Pháp luật hợp đồng việt nam nhìn ở góc độ so sánh với luật cộng hòa pháp

KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE PHAP LUAT HOP DONG VIET NAM NHIN d GOC DO SO SANH Vdl LUAT CONG HOA PHAP D o a n Thj Phritfng D i ^ p * **T5 Khoa Luat,Tra6ng Pai hoc Kinh te-Luat Bai hoc Quoc Qia TP Ho Chi Minh Thong tin bai viet: Tir khoa: luat hop dong, hop dong vo hieu Lich sir bai viet: Nhlnbai Bientap Duyetbai : 21/05/2019 : 28/06/2019 : 05/07/2019 Tom tat: Thoi gian ap dung Bo luat Dan sii nam 2015 thuc tiln la chua du de CO the nhin nhan va phan tich nhijng uu diem cung nhu nhiing han che cac quy dinh Do vay, viec phan tich, so sanh phap luSt Viet Nam voi phap luat Phap - mot he thong phap luat kha tiSn tien va nhigu tuong dong, de co each hieu ciing nhu each giai thich phu hop voi thuc tien, la mot vifc can thiet, de tir chung ta co co sd cho nhiing de xuat nham lam hoan thien hon ntta cac quy dinh ctia phap luat hien hanh Article Infomation: Abstract Keywords: contract law, invalid contract Article History: : 21 May 2019 Received ;28Jun./20t9 Edited 05 Jul./2019 Approved The enforcement duration of the Civil Code of 2015 in practice is long not enough for comprehensive perceptions and analysis of the advantages and shortcoming of its provisions, Therefore, it is necessary to seek analysis and comparison of Vietnamese law with the French one - an advanced law system that is considered as a similar one to Vietnamese law in order to see an understanding as well as an practical appropriateness, from which it may establish a solid ground for recommendations of further improvements to the provisions of the current law Nh&ng thay d6i cua phap luat hffp d6ng d Viet Nam boi canh ap dung Bo lu^t Dan sir nam 2015 Su thdng nhdt cdc quy dinh ve hgp dong a Viet Nam hien Che dinh "hop d6ng dan su" quy dinh Bg luat Dan su (BLDS) nam 1995 dugc BLDS nam 2005 thay bSng "Hop dong" va dugc BLDS nam 2015 quy dinh chung phan thir ba ve "NghTa vu va hgp dong" Sir thay doi ten goi ham y rang, BLDS nam 2015 se la van ban xac lap nguyen tic chung I NOHIEN euu 56 I L A P P H A P ^ So 11(387)16/2019 ve hgp ddng, cac quy dinh ctaa Luat Thuong mai nam 2005 hay Luat Kinh doanh bat dgng san, Luat Kinh doanh bao hi^m se dieu chinh cac hop d6ng chuyen biet cho timg ITnh vuc Di6u bao dam tinh th6ng nhat cac quy dinh ciia hop d6ng cac ITnh vuc khac Vdn de ve giao kit hap ddng BLDS nam 2015 bo sung hai di^m mai co vai tro nhu diem nhdn lam nen su sinh dgng cac quy dinh ciia BLDS 2015, la quy dinh ve dg nghi giao ket hgp ddng "Dg nghi KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE giao kit hgp d^ng la viec the hien ro y dinh giao kit hgp d6ng va chiu sir rang buoc v^ de nghi cua ben de nghi doi voi ben da dugc xac dinh hoac tai cong chung (sau day ggi chung la ben dugc de nghj)"' va guy dinh vl thong tin giao ket hgp dong theo quy dinh tai Dilu 387 BLDS Dilm _moi thu nhat lien quan den dl nghi giao kit hgp dong Khoan Dilu 386 BLDS 2015 quy dinh: " D I nghi giao kit hgp ding la viec the hien ro y dinh giao ket hgp ding va chiu su rang huge ve de nghi niy cua ben dl nghi doi vai ben da dugc xac dinh ho^c t6i