Ghi nhận và khen thưởng bị lãng quên bằng chứng từ một khảo sát thực nghiệm về lòng trung thành của nhân viên tại một số doanh nghiệp, tổ chức ở hà nội

V K I E N TRiDWO O O l GHI NH$N VA KHEN THUANG Bj UlNG QUEN: vi LONG TRUNG T H A N H COA NHAN V I E N TAI MpT S(f DOANH NGHlEP, Tif CHUC A H A NOI BKNG CHIING TO M O T KHAO SAT THUC NGHIEM Neuvln Thi Minh Hoa Tru'dng Dai hoc Lao don2 - Xa hoi Email: nguvcnthiminhhoal212faivahoo.com Ngdy nhgn lgi: 10/11/2019 Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/11/2019 Ngay nhgn: 14/10/2019 Nghiin cdu ndy khdo sdt 266 nhdn viin tgi han 100 doank nghiip, to chuc ddng trin dia bdn thdnh phd Hd Npi v&i mtfc tieu nhgn diin lai mot sd nhdn td ca bdn nhdm ndng cao sy hdi long vd long trung thdnh cua nhdn vien Kit qud phdn tich bdng mo hinh phuang trinh cdu true chi rdng, diiu kiin lam viic, luang vdphuc Ipi ddo tgo, phong cdch lanh dgo vd quan hi dong nghiip cd^dnhhu&Jig ddng ke vd tich cue den sy hdi long cua nhdn viin Sic hdi long cua nhdn viin duac cdi thien ddn din mice dp trung thdnh cua nhdn viin cao han Tuy nhiin, nhdn td ghi nhgn vd khen thu&ng lgi khdng tdc ddng din su hdi long cua nhdn vien Dieu ndy di ngu(rc lgi khung ly thuyit^ cdng nhu kit qud cua cdc nghiin cicu tru&c Kit qud phdng vdn sdu nhd qudn ly vd nhdn viin tgi to chuc khde chi mot sd bdt cap viic ghi nhgn vd khen thudng nhdn viin Cdn thau hieu thuc sy ddng lyc lam yi^c cua nhdn vien bdi canh that thodt nhdn lyc hien nay, dgc biit nhdn luc chdt luang cao, ngu y rdng su hdi long vd long trung thdnh cua nhdn viin CO thi phu thudc vdo muc dp ghi nhgn vd khen thu&ng nhdn viin Tu khda: Sy hdi long, long trung thdnh cita nhdn viin, md hinh phuang trinh cdu true I Gidi thilu ^ nhan tli npi bp ml cac doanh nghiip tiep tuc phii CIc nhl quan ly ngly nhan ring nhan vien "g6ng ginh" chilm tdi 51 % NNL., Su that thoat lataislnquanttpngr£atcua,mdtti ehuc.Nhan vien bieu hien dudi Jia hmh thdc: Thit thoat dang tiic la nhirng khoan dau tu ma niu dupc quan Iy va phat (ngudi nd luc vin di), Tu bd (ngudi chan eon^ ty triin hiiu qui se mang lai nhung plian thudng dii ban vl di) vl Nhom "Zombie" _(it no lyc nhung vin d cho ti chuc dudi binh thuc nang suit cao ban Nhan lai eong ty) Ty Ie nghi viec van tiep tuc tang cao, du vien, nhiing ngudi cd,du trinh dd^vi kinh nghiem bio nam 2019 se la 22%, cao nhit ttong nam gan cong viee, co the dong g6p_ rit, nhiiu vio viec diy, so vdi 20%i eiia nam 2018 va 16% cua nam giup dpi ngd quin ly van hinh tit tl chuc (Carrell, 2017 (Anphabe, 2018) , , Michael ya cpng sir, 1992; Noeva cpngsu, 1997) Nhu vay, dng co rihilu doanh nghiep, td , CIc to,ehuc duong dai khong chi phai canh tranh chue d Viet Nam hien phli ddi mat vdi nhiing thach ve danh tieng va tli nguyen td chdc huu hmh, ma thiie vile quan Iy nhan lyc, bao ^6m "chay miu tham gia vao "cupe chiin tranh gianh tai, nlng" chat xam" Viec nghien cdu d c yeu to tac dpng nhara (Bartlett & Ghoshal, 2002) Theo dd, "cupc chiin" giu chin nhan yiln noi chung tai cae to chuc vl doanh la sy canh tranh nhim gianh liy nhiing ngudi lao ddng nghiip la rit cip thiet, dac bilt ttong boi canh phat tai gioi va c6 ky nang bang each thu hut hp Ilm vile ttiin manh eua khoa hpe ky thuat, cong nghe vi canh cho ti chuc cdng nhu tri su trung eua hp ttanh khde liet vl NNL ttIn toin eau nhu hien Cff sd ly thuyet, xly dimg gil thuyet va mo Ro rang, viec giu chin nhung ngudi tii n'ang cac to chuc khong chi II mpt chiin luac raa hinh nghien cdu Ii mpt xu hudng thuc ti Trong xu thi chung cua 2.1 Khung ly thuyit , , the gidi, cac ti chue tu vi cong, tpi nhuan vl phi loi Cae Iy thuyet tao dong luc ty gili cac yiu to tic nhuan ciia Viet Nam da phli diu tu vio nguin nhan dpng tdi sy hli long doi vdi cong viec cua ngudi lao lire (NNL) di tang su hit long vl cda nhan vien dpng, ding thdi cung giai thich each thuc va nhung nham tang long tmng thinh cua ho vdi ti chdc diiu co the lam cho mpi ngudi hli long ban, thong Mpt thye ttang dang lo ngai d Viet Nam hiln qua dd din den long tmng thinh ciia hp nay, so Heu nam 2018 cho thiy, nhiing