hpp vdi Ngoai ra, trUde nha Gadang cdn cd hai tre Trong do, mai nha thi dUdc lam kho thdc (gpi Ifi Rangkiang) thudng dupc bfing Sdl cp Cg la vat lieu re tidn, san cd d dat ddi xTJng nhau, phia ben phai va ben dia phfldng nhung lai c6 tinh ndng ben trai eua ngdi nha Kho thdc dupe bd tri fin dai, nhp va hofin tofin khong tham nude cd khdp vfi trd mot phan khdng the kha nang each nhipt eao Hai d^u h6i cua tach rdi vdi kien true ciia ngoi nha Do dd, ngdi nha cd hai ban cdng duac nang Ien ve hlnh thfle, Rangkiang cung ed cau true cao hdn so vdi san nha ehinh dp t?, i mai cong gidng nhU hinh sflng trau cua , , "