TAP CHi VHDG S6 3/2015 iNha a truyen thong cua cac toe nguoi Nam Dao a Viet Nam: su bien doi va huong bao ton MAI NGOC CHU 1) Tliudc ve ngu he Nam Dao (Austroneslan Language Family) o Viet Nam cd tdc ngudi: Cham, E De, Gia Rai, Ra Giai va Chu Ru Ho thuQC loai hinh nhan chung Indonesien, nhdm ngdn ngu Malayopolynesia (Ma Lai - Da dao) Dan so tren 600 ngan ngudi, chiSm khoang 1% dan sd Viet Nam va tren 0,23% sd ngudi Nam Dao d Ddng Nam A (Nguyen Tuan Triet 2000: 7) Tai Viet Nam, ngudi Nam Dao cu tru tren cao nguyen Gia Lai - Cdng Turn, cao nguyen Dak Lak, cao nguyen Lang Bian Lam Ddng, khu vLTc nam Trudng Son -Tay Nguyen, dong bang ven bien Ddng va khu vuc Nam Bo Thudc ve cung mot ngft he nen cac toe ngudi Nam Dao cd kha nhieu diem tucmg ddng ve tieng ndi, lich sfl va van hda Trong ITnh vvc van hda, dang chu y la nhimg tuong ddng ve van hda cu tru Diem diiu tien can noi den la nha d truyen thdng cua cac toe ngudi Nam Dao deu la nha san, mdt loai hinh nha xuat hien gan nhir a tat ca cac toe nguoi thuoc ngu he Nam Dao d Dong Nam A ndi chung Trong qua trinh dung ngdi nha d ciia minh, cac toe nguOri Nam Dao deu CO nhung phong tuc tap quan vua mang tinh thdng nhat toan ngu he vira mang tinh rieng biet pham vi tiing tdc ngudi Do la nhihig phong tuc tap quan lien quan den viec chgn dat, chgn go, chpn gid, cac nghi le dien suot qua trinhi lam nha va nhung kieng ki can tranh, v.v Ngoi nha san truyen thdng cua cac tgc ngudi Nam Dao a Viet Nam, ngoai nhftng chi tiet khac biet cua tiJng tdc nguTri, c6 riit nhieu diem chung tao nen gia trj truygn thong ciia van hda sinh hoat cdng ddng mang tinh dac thu ngft he C6 the khiii quiit mot so dac diSm chinh nhu sau: 1) Chu nha rat can than vi?c chgn dat, chgn ngiiy gid iain nha va chgn hudng nha, 2) Nhii san phiin lun deu la nhii gd va dd dac biet coi trgng viec chgn gd, chgn gid di lay gd, tiiy rua gd va cung cot cai, 3) Ngoai gd, cac nguyen lieu khac de lam nha la tre, nua, Iii, cd, may, song, 4) Nhd he thdng mgng, ngoam, nha c6 the thao rdi, ciin cd the chuyen di noi khac dung lai (phu hgp vdi tap quan du canh du cu trudc diiy), 5) Nha c6 nhieu gian va mdi gian co mgt chiic nang neng dugrc quy djnh ro rang, 6) Ngdi nhii the hien ro tinh chiit mau he von iii mgt net van hoa tgc ngudi dac tnmg cua cac cgng ddng Nam Dao Viet Nam, 7) Theo tin ngudng van vat hiru linh, c6 the noi, ngdi nha la "san pham tam linh" quan trgng nhat ciia ngudi bdi nd quyet djnh loan bg cugc sdng cua gia dinh Ndi ve nha san, nguoi ta dac biet chu y den loai hinh nha san dai cua cac tgc ngudi Nam Dao Day la loai hinh nha d^ xuat hien tij rat liiu va da tiing tdn tai mpt khoang thdi gian kha dai Theo cac nha nghien cuu, nha san dai xuiit hien va tdn tai la ben ciia no la mgt he thdng cac mdi lien he ben vftng dugc xay dung tren ciic nguyen tac xa hgi, luat tuc, quy tiic ve hon nhan, dong hg, nhain bao ve che thi toe miiu he (Nguyen Thi Hda 1996: 128) 2) Nhung nam giin diiy, van hoa cu trii cua ciic tpe nguoi Nam Diio a Viet Nam dii co nhieu thay