thit thoit ^ ^ _ _ _ _ — S6135/2019 khoa hoc ^ ^*'"''*"8'"'^' «1 Y KliN TRAO D | Trong,SO nhiing ly,thuyit kinh diin khdng thi khong nhac din mpt s6,Iy thuyit Idn, bao gim: Ly thuyit he thing, phin cap nhu cau cu,a Maslow, Ly thuyit hai yeu to eua Herzberg, Thuyit X vl Thuyet Y ve tao dpng lyc eua Douglas McGregor, Ly thuyit ky vpng cua Vroom, Hpc thuyet cong bang cua Adam , Vdi nam phuong thiic chu yiu gili thich hinh vi - nhu d u , cdng co, nhan thuc, dac diem cong vile va d m xuc - lira nin tang cho sy phat triin cua d c ly thuyit hiln dai vl dpng lyc cua ngudi (Kretmer, 1998) De nhan vien tmng thinh", gan kit vdi doanh nghiip, to chdc d n phai thda man d c nhu elu, mong muon, ting sy hli ,16ng eua hp, tten co sd tdng hpp tu nhung ly thuyet dpng lyc, theo Ramlall (2004), cle npi dung bao gdm: + Nhu eau: dya tten eac gii tri ca nhan, gia dinh va van hoa cua nhan viin Nhirng nhu eau phu thupc vao tinh trang kinh te, ehinh tri va xa hoi hien tai; nguyen vpng nghe nghiep; nhu cau can bang giua sy nghiep, gia dinh, gilo dye, cpng ddng, ton giao vl ele yeu td khic; vl eim giac chimg ve sy hai ldng cua mot ngydi vdi ttang thai hien tai; + Moi tmdng Ilm vile: an toln, nlng suit, ton ttpng, mang lai d m gilc thoai mil va thin thien cho ngudi lao dpng; _ + Trich nhiem: cd tham quyin dl thuc hiln va the hien nang tuc ttong cdng vile thupc linh vyc dim nhiem; + Ngudi quin ly vi cic nhl, lanh dao: phli thudng xuyen hq ttp, dao tao, huin luyin va phit ttien i^an vien dl giup hp holn thinh cong viec, dat dupc nhiera yy cda to chuc; + Cong bang vl Minh bach: Dupe ghi nhan ya khen thudng rapt each cong bang vl minh bach bit kl tuoi tac, gidi tinh, dan tpc, khuyet tat,, khujmh hudng tinh due, vi tri dia ly hole d e dac diim Idiic Mpt sy danh gia hoac ph,ln thudng dupc coi la rit cp y nghia vi quan ttpng dii vdi tiing nhin vien eo thi thdc diy hp no luc va lira viec hieu qua han; + Phat trien nhan vien: dupe boat dpng ttong raoi tmdng thach thd.c, raang den co hdi hpc tap mdi, dong gop ding kl v,io thinh cong cua to chuc, mang den CO hpi thing tiln va phat trien cl nhin; + Phin hli: Cl nhan ngudi lao ddng mong muon eo phin hoi kjp thdi vi cdi md tu ngudi quan ly, giim sit cua hp, 2.2 Xgy dung gid thuyet nghien cuv (1) Dilu kiln Ilm vile: bao gdm: (I) cic yiu td ben ngoii nhu hiu, nhiet dp, am, Inh sang ttong noi lam viec, tieng on vl nhilu, khi, buc xa, byi, khdi vi cic yeu to gay hai khic; (2) yeu td ehu quan nhu gidi tiiih yl tuoi cua ngudi lao dpng, mit moi, don dieu, tu the khong thuin Ipi ttong qui ttinh lam vile, v.v.; (3) yeu to lien quan din to chiic san lihoa hoc ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 62 thifdngmai xuit nhu thdi gian ca kip, lich lim vile, cudng dp cIng viec, ip luc eang thang, w ; va (4)^yeu to lien quan din ttang thiit bi: may moc, thiet bj, c6ng xudng, dung cu, vat tu, thiit bi thi nghiim, v.v (Buble, 2006, 'ttang 437 trich Bakotie & Babic, 2013) Ngudi lao dpng Ilm viec ttong dieu kien khing tit,se giam sut su hli tdng, khong nhirng no ban ehi nhin vien tbl hiln nang cua hp ml kho phit huy dupc diy du cae sd tmdng tiera nang Cho du ngudi lao dpng dupe nhan mdc luong cao hon vl phy cap dac thu moi trttdng dpc hai nhung mue dp hai long cua hp cung thap hon nhilu so vdi nhung lao ddng Ilm vile d moi tmdng binh thudng (Bakotie & Babie^ 2013), Do dd, di cap tdi, vai tro an toin eua dieu kien lam vile, tde ham y rang, cic yeu to nly phli dim bio ngudi lao dong lim viec mi kbdng bj anh hudng xau tdi sue khde, tinh raang hoac trinh dupe cic rdi ro nhu tai nan, fliucng tich cung nhu benh nghe nghiep (Tran Kim Dung, 2005) Gid thuyit HI: Diiu kiin Idm viec tdc dgng tich cue den sy hdi long cua nhdn viin (2) Luong vd phuc Ipri: Tien tuong co rapt y nghia quan trpng ddi vdi ci ngudi tao dpng vi to chdc Ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng, hp quan tam din van de tiln luong vi nhieu ly do; Thu nhat, tiln luong la menh gil ca bin nhat cua thu nhip cua ngudi tao dpng, ddng thdi, giup hp trang ttii ehi tieu, ttp dp sinh boat phi va d c