cong chiing (sau day goi chung la ben dugc de nghi)" Vdi ^uy dinh nay, BLDS 2015 da xac djnh cu the chii the duoc dl righi giao ket hgp dong Cac chii thi gdm "ben da dugc xac dinh" hoac "cong chung" Quy dinh cho thay, phap iuat chap nhan de nghi cho hai chu the, mot chu the cu the dugc xac dinh de nghi va chii the thu hai la bat ky ngudi nao chap nhan de nghi vdi mdt de nghi dugc dua cho dai chung Quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam hoan toan tuong ddng vdi Dieu 1114 L?nh sd 2016-131 ciia Cdng hoa Phap ve sira ddi phap luat hgp ddng ve chu the dugc de nghi giao ket hgp ddng: "De xuat giao ket hgp ddng dugc dua cho mgt chii the cy the hoac khdng xac djnh bao gdm cac yeu to CO ban cua hgp ddng dugc du kien, the hi?n y chi cua tac gia va bj rang budc truong hgp de nghi dugc chap nhan, Neu thieu vang cac yeu td co ban thi xem nhu chi co loi mdi tharn gia dam phan"^ Tuy nhien, chiing tdi cho rang, ngi dung cua dS nghi giao ket hgp dong chua phii hop vdi yeu c^u cua thuc tiln, bdi vi, BLDS vSn cho phep, mgt sd trudng hgp, tinh tr^ng im l^g dugc xem la chip nhan dl nghi giao kit h?fp dong^ va "hgp ddng dugc giao ket vao thoi diem ben de nghi nh§n duoc chdp nhan giao kit" (khoan Dilu 400 BLDS 2015) se lam phit sinh quyln va nghia vu cua cac ben Quy djnh chua phan biet giiia dl nghi giao ket hop ddng va dl nghi dam phan hgp ddng Dilm mdi thu hai lien quan din thong tin giao kit hgp ddng Theo quy dinh ciia khoan Dilu 387 BLDS 2015, "truong hgp mdt ben cd thdng tin anh hudng din viec chap nhan giao kit hgp ddng ciia ben thi phai thdng bao cho ben bilt" va cac ben chiu tranh nhiem giu bi mat thdng tin cho Quy dinh tao mgt nghia vu "tiln hgp ddng" gifia cac ben, nghia vu di liin sau la che tai ve bdi thudng thiet hai vdi tu each la mdt loai trach nhiem bdi thuong thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng Theo chiing tdi, quy dinh khdng cd y nghia nhieu thuc tien ap dung luat Bdi le, ca khdng cd quy dinh nay, gia djnh rang mgt ben biet ve nhung thdng tin c6 anh hudng quan trgng din viec giao ket hgp ddng nhimg khdng bao cho ben kia, sau hgp ddng dugc giao ket mdi phat hien nhung thdng tin thi tiiy thugc vao trudng hgp xay thuc tien hanh ddng khdng cung cap thdng tin cd the dugc dugc xem la lira ddi hoac gay mgt su nham lan cho viec giao ket hop dong Khi do, ben bi lira hoac nham cd the yeu cau toa an tuyen bd vd hieu hgp ddng ciing vai viec yeu cau bdi thudng thi?t hai, neu cd Nhu vay, khdng can din quy djnh tai Dilu 387 BLDS 2015 thi nghia vu ciing da dat giiia cac ben dl nghi giao ket hgp dong vai tu each la mgt n^hTa vu phai thang va trung thuc van dl de nghi va giao ket hgp ddng Van de thuc hi^n vd cham dut hgp ddng BLDS 2015 bd sung hai quy djiih cd y nghTa dudi tac dgng cua phap luat qudc te Thie nhdt, quy dinh ve thuc hien hop ddng hoan canh thay ddi ca ban (Dieu 420 BLDS 2015) Theo quy djnh nay, trudng hgp hoan canh thay doi ca ban, ben cd Igi ich bi anh huong cd quyen yeu cau ben dam phan Iai hgp ddng mdt thd; han hgp ly, trudng hgp cac ben khdng M thda thuan dugc ve viec sira ddi hgp ddng Khoan Dieu 386 BLDS nam 2015 Ordonnance 2016-31 10/2/2016 sira ddi