doi Cuoc song hien dai dii lain cho nhung ngoi nha truyen thdng bj bien ddi rat nhieu Tren mgt cai nhin khiii quat, nhiing thay doi dien nhu sau: -Tii nhii siin diii chuyen sang nhii siin ngiin ^ -Tir nhii san ngiin chuye'n sang nha tret (nha dat hoac nha xay) Nha siin dai la mgt san pham rat dgc diio cua cac tgc ngudi Nam Dao "Mia ddi nhuiieng chieng ngdn" sij thi Tay Nguyen chinh la ndi ve loai nha Nhii san diii khdng chi c6 d Viet Nam ma cdn xuat hien d nhieu vung khu vuc Ddng Nam A No "Iii mdt bieu NGHIEN CUU - TRAO &6l hien van hda vat chdt dien hinh cua che thi tgc mlu quySn" (Phan Hftu Dat 1973: 265) Tuy nhien, qua trinh phat trien lich siJ, tu nhung nam dku thi ki XX da xuat hi|n tinh trang phan ciia to chuc dai gia dinh mhi he va sau dd la su thay doi cua nhirng ngoi nha dai Cd nhieu nhan td tac dgng ddn su thay doi Tuy nhien, theo chung tdi, cd hai nhan td chinh, la: I) Su xuat hien ciia nhiing ngudi phuong Tay d khu vuc cac tgc nguoi Nam Dao cu trii (ngudi Phap trudc day va ngudi My sau nay), 2) Su tac dgng cua cac tdc nguoi xung quanh (dac biet la cua nguoi Kinh) den cac tgc ngudi Nam Dao Khi dai gia dinh mau he bi giai the, ngdi nha san dai truyen thong dugc thay biing nhieu ngdi nha siin ngan Noi mgt each cu the, xa hgi phat trien, chiiu khong sdng ciing vdi bo me, ong ba ngdi nha dai nua ma tach d nhftng ngdi nha san nhd hon Nha san diii, vi vay, miit dan va thay vao la nhimg ngoi nha san ngiin Theo mpt thong ke tir sau budn E De d Diik Lak, vao thdi diem nhung nam 1995 - 1996, da CO d&n 73,2% tieu gia dinh mau he, d^i gia dinh mau he chi chiem 26,8% (Nguyin Thi Hoa 1996: 119) Dieu ciing CO nghTa la so lugng cac ngoi nha san dai da giam di dang ke Trong nhirng nam gan day, mgt xu huang bien ddi nha a truyen thong cua ciic tgc nguoi Nam Dao da va dang dien kha nhanh, la chuyen tu nha san nha tret Su chuyen doi cung co nhieu nguyen nhan nhung li chinh, theo chiing tdi, la sy bien doi kinh td - xa hgi nhanh chdng tren toan lanh thd' Viet Nam, co ca cac tgc nguoi Nam Dao Chinh sach xda doi giam ngheo duoc thuc Ihi den tan ciic lang d vung siiu viing xa vdi su cai thien co sd tiing giao thong va su xuat hien cua nhung ngdi nha tinh nghTa, cac khu nha mdi nha nudc xay dung phuc vu chinh siich di diin de xay hd thiiy dien va lam cac cong trinh cong cgng Tat ca nhimg ngoi nha mdi deu dm^Tc xay dung theo loai hinh nha tret cua nguoi Viet (ngudi Kinh) Van hoa cu tni theo loai hinh nha tret ciia ngudi Kinh da tac dgng m^nh den van hoa cu trii ciia cac dan tgc it ngudi, lam cho hg thay doi each nghT, tii diin d6n viec ngdi nha tret dan dan thay the ngoi nha san truyenjhong Can luu y r5ng xu hudng dang dien riit nhanh K&t qua khao sat cho thay, cho den nhirng nam giih thd ki XX, hSu het cac gia dinh ngudi Chim c Ninh Thuan vln a nha san tudng dat, mai tranh Nhung ddn cudi thd kl XX thi ngdi nha san da hau nhu bien mat Sd dl nhu vay la vi: - Ddi vdi nha san cu, ngudi Cham Ninh Thuan dd bd san, dap dat ton cao nen rdi lang xi mang hoac tat cac loai gach - Nhung nha mdi xay dung tu cudi nhimg nam I960 den ludn lam nen tr|t, khong cdn lat san nhu trudc (Le Huy Dai 2011: 190) Vdi cac tgc nguoi Gia Rai, Ra Giai, E De va Chu Ru, viec thay ngdi nha san bang ngoi nha tret cung da va dang dien kha nhanh Truoc nam 1975, vdi su can dy ciia ngudi My va cua dao Tin Lanh, nhiSu ngoi nha tret da thay th6 nha san Sau nay, nuoc nha thdng nhat, vdi chinh sach phat trien kinh te - xa hgi va su cd mat ciia ngudi Kinh d khap Trudng Son Tay Nguyen, anh hudng cua van hda cu trii ciia ngudi Kinh, nhiing ngoi nha san I^ mgt liin niia bi thay the bang nhiing ngdi nha tret 3) Ngoai sy biSn dd'i han tii nha san nha tret, ban than su ton t?ii ciia nha san ciing, CO nhieu su bien doi chi tiet Truoc het, sy thay doi de nhan thay nhat 111 vat lieu xay dyng Nha san truydn thdng cua cac tgc ngudi Nam Dao truoc day lam b3ng nguyen lieu ciia nui rung: go, tre, tranh, ia Ngiiy ngudn tiii nguyen rung bj c^n kiet va su phat trien cua khoa hgc kT thu^t, nhieu nguyen lifu moi nhu gach, ngdi, xi mang, ton da dugc thay the cho nguyen lieu thuc vat lay tu riing tmoc day Mdi nhd: thay yi each lgp la hoac cd tranh nhu trudc day, nhiSu ngdi nha san hien da duoe Igp bang ngdi hoac tdn Cot nhd: ciii d?p va sy "quyen ru" cua ngoi nha san truyen thdng chinh la d nhung cay cpt go to, chac, khde Tuy nhien, go riing cang cang hiem vii diit, hon niia y thiic bao ve rirng ciia ngudi diin cung cang duge nang cao, vay nhieu gia dinh da lam nha san b5ng cot be tdng Rieng d dong bao Cham An Giang, lam nha san sat mep sdng, gd de bj hon^, cho nen cot nha san bang be tdng kh^ phd bien Ddi vdi tgc ngudi Gia Rai a Phu Thien, tinh Gia Lai, d kieu nha nira san nija tret (ben tren la san, ben duoi g5m siin ducrc TAP CHi VHDG SO 3/2015 xay kin chii khdng de ndng), hinh thuc cot be tdng cung duoc sir dung Vach nhd: hinh thuc don so ban dSu la vach tre dan, sau chii y6u dung cac tim gd ghep voi va ddng cMc bSng dinh Cdu thang: theo truyen thdng, sd bac ciia c^u thang thudng la sd le va it nhit la bac Xa xua, vdi nhiing gia dinh ngheo, ciu thang dugc lam kha don gian, mien budc len san nha an toan la dugc Tuy nhien, ciing vdi he thong cot, cau thang gop phan lam dep ngdi nha, vi vay cac tgc ngudi Nam Dao thudng rit chii trgng den viec chgn gd tdt de' lam ciu thang va nhieu tgc ngucri trang tri rat ciu ki, mang mau sac tam linh hoac tin ngudng phdn thyc (nhu cham hinh ddi bau vu) Ngay nay, theo each sdng mdi, nhieu cap vg chong tre khdng cau ki viec trang tri cau thang nhu tren nua Sd bae cau thang cung cd the thay ddi O mgt so ngoi nha san mdi, cau thang go duoc thay bang cau thang be tdng G&m sdn nhd: nha san tranh la kieu nha co dien truyen thdng dupe cae tgc ngudi Nam Dao six dung de tranh thii du, vi vay gam san nha thudng rat cao (duge ggi la "nha cao cang", gam cao - m) Chuyen sang giai doan nha san gd, nhiing nha san "cao cang" kieu cu it di, vay gim san dugc lam thip xudng (2 - m) Ngay nay, tham chi, voi cpt gim san bing be tdng, gim san nha chi lam "liy le"