dieh vu can thiet; Thii hai, thu nhap Inh hudng den vj tri cua hp gia dinh, ttong raoi quan he vdi cic, ddng nghiep, cung nhu gia tti tuang ddi cua, hp ddi vdi to chuc vi vi the; Thu ba, nang kilm dupc muc_luong cao se tao mdt dpng lyc cho nhin viin no tuc hoc hoi vdi rauc dich II nlng cao gil tti cua hp ddi vdi to chuc Ngupc lai, ddi vdi td^ehue, ben canh viec chi tri cho sdc lao dpng, thi tien luong di kem vdi phdc loi duoc coi nhu mot cong ey de giii ehan va thu hdt cic nhin viin, die bilt II nhiing ngudi tii nlng , , Lucmg va phuc tpi da dupc chung minh la yiu to quan ttpng anh hudng din sy hii tdng cua nhan viin (Rustagi & Dua, 2012) Muc luang ty te thu^n vdi muc dl hli long cdng vile (Jones & Stoane,,2007) va lam tang long trung thinh cua hp vdi td chuc (SHRM, 2016) Diiu nly cang dac biet dung tai nhung quic gia dang phat ttiin nhu Viet Nam (Tran Kim Dung, 2005; Phara Van Manh, 2012) Gid thuyit H2: Luang vd phiic lai tdc ddng tich cue den su hdi long cua nhdn viin (3) Khen thu&ng vd ghinhgn: Dupc cong nhan, danh gia vl khen thudng the hiln su ghi nhin nhiing ddng gop cua nhin vien doi vdi td chuc dng nhu dinh gia eao nhung ni lue cda hp 11 diiu rit cin thiit Viec ghi nhan cung the hien su tin tudng eua ti chuc ddi vdi nhin viin No tao mdt cam giic ring So 135/2019 Y KliN TRAO D | nhung gi ngudi tao d6ng dang Ilm II ed gil tti va c6 y nghTa vl hp duac cac nha quan ly vl dong nghiip tonttpng,qua thuc diy mpi ngudi Ilm viec cham chi vl hang say hon Maurer (2001) chi rang phan thudng va ghi nhan liln quan den cdng cua raOt.td chue,va sy hii long cua nhan viin Vile phat ttien he thdng khen thudng cho nhin viin (Coomber vl Barriball, 2007) cung dupc eoi II mpt nhung uu tiln hang diu de tang sy hii tdng cua nhin viin (Turkyilmaz, Akman, Ozkan, & Pastuszak, 2011), Gid thuyit H3: Khen thu&ng vd ghi nhdn tdc dpng tich cue din su hdi long cua nhdn viin (4) Bdo tgo nhdn viin: se gdp phan tao mpt moi trudng lam vile hpp tie Trong bit ky td chuc nao, c6ng vile eiia nhan vien,diu cd lien quan den Toin bp doanh nghiip, td ehiic cin hpp tie vdi thien chi de dat, duoc hieu qui tot nhit Hon nua, nhan viin co the cin dupe dip tao, tap huan dk cd thi dap ung yiu d u giai quyit cdng vile rapt elch (tOc lip vl cd traeh nhiera ngly dng tang Thdng qua do, hp ed ca hdi nlng eao trinh dp, vi the ciing nhu nhan dupc eong vile phu hop hem hole mdc thu nh^p cao hon Bing ehung thyc nghiem ciJng cho thay (Birdi, Clegg, Patterson va Robinson, 2008), dao tao dong vaittoehinh ttong ehiin lupc canh tranh cua nhiiu t6 chiicttongd c giai doan hiln Dio tao cd thi giiip to chdc dat dupe nhilu mye tieu quan trpng (Li, Zhao & Liu, 2006), ttong dd phai ke den vile nhin viin CO tbl md rdng kien thue, tu phit ttiin nang cao nang lyc bin than (Jun, Cai vi Shin,, 2006)., Diy ,11 ly rai phin Idn cac td chuc da diu tu rit nhiiu tien vao dio tao cho nhan vien hing nim (Allen & Hartman, 2005) Gid thuyit H4: Ddo tgo nhdn viin tdc dpng tick cue den sy hdi long cua kg (5) Phong cdch lanh dgo, qudn ly: Tat ea nhan viin diu muon elm thiy dupc ton trpng tai noi lam vi§c vl tang,sy hai long doi vdi epng,viec Mpt tdi cam an tu d p tren cd thi thuc diy rit manh dpng lyc tim vile eua nhan vien Phan hoi mang tinh xay dyng vi giao tilp cdi md khuyen khieh sy ton trpng giua ngudi quin ly/chu tao dpng va nhan vien Su ton trpng cua ngudi quin Iy vdi nhin viin Idling ehi the hien mpt elch triu tupng ma cdn thQng qua cic hinh vi cu the nhu xin y kiin d p dudi dii vdi nhung cdng vile lien quan tdi hp Ben canh (16, Ianh dao tbl hiln sy quan tlrn, giup nhin vien la mpt dpng tyc khdng nhd de ho co gang hoin tlianh nhiera vu duac giao (Trin Kim Dung, 2005; Jun, Cai va Shin, 2006^ Tmng bao d o nghiin eiiu nam 2016 eua Hilp li$i quan Iy NNL (SHRM, 2016), tiit Id ring khoang mpt niia nhan viin coi su tdn trpng cua ngudi quin 35^135/2019 ly ddi vdi y ttrdng cua hp ti "mpt biia tile" rit quan ttpng vl sy hii ldng ttong cdng viec Gid thuyit H5: Phong cdch Idnh dgo tdc ddng tich cyc den sy hdi long cua nhdn viin ,(d) Quan hi ddng nghiip: Nhin