bd sung phap luat h(;rp dflng C9ng hoa Phdp Khoan Difiu 399 BLDS 2015 "Sy im lang ciia ben duoc Ah nghi khong dirge coi la chap nh^n de nghi giao ket hgp ^^g, trt truong hgp co thda thu^n hoac theo thoi quen da dugc x^c l^p giQa cac ben" NGHliN CUV I C S6 11(387)16/2019 LAP PHAPl " • KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE mgt thdi han hgp ly, mdt cac ben CO the yeu cau Tda an cho phep cham dut hgp ddng tai mdt thdi diem xac dinh hoac sira doi hgp ddng de can bang quyen va Igi ich hgp phap ciia cac ben hoan canh thay ddi CO ban Quy dinh giiip "bao ve tdt hon quyen va Igi ich cua ben yeu the quan he hgp ddng, can bang quyen va Igi ich c6 su chenh lech qua muc, loai bd bit cdng, bao dam le cdng bang xa hdi"'' BLDS cung xac dinh ro hoan canh thay ddi CO ban cd dii cac dieu kien sau day: a) Su thay ddi hoan canh nguyen nhan khach quan xay sau giao ket hgp ddng; b) Tai thdi diem giao ket hgp ddng, cac ben khdng the Iudng trudc dugc ve su thay ddi hoan canh; c) Hoan canh thay ddi lan den muc neu nhu cac ben biet trudc thi hgp ddng da khdng dugc giao ket hoac dugc giao ket nhung vdi ndi dung hoan toan khac; d) Viec tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong ma khdng cd su thay ddi ndi dung hgp ddng se gay thiet hai nghiem trgng cho mdt ben; d) Ben CO Igi ich bi anh hudng da ap dung mpi bien phap can thiet kha nang cho phep, phil hgp vdi tinh chat cua hop ddng ma khdng the ngan chan, giam thieu muc anh hudng den Igi ich" Dilu 1195 BLDS Cdng hoa Phap cd quy dinh kha tuong ddng "Trong trudng hgp cd su thay doi khdng Iudng trudc dugc tai thdi diem ky ket hgp ddng khien cho viec thuc hien qua tdn kem^ cho mgt ben ma ben khdng dong y chap nhan riii ro dd, thi ben dd cd the yeu cau dam phan lai hgp ddng Hgp dong tiep tuc dugc thuc hien qua trinh dam phan lai Trong trudng hgp tir choi dam phan lai hoac dam phan khdng cdng, cac ben cd thi thoa thuan ve cham dut hgp ddng, vao va theo cac dieu kien ma hg xac dinh hoac yeu c4u thkm phan ddng y vdi s^r dieu chinh ctia ho Trong trudng hgp khong,co thda thuan mdt thai gian hgp ly, tham phan cd thi, theo yeu ciu cua mdt ben, sua ddi hgp ddng hoac chSm diit hgp ieu 123 den Dilu 129 BLDS 2015 Do vay, theo Chung tdi, dl khoa hoc phap ly ro rang hem va khdng cd nhirng tranh cai khdng can thiet trudng hgp nay, cin cd quy djnh cu the xac dinh dau la nhtmg trudng hgp xac lap hgp ddng vi pham su tu nguyen Muc dich vd noi dung hop dong khdng vi khong vi pham diiu cam cita luat, khong trdi dao due xd hoi (Diiu U khoan^ diem c BLDS Viet Nam 20J5) Day la dieu kien dat dl bao ve Igi ich ciia Nha nudc, Igi ich cdng cdng, quyln va Igi ich hgp phap cua ngudi khac^" Quy djnh ciia phap luat Viet Nam kha tuong ddng vdi Dieu 1162 BLDS Cdng hoa Phap "cac thoa thuan va muc dich ciia hgp ddng khdng dugc xam pham din trat tu cdng cdng dii cac ben bilt hoac khdng bilt ve su vi pham nay" Dilu cam ciia phap luat dugc dinh nghia "la nhijng quy djnh cua luat khdng cho phep chu the thuc hien nhung hanh vi nhat dinh" Cd hai each giai thich khac ve van de nay: thie nhdt, chi vi pham dieu cam cua phap luat cu the cd quy dinh "cam"; thu hai, dugc xem la vi