TAPCHiCdNGTKirtiNB PHAP LUAT PHA SAN: MOT SO BAT CAP VA GIAI PHAP GOP PHAN HOAN THIEN » CHE VAN TRUNG TAT: Bai viet nghien citu thifc trang phap luat Viet Nam ve finh hinh pha sSn cua cac doanh nghiep tnfdc dai dich Covid-19, nhCng bat cap va xu hifdng vSn dong cac quan hS xa hoi Tif d6, de xuat cic giai phap phdp \f nham gop phan hoan thien cac quy dmh phap luat v^ pha san Tuf khoa: Pha san, Luat Pha san, Covid-19, chu thi kinh doanh T6M D^t vS'n di Trai qua hdn nam di vao thyc tiln, ben canh nhffng diem tien bg, tich cffc, mot so quy dinh LuSt Pha san 2014 da b6c 16 cac han che', ba't cap nhat dinh can phai dffde nhln nhan, giai quyet, nha't la tinh hinh kinh te - xa hoi Viet Nam c6 nhi^u bi6'n dong, xuat hien cac quan he xa hpi mdi va nhffng dieu kien lam thay ddi cac quan he xa hpi lien quan den qua trinh giai quye't pha san cda doanh nghiep, hdp tac xa Tinh hinh dich b6nh vi rut SARS - CoV2 gay {sau day gpi la dich Covid-19) khdng chi lam anh hffdng de'n sffc khoe, tinh mang cua ngif&i dan, ma no cd kha nang gay cupc khijng hoang kinh te', tai chinh toan cau Do do, cac doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa (sau day gpi tat la doanh nghiep) Viet Nam bat dau gap nhffng kho khan va nguy cd mS't kha nang toan Bdi vay, tac gia tSp trung nghien cffu phap luat thifc dinh tinh hinh mdi phffc tap nhim chi nhffng bat cap va xu hffdng van dpng cac quan he xa hpi, Iff de xuat giai phap gdp phan hoan thien cac quy dinh phap luat ve pha san tao dieu kien cho cac chii the kinh doanh tiep tuc hoat dong, bao \e quyen hdp phap cua cac chu nd gdp phan can bang, binh on kinh te - xa hpi va phat trien dat nffdc 22 So 16-Thang 7/2020 Mot so'bS't c$p Gnh vufc pbap lu^t vl pha san doanh nghiep, hcfp tac xa va cac giai phap phap ty cu th#' Thi? nhat, lien quan den quy dinh ve xdc dinh dieu kien nop dcfn yeu cau md thii Tuc pha san Luat Pha san 2014 quy dinh dieu kien nop ddn yeu cau md thu tuc pha san doanh nghiep mat kha nang toan' Day la dieu kien phat sinh quyen nop ddn yeu cau md thu tuc pha sdn Trong dieu kien, tinh hinh cac doanh nghiep gap nhieu kho khan ve mpi mat, hau qua cua dich b$nh Covid-19 gay ra, vide ma't kha nang toan va lam phat sinh quyen va nghTa vu cua cac chu the vide nop ddn yeu cau md thu tuc pha san la dilu ta't nhien Luat Pha san 2014 da chifa dff lieu dffde cac quan he xa hdi phat sinh cd li6n quan de'n hoat dong va kha nang tai chinh ciia chu the kinh doanh xay cac tinh hud'ng dac biet nhff thien tai, dich benh, chien tranh, khiing bd Thifc te cho thay, khoang thdi gian khdng dai ke tff dich benh Covid-19 xay ra, cdc doanh rv tC-p, hdp tac xa nha't la cdc doanh nghiep vffa %; - , da gdp rat nhieu khd khan va anh hffdng den ijng [hanh toan cac khoan nd Vdi tmh than qi ciia Luat Pha san 2014, ne'u ngi/di c6 qu>en i^^ong LUAT ndp ddn thi ngffdi cd nghTa vu vIn phai nop ddn Vi the, khS nang cac doanh nghiep phai chiu them ap life, chap nhan de doanh nghiep bi tuydn bo' pha san la rift cao Viec nop ddn yeu cau giai quye't pha san hang loat se khiS'n Toa an nhan ddn khd tranh khdi tinh trang qua t^i khong chi de giai quyet cac vu viec pha san ma cdc cd quan tff phap phai thffe hien giai quye't cac vu an, vu viec hi ton dpng phai thi hknh cdc quyet dinh ap dung cac bi$n phap