viin Ididng nhit thiit phii Ilm ban vdi tit ci d c ding nghiep Dilu quan ttpng nhat II hp d m thiy eq the nhd ddng nghiep giup dd vl hi ttp gap vin dl qui trinh lam viee Neu rapt nhan vien d m thiy bi tich rdi vl mat cim xuc hole xa hli ttii noi lira viec vl dudng nhu tchdng thi phu hop vdi van hoa cda ti chuc hole hoa ddng vdi d e ddng nghi,ep, bp eo thi di tiin mpt cdng viee khIe hon II co ging boa nhip vdi td, ehiic Doi vdi ngudi lao dpng thi viec dupc lim cun^ vdi cung quan trpng nhu vai,ttd cua ehinh hp Moi quan he tdt tai nai lam vile rat quan trpng dl holn ^Inh cdng vile yi day cung la mdt ttong nhiing yiu td dy bio hing dau vl su hit long ttong cdng vile , Da cd nhiing kit qui nghien cdy tuong dong cho thay vai trd ndi ttpi cua nhan td "D6ng nghiep" (Griffin, Patterson vl West, 2001; Rahman'vl Bullock's, 2005; Trin Kim Dung, 2005; Mai Ngoc Khuong and Bui Diem Tien, 2013), Trong bdi eanh ludn phii canh ttanh ,vl Ip lyc cong viec thi co dupc su thoii mai phdi hpp vdi ngudi tdiac II dpng lyc tdn ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng., Gid thuyet H6: Quan hi ddng nghiip tdc ddng tich cue den su hdi long ciia nhdn viin (7) Mdi quan hi giua Long trung thdnh vd Sir hdi long ciia nhdn viin Long tmng thinh dupc dinh nghia 11 nhiing bieu bien mang tinh ehu ,dpng ve long tu hio, vi su tan tam vdi td ehuc .Bieu hien cua nd II chdng doi tai vdi nhung chi trich, phan nin va nhan raanh vio nhung Icbia canh tieh eye eua mot to ehue (Neiboff, Moorraan, vi Fuller, 2001) Theo Allen vi Grisaffe (2001) thi tdng tmng tbanb duoc coi 11 mot ttang thai tam ty, ngu y moi quan he eua nhan vien vdi t6 chue nhan vien quyet dinh d tai vdi to chdc Nhan viin cd the the hien long tm,ng thinh eua minh d d c cap dp khic vdi cle ddi tupng khac d noi lam vile cua minh (Schrag, 2011) Nhieu nghiin ciru chi rang, long tmng cua nhan viin la mdt cau tnic phiic tap vl da diln, duoe xie dinh bdi cic he quan dilm Ithac nhau, ea triit hoc (Gilbert, 2001'; Randels, 2001; Schrag, 2001) vl tam ly (Hart & Thompson, 2007) Mpt sd nhi khoa hpc khae lai coi su tmng thinh cua nhan vien nhu mot thai dp (Hart & Thompson, 2007; Leek & Saunders, 1992) hoae mdt hanh vi (Hof&nann, 2006; Rusbult, Farretl, Rogers, ,& Mainous, 1988), hole sy kit hop cua cic dae diem tam ly va due tinh (Randels, 2001) hhna hoc thifdng'mai ^ 83 V KIEN TRAO DOI Su hii long cda nhan viin d c nghien euu thuc nghiim cho thay khdng chi ti toln bp d m xuc vl cong viec ma edn la mpt tap hpp thai dp lien quan din elc Ichia canh khic cua cong vile Cam nhan ve cong viec thudng dupe phin inh ttong hinh vi vi,dupc dilu, chinh bdi sy thoa man cda nhan vien vl cac vin de eua to chuc (Spectpr, 1997) Sy hii long cua nhin vien cdn co thi duac so sinh bdi tinh hinh cong viec hien tai vdi nhu d u ca nhan (Rice vl epng sy, 1989) Theo Le'vy-Garboua vi cpng sy (2007) thi su hii Idng dupc phin inh khong chi thdng qua su tham gia cdng vile thyc tl, kinh nghiem qui khu mi cdn qua nhung ky vpng sap tdi vi co hdi ve cdng viec ben ngoli Moyes, Shao vl News,ome (2008) chi rang Sy hli long eua nhin viin tbl hiln qua muc dp hli long vdi vi tri ngudi dd nam giii Mat khac su hli long cung duac dinh gil dya trin vile dip ung nhu elu cua nhan viin d cic d p dp khic (Togia va cdng sy, 2004) Cac,nhl quin Iy ngly dinh gia eong tie nhan su de tim giai phap dap dng nhiing nhu cau cda nhan vien vdi hy vpng ngly cang tang long tmng cua nhan viin doi vdi to chuc (Rani vl cpng sy, 2011) Cic nhan viin tmng thinh hon Idii hp hai ldng hon vdi cong viee va vi vay, ngudi quin ly nhin sy mong mudn dong gop viec dip dng nhu_clu cua nhan vien (Jun, Cat, & Shin, 2006; Nguyen Thi Thu Hang, Nguyin Khinh Trang, 2013; SHRM, 2016; Welander, Astvik, Isaksson, 20)9) Gil thuyet H7: Sy hai long cd tic dpng tich cyc din tdng tmng tbinh cda nhan vien Dya vao nhiing phan tich d ttIn, khung nghiin cuu dupe de xuat (hinh 1) I DIru hl^n ram xljc | l.innig vA phnr li/l k l i n i lliirniiE alil nli^n P""^ ^.