pham dieu cam tat ca cac trudng hgp phap luat yeu cau chu the thuc hien mdt cdng viec khudn khd mdt quy pham menh lenh ma chu the lai_ khdng thuc hien Cung CO quan diem cho rang, chi xem la vi pham dieu cam ciia luat, trai dao diic xa hgi hanh vi vi pham tac ddng den cac Igi Ich cdng, igi ich ciia nha nudc Cac quan dilm kha da dang din den thyc tien xet xu nhieu trudng hgp la khdng thdng nhit vdinhau^' Ve van dl nay, phap luat Cdng hoa Phap cho phep cd su can thiep cua an le viec giai thich quy dinh tai Dilu 1162 18 Nguyen Nggc Dien, Giao trinh Lu^t Dan su 1- Tnrcmg Dgi hgc Ckn Tho, 2007 tr 19 06 Van D?i (chii bien), Giao trinh phap luat vg hap dengvabo! thucmg ihiet hai ngoai hop d6nR Nxb HdneDuc 2013 IT 156-158 , , 20 D§ Van Dai (chu bien), tldd, tr 152 21 Vi du cu thS la trucmg hgp hop dong chuyen nhugng quygn sii dung dat c6 tranh ch4p, theo quy dinh lai Digu 188 khoan Luat Dat dai 2014 quy dinh mot cac dieu kien dg chuySn nhugng quyk sir dung d5t la "dit khong co tranh chap" Tuy nhien Luat dat dai khong noi rang neu vi pham diSu kien thi hgp d6ng se bi tuyen b6 vo hieu Do tren thuc te quySn su dyng dat la doi tugng ciia hgp d6ng chuyan nhugng bi tranh chSp, cdc Toa an ap dung luat dan su de tuyen bo vo hieu, va co Toa an cho rang hgp dong bi vo hieu vi da vi pham d i k dm ciia phap luat nhunc co Toa in thi lai cho rang vo hieu doi tugng ciia hop d6ng khong thS thuc bi|n dugc 62 S6 11(387) T6/2019 KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE neu tren bang each cdng nhan cd hai trudng hgp dugc xem la vi pham: thic nhdt, cd sy thoa thu?n ro rang ciia cac ben ve viec xam pham trat tu cdng; thu hai, mac dii cac ben khdng cd thoa thu^n nhung muc dich dat din cua hgp ddng lai gay hai den Igi ich nay^- Chling tdi cho rSng, quy dinh cua phap luat Viet Nam ve van de neu tren la hoan toan phil hgp Tuy nhien, can cd sy giai thich ro rang thdng qua an le de viec ap dung quy dinh vao thyc tien dugc thdng nhat 2.2 Vo hieu hop ddng co ddi tucmg khdng the thuc hien dwffc Theo quy djnh tai khoan Dilu 408 BLDS 2015 "Trudng hgp tir giao kit, hgp ddng cd ddi tugng khdng the thyc hien dugc thi hgp ddng bi vd hieu" Quy dhih dugc dat che dinh vl hgp dong chii khdng nam cac quy dinh ve dieu kien cd hieu luc cua giao dich dan su ndi chung (Dieu 117) Dieu cd nghTa ia^ no chi dugc ap dung ddi vdi viec tuyen bd hop ddng vd hieu chii khdng dugc ap dung ddi vdi cac loai giao dieh dan su khac (hanh vi phap Iy dan phuong, giao dich dan su CO dieu kien) Day khdng phai la quy dinh mdi ciia BLDS 2015, nhien tir thdi dilm dugc dua vao va ap dung tir BLDS 2005 din quy dinh chua dugc giai thich ke ca bang ari IS Thyc tien cd xu hudng chap nhan rang ddi higng khdng the thyc hien dugc cua hgp ddng la nhiing hanh ddng khdng the thyc hien dugc cac nguyen nhan khac quan (bao gdm ca su kien bat kha khang), chang hanrihu hgp ddng mua ban mdt can nha ma chang may can nha ay bi chay trudc chuyen quyen sd hiiu, hay hgp ddng chuyen nhugng quyln sir dungdit ma dot nggt phat sinh quy hoach dan den quyen sir dung dat la khdng thi chuyin nhugng dugc Dilu 1163 BLDS Cdng hoa Phap quy dinh: "NghTa vu phai vi mgt ddi tugng hien