nham han chehdu qua Idy lan cua dich benh Ro rang, tuyen bd doanh nghiep, hdp tac xa pha san hoan canh ve mat phap ly khong sai nhffng no da khdng the hi6n muc dich va tinh nhan van, hdp ly ciia phap luat, khdng phan anh dung ban cha't cua phap lu3t ve pha san Giai phap de xua't: Can nhanh chdng ban hanh van bdn sffa ddi, bd sung dieu khoan quy dinh ve di^u kien mS't kh^ ndng toan, Theo dd, ngodi quy dinh ve trffdng hdp dffde xem la md't kha nang todn nhff Ludt Phd sdn 2014 hi6n nay, can quy dinh lh6m ve ma't kha nang todn trffdng hdp dac bi6t, thdi gian thang se dffde tinh tff dau tidn sau cd quan, ca nhan cd th^m quyin luyen bd ke't thue tinh hud'ng dac biet dd^ r/iH" hai, ve tham quyen gidi quyet pha san Luat Phd san 2014 quy dinh^ tham quyen giai quyet phd san ca'p tinh trffdng hdp va dffde toa an nhdn dan to'i cao hffdng dSn chi tidt Tuy nhien, viec xac dinh tham quyin gidi quye't pha san trffdng hdp "doanh nghiSp, hdp tdc xa ma't kha nang toan cd ba't dpng sdn d nhieu huy6n, quan, thi xa, phd diudc tinh khac nhau" vdn bo ngo Tren thffe te, cac doanh nghiep ke ca doanh nghiep kinh doanh ba't ddng san hay khong kinh doanh bat dpng san diu cd the cd tai san la cac bat dpng san d nhffng dia phffdng khac Theo do, viec xdc dinh tham quyin cua toa an trffdng hdp tren thffe td gap kho khan Vi du: Doanh nghiep A phat sinh quyen ndp ddn ydu cau md thu Uic pha san ddi vdi doanh nghiep B (tru sd tai tinh X), nhu^g tai thdi diem nop ddn, B dang tranh chap ve xdc dinh quyen sd hffu bat dpng san vdi C (tinh Y) Ro rang, ngffdi cd quyen nop ddn khd biet dffde tinh hinh ben nd cd dang tranh chap lien quan den ba't ddng sdn d nhieu tinh khac hay khdng, ca biet cd tranh chap thi cung khong the xac dinh dffde nao ban dn cd hieu Iffc Trong dd, vi6c xac dinh tham quyin toa an de nop ddn lai phu thupc vao ket qua cua ban an xdc dinh bat dpng san dang tranh chap thuoc ve O vi du tren, neu bat ddng san dang tranh chap thupc ve C thi tham quyen giai quyet phd san doanh nghiep B la toa an nhan dSn cap huyen - ndi dat tru sd chinh doanh nghiep B; nhiftig neu bat dpng san thupc sd hffu cua B thi dong nghia vdi viec doanh nghiep B da sd hi?u bat dpng san thupc tinh khac nen A phai ndp ddn tai toa dn cap dnh X de yeu cau md thu tuc phd san ddi vdi B Them vao do, khoan Nghi quyet so' 03/2016/NQ-HDTP c6 quy dinh ve giai quyet hau qua phap ly trffdng hdp cd sif thay doi tham quyin toa an nhan ddn phdt sinh cic dieu kien lam cho vu viec phd san tff cap huy6n thuoc ca'p tinh'* Tuy nhien, Nghi quydt van bd ngd tnfdng hdp thay ddi tff ca'p tinh xuo'ng ca'p huyen thi trffdc Toa an ban dau quyet dinh md thu tuc pha san cd chuyen ve lai cho cap huyen hay khong Thi? ba, bat cap quy dinh ve quyen vd nghTa vu nop d(M theo quy dinh tai Dieu Luat Phd sdn 2014 So vdi ed dong chiem cd phan Idn cong ty ed phdn va vien hdp tac xa thi vien cong ty trach nhiem hffu ban vien trd len khong cd quyen Nhff vay, neu vien chiem von chi pho'i cua edng ty nhan thay doanh nghiep ma't khd nang todn thi cung khdng ed quyin nop ddn ma chi chd vao ngffdi dai dien theo phdp ludt hoac chii tich Hpi dong vien nop ddn vdi tff each la ngffdi cd nghia vu Dieu phan nao gay bat Idi cho vien, bdi ndu tinh hinh keo dai c6 the gay anh hffdng nhilu den Idi ich