|| Sy hai long |- • Phniig rarll bnll (tat Quiin )i^ il'>iili imlii^n Hinh 1: Khung nghiin cdu de x Phuong phap nghien cuu 3.1 Phdt trien thang dp Vile ung dung, phit tnln thang vl su hai long va ldng tmng, thinh cua rJian vil,n da dupc eac nhl nghiencun tien hanh tai nhilu quoc gia tren the gidi Dua tren tong quan tai lieu, nghiin ciiu ke thiia vi hhoa hoc _ 64 thddng mai chpn lua cac thang tix elc nghien eiiu tmdc day Su dung thang Likert diim vdi dap an tu "Hoan toln ,ichdrig ddng y = 1" din "Hoin toln dong y == 5" Nguin gdc thang dupe ki thda tii nhung nghien cuu ttudc (Bang 2) , , Sau xay dung, bp eong cu duoc tiln hanh diiu tta thu nghiim ttIn 30 dii tupng, elc phin hii dupe ghi nhin, phan tich danh gil sa bp, loai bo cle bit hpp ly, tham khao y kiin cac chuyen gia, cic nha quin ly ITnh vye quan trj nhlnsu de hoin thien tmdc Idilo sit chinh thuc (phieu khio sit thuc dia) Bing hoi eiing bao gdm thpng tin nhan khiu hpc nhu gidi tinh, mii tic, hpc vin, tuong thing • 3.2 Mdu khdo sdtyd thu thdp du lieu Thing qua d c m6i quan he, du lieu dupc thu thap bang d e h gui bing hoi ty dien tdi eac nhin viin tu thing din thing 7/2019 tai tten 100 doanh nghiep vl to chdc tren dia bin HI Ndi vdi chien thult ''ttii tuyet tan" Tdng so 300 phieu hoi phit ra, thu, ve 277, sau Ithi Ioai bo 11 phiiu khong hop le, thilu thing tin,,c6n,Iai 266 phiiu dua vio phan tich (ty II dat yiu clu/sd phit chiem tren 88%) Vdi ky vpng phan tich nhan to khang dinh (CFA) vl mo hinh phuang ttinh cau tnic (SEM) nham kiem dinh tic ding cua d c nhin tl tdi "Su hai long" vl "Ldng ,tmng thinh" cua ,nhln vien mpt each chinh xic nhit, bin canh,yeu,clu ve chit lupng, mlu phli dim bao dat yiu d u vl quy mo Dl phin tich nhin td (Hair vl cpng sy, 1998), vl doi vdi d e nghien cuu su dung md hinh phuang trinh ciu ttde (SEM) ((Rentier & Chou, 1987), co mlu toi thieu can tuan thu phli, bang hoac tdn hon tan eae biln ddc lip, N = x so muc (items), vi nen tu 200 quan sit ttd ten (Kenny, 2003) , Cupc khlo sit niy dupc tien hanh vdi_40 muc,,do do, kich thude mlu tii thiiu theo yeu eau phai II x 40 = 200 quan sat Dua tren dii lieu tliu thap thyc tl, tong so phieu ' ^ Unit mine Duiflii I hop II cua ngudi tri Idi II266 ngudi, dap ung yeu cau dat ddng thai dpi vdi phin tich nhin td khang dinh (CFA) cung nhu Mo hinh phuang trinh eau true (SEM) 3.3 Phuong phdp phan -, tich die lieu Nham dim bio phin anh day du thong tin khlo sit cung nhu tinh tinh gpn cua mo hmh nghiin ciru, d c ky thuat phan tich thing kl dupc ap dyng, xd ty dya tren phin mim SPSS va Amos phien ban 21 Thdng ki md td, kiim dinh vd phdn tich nhdn Id khdm phd (EFA) So 135/2019 J I Y KliN TRAO D | Ben eanh viec ,su dyng thong ke mo tl miu, d c thang dupc kilm dinh dp tin cay vl gii tti xic thuc vdi gii,tti Cronbach's Alpha Tiep theo, ap dung EFA nh,am rut gpn eae yeu td giii thich chinh tu tap hpp biln quan sat Phdn tich nhdn to khdng dinh (Confirmatory Factor Analysis - CFA) CFA II mdt ttong eac ky thuat thdng kl eua md hinh phuang trinh eau true (SEM), duoc su, dung nhl nghien ciiu c6 san mpt sd kiln thue ve cau true bien ,fiem an co sd, mdi ,quan he hay gia thuyet giua bien quan sat vl nhan td ca sd dupc mac nhien thira nhan tmdc kiem dinh thong kl CFA cho phep kilm dinh ehat luong cac bien quan sit (measured variables) dai diln cho d c nhin to (consttucts), dp phu hpp cua md hinh vl gil trj phan biet ciia bp thang Mo hinh phuong trinh elu true (SEM - Stmctural Equadon Modeling) SEM ta rapt ttong nhung phuang, phIp uu viet hiln nay, dupc su dung nhieu nghien cuu xa,hpi, tam ly, kinh tl, quan ttj kinh doanh yy, nham kiem dinh md hinli nghien ciiu da dl xuat, Kiem tta ntiung.mdi quan he phue tap mo hinh giua d c bien tiem an mdi quan he nhan qui SEM dong thdi danh gii mdc dp tic dpng manh/yeu cua quan,he vl cho phep chi mo hinh phu hop nhit tu kit qua nghien cuu (Kaplan, 20l'l) Ket qua nghiin cihi 4,1 Cff cdu mdu khdo sdt Trong so nhung ngudi dupe khio sat, nu nhin vien chiem uu the vdi ty Ie_gln 70%, eao hon so vdi nam gidi Nhom tuoi cua doi tupng khio sit ehu yeu tli 40 tuli trd xuong (chiem 85,7%), dudng nhu nir giai ttong mlu khio sat cd dp tudi