tai hoac tuong lai Ddi tugng phai cd the thuc hien duoc, xac dinh duoc hoac cd the xac dinh dugc" Quy dinh cho phep xac dinh neu hgp ddng dugc giao ket vi pham quy dinh se bi tuyen bd vd hieu theo quy dinh tai Dieu 1178 "Hgp ddng neu khdng thoa man cac dieu kien ve hieu lue thi se vd hieu" Phap thira nhan ba yeu cau lien quan den ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng: thie nhdt, ddi tugng ciia hgp ddngphai xac dinh dugc (ye gia ca, sd lugng, chat lugng ); thu hai, ddi tugng^ ciia hgp ddng cd the thuc hien dugc, yeu cau dat bdi canh phap luat chap nhan ddi tugng cua hgp ddng cd the la tai san hinh tuong lai (Dieu 1163); thu ba, doi tugng ciia hgp ddng phai hop phap^^ Tat ca cac dieu kien lien quan den ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng dat khudn khd dieu kien lien quan den ndi dung ciia hgp ddng Chling tdi cho rang, ve van de neu tren, quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam la day dii va phil hgp vdi dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi ciia Viet Nam Van de vd hieu hgp ddng lien quan den ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng phai timg trudng hgp ma ap dung Dieu 408 hoac Dilu 117 BLDS 2015 Vi du, nlu ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng la hoan toan hgp phap nhung vi iy khach quan nao dd khdng the thuc hien dugc thi ap dung Dieu 408 de tuyen bd vd hieu Nhung neu ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng lien quan den cac hanh vi bi cam (hang cam hoac hanh vi bi cam thyc hien ,) thi hgp ddng se bi tuyen bd vd hieu tren ca sd ket hgp Dilu 117 va Dilu 123 BLDS 2015 Sy ap dung kit hgp cac dieu luat cho phep mdt su danh gia kha toan ven van de lien quan den ITnh vuc 2.3 vi hau qud phdp ly cua viec tuyen bo hgp dong vd hieu Diem gidng ciia hau het cac he thdng phap luat cac qudc gia_ Chau Au va Viet Nam la vin de Hen quan den gia tri phap ly ciia hgp ddng bi tuyen bd vd hieu Khi hgp ddng bi myen bd vd hieu thi xem nhu hgp ddng dd khdng phat sinh gia tri phap ly tir xac lap (Dilu 1178 BLDS Cong 22 Cass Civ lere, f^vner 1999, J C P 1999, II, 10083, n o t e M Billiau et G Loiseau, Cass civ lere, 29 octobre , n° 13-19729 23 P a t n c k C a n i n , t l d d , t r - So 11(387) T6/2019 ' 163 KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE hoa Phap va khoan Biiu 131 BLDS 2015) Chinh vi xem nhu giao dich dan su chua he duoc xac lap (Idiong phat sinh gia tri phap Iy) nen hau qua keo theo tuyen bo vo hi^u la phai khoi phuc lai tinh trang ban dau nhu truoc xac lap giao dich bang each cac ben phai hoan tra cho nhiing gi da nhan (khoan Dik 131 BLDS 2015 va DiSu i 178 BLDS Cpng hoa Phap) Su khac co ban gitra cac quy dinh cua BLDS Viet Nam va Cpng hoa Phap nam a quy dinh vl vo hieu tuyet doi ho^ _ hi?u tuong ddi N6u vo hieu tuyet dot hoac tuong d6i chi tfln tai a khia canh khoa hpc phap ly Viet Nam thi no duoc ghi nhan ro rang BLDS Cpng hoa Phap cung voi nhtmg hau qua phap ly kha cu the_cho tung truang hpp vo hieu nay^"* Thuc tien o Viet Nam ciing tdn tai each phan loai na.y, nhien theo chung toi, dilu hoan toan khong CO y nghia gi thiSu vSng co so phap ly cho viec van