cua vien Giai phdp de xua't; Nen bd sung them quyen nop ddn yeu cau md thu tuc phd san cua vien cd so' vo'n dilu le chiem tff 65% tren tdng vd'n dilu le cua cong ty Thi? tu, quy dinh lien quan den hoat dong thuffng lucfng cua cdc cdc chu ncf vd doanh nghiep mdt khd nang todn Luat Pha san 2014 quy dinh ve quyin d l nghi dffde thffdng Iffdng cua doanh nghiep mat kha nang toan va chu nd de dffde rut ddn Dieu dong nghTa vdi viec Toa an phai luon chap nhan cho sff yeu cau dffde thffdng Iffdng cua cac ben, nhffng cd phai mpi trffdng hdp thoa thudn nit So 16-Thang 7/2020 23 TAP CHi CONG THirtfNG ddn deu dffde chap nhan hay khong Ro rang, Luat Pha san da cho cac ben quyen thffdng lifdng viec rut ddn nhffng lai quy dinh phai de nghi toa an de dffpc nit ddn la khong phii hdp Giai phap de xud't: Tac gia cho rang, ve mat tinh th^n ciia luat cung nhff ve mat cdu chff nen quy dinh rdng: Trong vong 20 ngay, ke tff doanh nghiep, hdp tdc xa nhan dffde thdng bao hi nop ddn yeu cau md thii tuc pha san, doanh nghiep, hdp tdc xa ma't kha nang toan cd quyen thffdng Iffdng vdi chu nd nop ddn vi viec nit ddn khong can phai c6 ddn dl nghi dffde thffdng Iffdng, cac ben cd nghia vu gffi ket qua thffdng Iffdng vl cho toa dn vong 03 ke tff ket thue viec thffdng Iffdng Vdi quy dinh nay, se tao cho cac ben ehii dpng hdn viec tien hanh thffdng Iffdng, han che' ton kem tai chinh va thdi gian di lai Th6m vao dd, Luat Phd san can quy dinh rd hdn thd nao la thda thu&n trai vdi tinh th^n eiia phap luat ve phd sdn va hau qud phdp ly ciia tffng hanh vi Quy dinh tren t ' ^^^^ Idi va hdp ly hdn, khdng dinh thu ' ' ^^ ^^^ '^ quyen nhffng khdng phai mpi th" •^^ ^^ ^^^ dieu difdc chap nhdn Toa dn vln i^ chu the quyet dinh cudi ciing sau xem xti ke't qua thffdng Iffdng du'dc gffi len Thi? nam, ba't cap quy dinh ve dcm hap le thu tuc phd sdn Mdt nhffng yeu c^u de xem ddn yeu cau md thu tuc pha san la hdp le la kem theo ddn phai cd ehffng eff ehffng minh cac khoan nd den han Hay ndi dung hdn, chu nd phai ehffng minh dffde doanh nghiep, hdp tac xa mat kha nang toan Thffe te', dd ehffng minh doanh nghiep, hdp tdc xa mat kha nang toan khdng phai Id dieu d§ dang, nha't la cac khoan nd khdng phai xua't phat tff cac hdp ddng vay, mffdn ve tai chinh ma xua't phdt tff kha nang thffe hien todn cac hdp ddng mua ban hang hod hoac cung ffng dich vu, Ddn cu" tinh huo'ng thffe te sau': Ngay 13/11/2018, Cdng ty Co phin xud't nhdp kh£u Trffdng Sinh (goi tat Id Cdng ty Trffdng Sinh), cd dia chi tai Qu|n 2, Thanh phd Hi Chi Minh cd ddn ydu clu md thu hic pha san ddi vdi Cdng ty TNHH Binh An (gpi tat la Cdng ty Binh An) tai Toa dn nhan dan Quan 1, Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh Den 10/01/2019, Toa dn nhdn dan Quan 1, Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ban hanh Quydt dinh sd 02/2019/QD-TLD tra lai ddn yeu cau md thu tuc phd san cua Cdng ty Binh An ddi vdi Cong ty Trffdng Sinh vdi ly "can eff vao Ddn yen cau md thu tuc phd sdn ciia Cong ty Trffdng Sinh tai trang cd neu " Cdng ty Binh An chffa hoan teft nghia vu nhan hang va toan nd cua minh theo eac hdp ddng mua ban hang hda " Nop kem theo ddn yeu clu cd bien ban ddi chie'u xac nhan nd 15/01/2017, nhien bien ban khdng xac nhan so' nd cua hdp ddng ndo Mdt khdc, cac tai lidu