tre hon nam, nhien Idiac biet khdng ding kl (khong co y nghia thdng ke - Gii tri kilm dinh Chi binh phucmg P-val,ue = 0,148 > 0.05) (Bing 1), So hen cho thiy, dai da so doi tupng dupe Ichlo sit CO trinh dp dai hpc vl tren dai hpc vdi ty le chung tuong ung, 68,0% ya 25,2% , So nhan vien eo tri,nh trang d p trd xuong rat thap (8 ngudi), chi chiem ty te 3,0%) ,ttong mlu khlo, sit Mac du ton tai su khic bilt ve trinh dp hpc van giua nir vl nam gidi, dudng nhu nu gidi cd trinh dp hpe vin cao hon nam, nhiin su khic bilt niy khong cd y nghia thong ke(P value = 0,543 > 0,05) Nu gidi chiem ty Ie 56,3%j ddi tupng cd mue luonghlng thing thip tu trieu ttd xuong, ttong so nly d nam gidi chi ta 38,2% Dac bilt, vdi mue luong cao tu 10 ttieu ttd ten, nara gidi ehiem ty Ie ap dao so vdi nir, ty II tuong ung 26,3% so vdi 15,8% (Bang I), Rd ring, ton tai sy bat binh ding vl miic tuong givca nam va nu vdi su yeu the thupc vl So 135/2019 nii gidi, sy khic bilt niy co y nghia thing ke (Pvalue = 0,084 < 0,10 - y ngbia d mue 10%) Ty Ie ngudi lao dpng ttong mlu khio sat dang lam vile tai Cong ty TNHH, C6 phin vi Don vi su nghiip kha tuong ddng (xip chi 25% - 27%) Sd dii tupng hiln dang tim viec tai d e Co quan chuyen mon, hinh, chinh nhl nudc cung nhu tai d c Cong ty tu nhin thip, ehiim ty te Ichiem tin, chi bi 8,3% trd xuong Nham da dang doi tupng, ben canh cic doanh nghiep (nhl nudc hoac co phin vdn gdp tu nha nudc cung nhu ngoii nhl nudc) ttIn dia bin Tp HI Ndi, thi ngudi lao dpng Don vi sy nghiep, Co quan quin ly hinh chinh, chuyen mon ciing dupe khio sat, do, ty le ngudi lao dong hiln dang lim viec tai cic doanh nghiip, td chue co sd hihi nha nudc chilm ty II cao vdi 66,5%i Gidi tinh nhin vien dupe khlo sat Idiong co sy khac biet phan tach theo dac tmng nqi Ilm vile (hinh thdc phap ly va sd hiiu vdi gia tri kilm dinh P-value tuong iing = 0,425 vl0,68! >0,65) 4.2, Dg tin cdy vd tinh xdc thuc cda thang Vi eae bien ludng ttong nghiin ciiu niy kha phue tap, trdu tupng, dupe tong hpp td nhilu nghiin eiiu vi CO tbl duac,hiiu theo nhieu each khic nhau,' d6, tmdc tiln d n tiln hinh kiem dinh thang eua cae bien quan, sit dl xic dinh dp tin eay Cic phan thang cua d c nhin to tie dpng (bien dpc lap) vi cua su hli long vl long tmng tbaiih.cua nhan vien (biln phu ,thupc): Ket qua cic kilm dinh cuoi cung, sau loai nhiing ,bien quan sat khdng du tieu chuan (Bang 2) eho thay, Cronbach's Alpha > 0,6 va he so tuong quan bien tdng (Corrected item total correlation) cua d c bien ludng > 0,3 (Nunnally & Bemstein 1994) Cae bien quan sat cdn lai dua vao phan tich d,eu dat dupe do,tin cly cao ttong tung nhoranhin to Do do, eic bien ludng phin nly diu dat dupe dp tin cay vl dupc su dyng ttong phan tich nhin to khim phi EFA va phin tich nhan to Idling dinh CFA tilp theo , Ddi vdi d c nhan td (bien tiim In) phy thupc, bien quan sit cua thang Ldng tmng LOI va L02 khdng.dat yiu d u , da bi loai khdi nhin td, nhu vay, cic bien quan sit cdn lai dupe su dyng ttong phin tich nhan td kham pha (EFA) tiep theo 4.3 Phdn tich nhdn td khdm phd (Exploratory Factor Analysis - EFA) Sau budc kiem tra dp tin cay thang bang Cronbach's Alpha, 23 bien ludng ttong mo hinh nghien cuu dupc giu lai dua vio phan, tich EFA, de gom thinh d e nhln,t6 cd cung tinh ehat lai vdi vl su dung nhu biln dpc Ilp,(ti,im In) cac budc phin tich CFA va SEM kl tilp Qua trinh phan tich EFA duac thyc hien tan lupt qua tin xoay khoa hoc thtfdng "mai ^ 65 Y KIEN TRAO D | Bang 1.