dung" CHUYEN NHUONG CO PHAN THEO ciia ngudi thira kl dugc ghi nhan day du vao sd dang ky cd ddng thi hg mdi cd tu each cd ddng NIU phai dgi din thdng tin ciia ngudi thira kl dugc ghi diy du vao sd dang ky cd ddng thi tdn tai mgt khoang thdi gian nhit dinh ma ngudi thira ke chua trd cd ddng cdng ty, nay, qu>;ln va nghia vy ciia hg ddi vdi lugng cd phin thira kl ciia minh dugc xir ly nhu the nao thi chua dugc phap luat lam ro Nhu vay, quy dinh cua LDN 2014 cd sy chdng cheo viec xac dinh thdi dilm xac lap tu each ed dong cdng ty cd phin cua ngudi thira ke cd phan (Tidp theo trang 40) ND-CP da quy dinh, thay vao dd, LDN 2014 cdn yeu ciu DNXH phai neu ro muc tieu hoat dgng cua minh Dieu le cdng ty Thdi dilm xac l^p tu- each c^ ddng trirdng hgrp co dong la c^ nhan chet v l thdi dilm xac Ifip tu each cd ddng cac trudng hgp chuyen nhugng ed phAn, theo khoan Dilu 126 LDN 2014: "Ngudi nhan cd phiin cac trudng hgp quy dinh tai Dilu chi trd cd ddng cdng ty tir thdi diem cac thdng tin cua hg quy dinh tai khoan Dieu 121 ciia Luat dugc ghi diy du vao sd dang ky cd ddng" Thdi dilm thdng tin ciia ngudi nhan chuyin nhugng dugc ghi day du vao sd dang ky cd ddng la thdi dilm lam phat sinh tu each cd ddng cho ngudi nhan chuyen nhugng Trong dd, theo quy dinh ciia khoan Dilu 126 LDN 2014, "trudng hgp cd ddng la ca nhan chit thi ngudi thira ke theo di chiic hoac theo phap luat ciia cd ddng dd la cd ddng ciia cdng ty", ngudi thira ke duong nhien trd cd ddng ciia cdng ty tir cd ddng la ca nhan chet Tuy nhien, quy djnh lai mau thuin vdi khoan Dieu 126 LDN 2014, bdi theo quy dinh cua khoan Dilu 126 LDN 2014, thdi dilm thdng tin Theo quy dinh cua khoan Dieu 611 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015, thdi diern md thira ke la thdi diem ngudi cd tai san chet, va theo Dieu 614 ciia Bg luat thi ke tir thdi diem md thira ke, nhijng ngudi thira ke cd cac quyen, nghTa vu tai san ngudi chet de lai Do dd, ke tir ngudi cd tai san chet thi di san thua ke dugc dich chuyen sang cho ngudi thira ke, va ngudi thira ke tiep tuc kl thira cac quyen va nghTa vy ddi vdi tai san nhan dugc Dya theo tinh than nay, chiing tdi kiln nghi ghi nhan khoan Dieu 126 LDN 2014 nhu la mgt trudng hgp ngoai le cua Khoan Dilu 126 LDN 2014, qua dd nham nhanh chdng xac lap tu each cd ddng cho ngudi thira kl va cung la each de cd ngudi kl thira quyln, nghTa vu cho sd cd phan thua kl.B 24 Vp hi?u tuyet d6i - la nuliite absolue va vo hieu tuong d6i - la nullite relative duoc quy djnh tgi Dieu i 179 BLDS Cong ho^ Phap 64 NGHlCN CUU ILAP P H A P ^ r S6 11(387)16/2019 ... thdi diem va vai cac dilu kien da sira doi Tren co sd so sanh vdi Dieu 420 BLDS Viet Nam 2015 neu tren, cd the thay quy dinh ciia luat Viet Nam kha cu theva chat che viec giai thich rd cac dieu... Dan chiiva Phap luat, so thang 3/2016 Ngo Thu Trang - Nguyan ThS Diie TSm Thirc hien hgp d6ng klii hoan canh thay dSi co ban, Tap chi Nha nirdc va Phan luat, so ] {345} nam 2017, tr 60-67 ^ I... cua BLDS Viet Nam va Cpng hoa Phap nam a quy dinh vl vo hieu tuyet doi ho^ _ hi?u tuong ddi N6u vo hieu tuyet dot hoac tuong d6i chi tfln tai a khia canh khoa hpc phap ly Viet Nam thi no duoc