Cdng ty Trffdng Sinh cung cap diu the Men cdc bdn van mau thuSn vl gid tri hang hda lidn quan den cdc hdp ddng mua bdn hang hda da ky, chffa cd sff thd'ng nha't vl cdc khoan nd de'n han giffa cac ben" Cdng ty Trffdng Sinh khdng ddng y vdi Quyet dinh vi cho rdng, viec Cdng ty Binh An khdng thffe hien cac ddt toan hdp ddng qua thdng ke tff thffe hien nghia vu todn dffde xem la dii dieu kidn de khang dinh Binh An ma't kha nang toan nen da Urn ddn yen cau xem xet lai Quydt dinh tra lai ddn cua TAND Quan Idn TAND Thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh Tuy nhien, 19/01/2019, TAND Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh ban hanh Quyet dmh so 21/2019/QD-GQKN Theo do, TAND Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh vSn giff nguyen Quyd't dinh tra lai ddn yeu cau md thu tuc phd san sd02/2019/QD-TLD cua TAND Quan Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh Vdi ly do: Npi dung bien ban ddi chie'u xac nhan nd 15/01/2017 kidng xac dinh nd ciia hdp ddng nao vd thdi han tra nd, ddng thdi sau 15/01/2017 cdc bt an tiep tuc giao dich va ky them nhieu hdp ddng khac Den nay, Cong ty Trffdng Sinh khdi It trinh dffde van ban nao thd hien Cdng ty Binh An xac nhan nd va cam ket tra nd the theo quy dinh tai khoan va khoan Dieu 26 Luat Pha san 24 So 16-Thang 7/2020 LUAT Tff tinh hudng tren, cd the thd'y van dl dat nhff sau: Mac dii Cdng ty Trifdng Sinh cd cung cap bidn bdn do'i chie'u xac nhan nd, nhidn cac bien ban khdng ed thdi han phai toan cac khoan nd Do vay, theo tac gia, viec TAND Quan vd TAND Thanh phdHd Chi Minh tra lai ddn la phii hdp vdi quy dinh ciia Luat Pha san nam 2014 Giai phap de xud't: Can phai xac dinh thd nao la mdt khoan nd thii tuc phd san Quan diem cua tdc gia, khoan nd khong chi la nhffng khoan tien, tai san theo cac hdp ddng vay, mffdn tai san Dd'i vdi mdt thffdng nhan hoat dong thffdng mai, viec giao kd't va thffe hien nghTa vu loan hdp ddng mua ban hdng hda va cung ffng dich vu la dieu thffdng xuyen phai thffe hien Luat Pha san khdng xem khoan tien cham todn la mdt mdn nd de lam cd sd ndp ddn ydu cau md thii tuc phd san ma ehi la mot hanh vi vi pham hdp dong mua ban hang hda hoac cung ffng dich vu cua cac ben Do vay, trffdng hdp nay, cac ben c6 quyen khdi kidn ydu can toa an giai quyd't tranh chap hdp ddng va ydu du bdn cdn lai todn Tuy nhidn, sau cd ban an xdc dinh khoan nd va thdi han toan cho ben bi vi pham, thi lidu, npi dung ban dn cd dffde xem la gia'y xac nhan nd cua doanh nghiep mat khd nang toan hay khdng? O linh hudng trdn, vi chffa cd ban an gidi quye't tranh chap vd cham toan ndn viec toa an tra lai ddn la hoan toan phii hdp Nhffng, neu nhff tranh cha'p tren da dffde giai quyet bang mot vu an da eo hieu Iffc phdp luat va chuyen qua cd quan thi hanh an thi cin phai xem ban an nhif la mdt minh ehffng cho khoan nd khong cd dam bao Ket lii$n Trenddy la mdt so'nhffng ba't cap, vffdng mac cdc quy dinh ciia phdp luat vl phd sdn NhCng phan tich, gdi md va nhffng dl xua't sffa ddi, bd sung cac quy dinh ciia phdp luat bai viet se gdp phan hoan thien cac quy dinh cua phap lua.t ve pha san, dac biet la bd'i canh nen kinh te' - xa hpi ed nhieu bid'n ddng, cac quy dinh ciia phap luat ve pha san can phai nhanh chdng, kip thdi va phu hdp dilu