- Ca cdu mdu khdo sdt theo gi&i tinh, nh&m tudi, trinh dp hpc vdn, mice luang vd ddc ti-ung nai Idm viic (hinh thirc phdp ly vd s& hihi) Nam N^idung Duai 30 Tir 31 den 40 Tir 41 den 50 51 Ira len THPT Tmng eap Cao dang Dai hoc Tien dai hpc Dual tiieu 5-7 trien 7-10 trieu 10-13 trieu TiSn 13 trieu Cong ty TNHH Cong ty Co phiin Cong ty Tu nhan CQ Hiinh chinh NN Don VI su nghiep CQ Chuyen mSnNN Khac Nha nuoc va/liogc co von gop lir nha nuac Ngoai nha nuoc Tong so Nir So ilrgTig (nguM) Tyl6(%) Nhom tu6i 31 40,8 95 50,0 38,2 29 73 38,4 14 18,4 21 11,1 2,6 0,5 Trinh hoc van 2,6 1,6 2,6 I 0,5 3,9 3,7 63,2 133 70,0 48 21 27,6 46 24,2 Mirc lirirn I hang thang 42 22,1 10 13,2 25,0 65 34,2 19 35.5 53 27 27,9 10,0 14 18,4 19 11 7,9 5,8 Noi lam viee (hinh thixc phap 25,3 25 32,9 48 19 25,0 48 25,3 14 7,4 2,6 7,9 9,2 15 27,9 15 19,7 53 4,7 7,9 2.6 1,6 Noi liim viec (hinh thirc sit hiru c hinh) So lirgng (ngirm) Tvie(%) m thtfdns'mai 126 102 35 47,4 38.3 13,2 1,1 10 181 67 1,9 1,1 3,8 68,0 25,2 52 84 80 33 17 19.5 31,6 30,1 12.4 6,4 73 67 16 22 68 15 27,4 25,2 6,0 8,3 25,6 5,6 1,9 52 68,4 125 65,8 177 66,5 24 76 31,6 100,0 65 190 34,2 100,0 89 266 33,5 100,0 Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt nghien ciru, 2019 nhin to (sau moi lan, loai lan lupt tdng biln quan sit khong dat tieu ehuan) nham dim bio mo hinh EFA phu hop vdi du,lieu va eo y nghia thuc tiln Phuang phIp phan cbinh (Principal component) vdi phep xoay Varimax dupc sd dung qui ttinh phin tich EFA Hinh thinh cle nhin td tac dpng din Su hai tdng cua nhin viin: CIc bien eo trpng so Idling dat,ylu cau vl he so tai nhin to (factor Ioa,ding < 0,5) tan lupt bj ,loai bd qua Ian xoay nhan to gom: tin loai d c biln quan sat vi CO he so tli nhln,t6 diu < 0,5 vl bi tli cheo sang nhin to khic (khong dong nhit), ban nua su Idiac bilt gii tri cua biln quan sat giua nhom nhan td khdng thoa man > 0,3 nin ioai bien (Peterson, 1994) 66 Tong sS S6 luv"ng Tvl?(%) (ngiroi) Tat ca cic gii tti kilm dinh deu dat yiu ciu vdi 0,5 < KMO = 0,936 < 1,0; Tdng phuang sai giii thieh 82,39% > 50% (Hair vi c6ng su, 1998); He so tli nhan to > 0,5 (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988) Nhu vly, viec gili thich yiu to cd the duac eoi^ II Idil tot 4.4 Phdn tich nhdn td khdng d\nh (Confirmatory Factor Analysis^- CFA) Sau eai thien mo hinh, kit qui CFA cho thiy, eac gia tri kiim dinh cua mo hinh tudng diu dat yeu d u dk ra: Ty so Chi-square/df = 2,475 < (Carmines & Mclver, 1981); Chi si (Root Mean square Error Approximation) RMSEA = 075 < 0,08 (Steiger, 1990); Chi si Tucker &'Lewis (Tucker & Lewis Index) TLI = 0,923 > 0,9; Chi si thich hpp so sinh (Comparative Fix Index) CFI = So 135/2019 — — y KItN TRAO DPI Banfi^-' Ket qud kiim dfnh Cronbach's Alpha cdc thdnh phdn thang vd ngudn gdc (6 nhdn td dnh huang vd nhdn td phu thudc Sy hdi long, Ldng trung thdnh) Tu-tmg quan bien tong ^ Nhan to (bien) ddc l i p Bieu kiln Ilm viec (WC) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,834 WCl - Noi tam v i | c an toln 0,624 WC2 - Ca sd vat chit v l thiit bj d i y du 0,771 WC3 - Trang thiet bj giii gin t i t 0,694 Luffng va phiic lyi (PB) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,902 PBl - Tien lirong tuong xCmg nang lyc 0,812 PB2 - Tien luong, thirdng cong bang 0,810 PB3 - Luang va phiic Ipi kich thich lam viec 0,751 PB4 - Che philc lai cong bang 0,749 Khen thudng v l ghi nhan (RR) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,934 RRl - Danh gia cong khai minh bach 0,853 RR2 - Kit qua dirpc danh gia khach quan 0,898 RR3 - Luon dupc khen thirdng vl ghi nhgn 0,863 RR4 - Bupc khen thudng kip thai 0,772 Bao tao nhan viin (ET) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,935 ETl - Thuong xuyen dupc dao tgo 0,827 ET2 - Dupc dao tgo djnh hudng nghe 0,856 ET3 - Qua dao tao co co hoi phit trien 0,875 ET4 - Chuong trinh dao tgo co chJt lupng 0,829 Phong each lanh dao (ML) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,932 MLl - Lanh dgo luon tgo dieu IciSn 0,838 ML2 - Lanh dgo luin t6n trpng 0,887 ML3 - Lanh dao !u6n hoi y kiin t6i 0,797 ML4 - Lanh dgo luon h i trp giiip 0,845 Bong nighiep (CO) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,925 COI - Dong nghi?p thin thi?n 0,820 002 - Dong nghiep giup dd h6 trp 0,860 C03 - Dong nghi?p thi dua lanh manh 0,800 C04 - Thoai mai thii lam viec vdi DN 0,840 Nhan to (bien) phu thupc Sir hai Idng (ES) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,900 ESI - Day la nai lam viec thoai mii 0,822 0,821 ES2 - Hai long voi cong vjfc va luon co gang 0,785 ES3 - Khong co gi khien khong hli Ibng Ldng trung (LO) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,892 0,770 L03 - Tir choi cong viec noi khac dCi luong cao 0,853 L04 - Thay gia tri cong viec to chuc 0,784 L05 - Bong gop co y nghia vdi to churc Ngudn: Kit qud xu ly so lieu khdo sdt ndm 2019 0,934 > 0,9 (Bentler & Bonett, 1980); P-value cua 010 hinh = 0,000 < , ( J o s e r k o g & S o r b o m , 1989) Mac du ehi s6 GFI = 0,828 < 0,9, nhien, phuang phap tinh GFI bi phe phan bdi chi s i chju Inh So 135/2019 Cronbach's Alpha neu loai bien 0,838 0,692 0,771 0,862 0.862 0.884 0,884 0,911 0,896 0,909 0,939 0,922 0,912 0,906 0,921 0,912 0,925 0,911 0,906 0,893 0,916 0,898 0,843 0,847 0,886 0,890 0,799 0,858 Nguon goc thang Spector(1985); Tran Kim Dung (2005) -Specter (1985); John McConnell (2003); Ahmad va Schrocider, (2003) Roberts (2005); Mikander(2010) Lylle va cong sy (1998); Ahmad va Schroeder (2003); Lytic va cong sir (I998);Donghong Ding va cpng sir (2012); Jun, Cai va Shin, (2006); Trin Kim Dung (2005) Jun, Cai va Shin, (2006); Trin Kun Dung (2005) Davis-Blake va cong sir (2003); Jun, Cai va Shin, (2006) hudng bdi kich thude m i u , dd hien _e6 su d i n g thuan cao la khong su dung chi sd n i y (Sharma, Mukherjee, Kumar, & Dillon, 2005) 67 Y K l i N TRAO DOI Bang 3; Ma trdn xoay nhdn td cdc yeu to dnh hu&ng den su hdi long c i c ngudn: cay tdng hgp Composite Reliability (CR) > 0,7; Gil tri dp hdi tu - Convergent Validity duge phan Inh qua: Phuang sai trich trung binh - Average Variance Extracted (AVE) > 0,5; Gia tri phin biet Discriminant Validity du^c phan Inh qua: Phucmg sai chia se cue dai - Maximum Shared Variance (MSV) < AVE vl Cdn bgc cua AVE > (l&n hffn) cac tuong quan giira hai khii niem Dp tin cay tdng hgp McDonald (MaxR(H)) cang Idn cang tdt, the hien mdc tin cly da chi8u (Zinbarg va egng su, 2005) Vdi ket qui tinh toan cho thiy MaxR(H) >0^9 c6 nghTa tin cay tdng hgp rit cao (tdi da = 1) Ket qui kiem dinh ele chi so cho thiy du lieu dap mig yeu eau va phu hgp vdi thuc tien sau CFA va dim bao cho phep dua vio phan tich SEM, cu the (bing 4): 4.5.^Phdn tich mo hinh phuffng trinh cdu true (SEM) Vdi sue manh cua SEM eho phep udc lugng ddng ,thdi cic phan td trong,mo hinh t6ng thS, udc lugng moi quan he nhan qui giiia elc elu tnic tiem In, (Latent Constructs) qua cac chi s6 ket hgp cl ludng vl elu true cua m6 hinh ly thuyet de xuat ,Kiem dinh^hS s6 hdi quy lin thd Ngudn: Xir ly kit qud khdo sdt ndm 2019 nhit cho thiy, nhin td "Khen thudng„ vi ghi De dim bio dir lieu dat tieu chuan phan tich „ nhan - RR" khong SEM, theo Hair va cgng su (2010), cin dim bio vdi cd tic ddng tdi Su hii long eua nhin vien (Gil tri Bing 4.' Cdc gid tri kiim dinh dp phit hgp CFA Ma tran xoay nhr~ Nhom nhan to Bien quan sat WCl 789 WC2 810 WC3 710 PBl 801 696 PB2 PB3 791 PB4 663 711 RRl RR2 745 700 RR3 RR4 680 ETl 822 ,80! ET2 ET3 779 ET4 697 637 MLl ML2 758 712 ML3 ML4 727 COI 889 C02 864 C03 720 C04 735 Tona phuoni- sai tricli = 82,39yo Hf so KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Oikin Measure of Sampling / Wequacy) = 0,936 Kiem dinli Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Sig = 0,000 Phuong phap trich Principal Component Analysis Phuong phdp xoay Varimax with Kaiser Normalization a Xoay hgi ty vong lap (Rotation converged in iterations) CR AVE MSV MaxR(H) LO 0.905 0.761 0.599 0.917 0.S72 CO 0.915 0.730 0.638 0.928 0.678 0.854 ET 0.943 0.806 0.567 0.948 0.716 0,612 0.898 PB 0.903 0.699 0.629 0.908 0.718 0,636 705 0.836 RB 0.937 0.788 0.677 0.952 0.698 0,693 0,699 0,786 0.888 WC 0.842 0.641 0.549 860 0.588 0,561 0,638 0,627 0.616 0.801 ML 0.934 0.779 0.677 0.767 0,730 0,722 0,679 823 ES 0.904 0.759 0.677 0,940 0.914 0.774 0,799 0,753 0.793 0.795 0.642 0.741 LO CO ET PB RR WC ML ES 0.883 0.823 0.871: Nguon: Xii ly ket qud khdo sdt ndm 2019 I khoa hoc thifdng'mai ^^^^^,^^^„„^,,,^^^ So 135/2019 y KIEN IRAO D | Bang 5; H^ so chua chudn hoa vd gid tri Kiirn dinh u&ctinhMaximum thdnh tich " (Phong vin sau Likelihood cdc trpng sd hdi quy nii nhan vien Sd giao dich I VDB) He so p uoc tinh Sai so chuan Ty so toi han Mure y nghia Tac d9ng ES ES ES ES ES ES LO