chinh cdc quan he mdi phdt sinh nham gdp phan dn dinh xa hdi, vffc day san xua't ciia cac chii the kinh doanh, phat trien kinh td' da't nifdc • TAI LI?U TRICH DAN: 'Khoan 1, Dieu LuSt Pha san 2014 quy dinh: "Doanh nghidp, hop tac xa mS't kha nang toan la doanh nghiSp, hop tac xa khOng thUc hidn nghia vu toan nd thdi han ba thang ke tff den han toan" ^Theo quan diem ciia tdc gia, cac tinh hudng dac biet c6 thd bao gdm: Thien tai, chien tranh, djch bSnh, khung bd thdm chi la cac hieuffngtff c6ng nghd mdi trifdng v v., vi vay, xac dinhffifcfnghdp ma't kha nang toan cua doanh nghidp cac tnfdng hop tren khd ma chuyen tai tfong npi dung mot dieu khoan, Luat Pha san chi ndn quy djnh ve tinh th^n chung va giao ve cho Chinh phii hifdng dan, ^Dieu Luat Phd san 2014 quy dinh ve th^m quyen giai quyet pha san ciia toa an quy dinh, " ,T6a in nhdn dSn cap tinh, phd tnfc thudc Trung ifdng (sati day gpi chung la toa an nhan ddn cap dnh) cd tham quyen tuyen bd pha sdn doanh nghidp dang ky doanh nghiep, hop tac xa tai dnh va thuoc cac tnfdng hdp sau day: a) vu viec pha san cd tai san nifdc ngoai hoac ngifdi tham gia thu tuc pha san d mfdc ngodi; b) Doanh nghiep, hpp tac xa mat kha nang loan cd chi nhanh, van phdng dai dien nhieu huyen, quan, dii xa, phd thudc tinh khdc nhau; c) Doanh nghiep hpp tac xa cd ba't ddng san d nhieu huyen, quan, thi xa, phd thupc dnh khac nhau; d) Vu viec pha san thuoc tham quyin cua toa an nhan dan huydn, quan, thi xa, didnh phd thudc dnh ma toa dn nhan dan ca'p tinh la'y len de giai quyet tinh chat phffc tap cua vu viec" So 16-Thang 7/2020 25 TAP GHl CONG THIflflK ^Klio^n dieu Nglii quyg't s^ 03/2016/NQ-HDTP quy dinh: "Tn/dng hcfp T6a dn ntiSn dSn cap liuyen da thu ly dcfn yeu cau md tliij tuc plli siin dung thiim quyen nhifng qu3 trinh giai quyet phd san c6 sU thay doi ndi cutru, dia chi ciia ngucfi tham gia thii tuc phd san hoac xuii't hien tinh ti6't mdi litm cho vu viec pha sSn thuQC m6t cac n-udng hop quy dinh tai Idiodn J Dieu cua Luat Pha san vd hifdng din tai Ichoan Dieu thi T6a dn nhan dan cap huy6n van tiep tuc gidi quye't" ^Diiy la tinh huo'ng thifc tg' da xay tai Toa dn Nhan dan Quan 1, TP Ho Chi Minh De dam bao quyin Idi cua cdc chu the, tac gia da thay diji t€n va dia chi cija doanh nghiep tinh huong tren TAI LIfU THAM KHAO: Quo'c hoi (2014) Luat so: 51/20I4/QH13 LuSt Phd sin, ban hanh 19/6/2014 Ngay nhSin bai: 3/6/2020 Ngay phan bien danb gia va suTa ch0a: 13/6/2020 Ngay chS'p nhan ding bai: 23/6/2020 Thong tin tdc gid: CHE VAN TRUNG HQC vi^n cao hpc Tri^ifng D^i hpc Hoa Binh Pho Giam do'c Cong ty TNHH Mpt Thanh vi6n Dich vu cong ich Qu§n 2, Thanh Ho Chi Minh LAW ON BANKRUPTCY: SOME INADEQUACIES AND SOLUTIONS • CHE VAN TRUNG Master's student, Hoa Binh Unlversit/ Vice Director, District Public Seivices Single-member Limited Liability Company ABSTRACT: This paper examines the current situation of the banltruptcy of Vietnamese enterprises during the Covid-19 pandemic, the stams quo of Vietnam's laws on bankruptcy and their inadequacies and also the changes in social relaUons Based on this paper's findings, some legal soluUons were proposed to perfect Vietnam's provisions on bankruptcy Keywords: Bankruptcy, Law on Bankruptcy, Covid-19, business entity 26 So 16-Ttidng 7/2020