KINH NGHIEM QUOCTE PHAP LUAT CONG HOA PHAP VE TRACH NHIEM PHAP LY CUA NGirdl QUAN LY CONG TY DO! V0I CAC HANH VI XAM PHAM MOI TRUOING VA N H O N G G0I MOI CHO VIET NAM Nguyen Thj Hong Hanh TS Khoa Luat, Tru'dng Pai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Thdng tin bai vilt: Tit khoa: Trach nhi$m phap 15" cua ngii£ri quan 1;^ cdng ty; boi thixfirng thi$t h?i nhiem moi tni6ng; t$i ph^m mdi tnicmg Lfch sir bdi viet: Nhjnbii : 24/04/2020 : 04/05/2020 Bien tap Duy^t biki : 08/05/2020 Tom tSt: Trach nhi?m phap ly cua nguoi quan ly cong ty vi pham nglua vy doi voi ngu6i thii ba ho^c lgi ich chung ciia cgng d6ng thuirag dan den trach nhi?ra bdi thuang thi§t hai ngoai hgrp ddng vk th$m chi Ik trdch nhi^m hinh sy tniirag hpp hanh vi cd tinh nguy hi^m ddng ke cho xa hgi v^ dugc luat hinh s\f quy dinh lit t^i pham Cpng hok Phap la mgt nhiing nu6c som co nhung quy dpih cb^t che ve trach nhi$m phap ly ciia ngudi quan ly cong ty linh vvc moi trudng; lit ddng dk Vi§t Nam cd the tham Idiao h o ^ thi$n quy d)nh ve trach n h i ^ phdp ly ciia ngu6i qudn 1^ cdng ty doi v6i cac hanh vi xam pham mdi tnrdng Article Infomation: Key words: Legal responsibilities of the company manager; compensation for damage caused by environmental pollution; environmental crime Article History: Abstract: Legal responsibilities of the company manager for the violation of the obligation to a third person or the public interests, which often results in the liability for non-contractual damages and even criminal liability in case of the behavior poses a signiHcant danger to the society, which is defined by the criminal laws as a crime The Republic of France is one of the coimtries with early strict regulations on the legal responsibility of company managers in the field of the environment; It is worthwhile that Vietnam may get a reference tofiirtherimprove the regulations on the legal responsibility of company managers for the environmental violations Received Edited Approved 24 Apr 2020 04 May 2020 08 May 2020 IVAch nhifm phdp ly cua ngirM quSn If cdng ty d6i vdi cdng ty theo phap lu^t Phdp Trong phap luat Phap, moi quan h^ giiia ngudi quan ly cong ty va cong ty dugc tiiiet l^p thdng qua mgt hgp d6ng uy quySn {contrat de mandat) Theo do, cong ty la ngudi uy quy^n, ngudi quan ly cong ty \k ngucri dugc uy quyen Ngudi dugc uy quyen phdi th\rc hi^n cdc cong vi$c vi lgi ich cua ngudi uy quyen p h ^ vi cam k6t giiia cdc bdn Vdi vai trd nay, ngudi quan ly cong ty c6 nghia vy phai hanh dgng mgt cdch can trgng va trung vdi cong ty Chinh vi v|iy, vh nguyen tdc, ngudi quan 1^ cong ty khong phdi chiu trach nhiem doi vdi ngudi thii ba ben ngoai cong ty (hieu theo nghia rgng vi d\i nhu nhd cimg cap, khdeh hang, ddi tdc, chu ng, cgng dong xa hgi v.v.) vh cdc hdnh vi ma hg da th\rc hien dudi danh nghia vd nhan danh cong ty Trong trudng hgp do, cong ty se phdi chiu trdch nhi?m ve cac hanh vi ndy ddi vdi ngudi thii ba vd gidi quyet moi quan h? vdi ngudi quan ly cdng ty can cu vdo vi^c ngudi qudn ly cdng ty co ddp ung nghla , SA 15 (415)-T8/202o\ NGHIlN CUU I C L A P PHAP '" KINH NGHIEM QUOC TH v\i can trgng vd trung vdi cdng ty hay khdng Qua khdo ciiu mOt sd quy dinh tai Diiu L 222-23 Bg luat Thuong mai Phdp dp dyng ddi vdi SARL (Cdng ty trach nhi?m hiju h ^ ) va Didu L 225-251 Bg luat Thuang m ^ dp dung ddi vdi SA (Cdng ty vd danh hay Cdng ty cd phan)' cho thdy, tren thuc te, ngudi quan ly cdng ty se bi dp dung trach nhigm dan su ngudi ndy mac Idi quan ly (faute de gestion) Theo th\rc tien xet xu, ngudi quan ly cdng ty phai hdnh xu mgt cdch can trgng, man can vd chu ddng Day la mgt khdi niem dugc danh gid la nghiem khac hon so vdi ngii "bonpere de lafamille" (cd ngudn gdc la tinh "bonnus pater familtias", nghia Id ngudi xu svr cd trdch nhi^m, khdn ngoan, hgp tinh hgp ly nhu "hinh mdu ngudi cha tdt cila gia dinh") dugc quy dinh t^ Dieu 1137 Bg luat Dan s\r Phdp (BLDS) S\r tinh hay thieu kinh nghiem cua ngudi quan ly cdng ty khdng logi trii trdch nhi?m dan su cua ngudi ndy doi vdi cdng ty Theo quy dinh cua phdp luat Phap, vi?c ddnh gid ngudi qudn ly cdng ty co vi pham nghia v\i cin trgng vd trung ddi vdi cdng ty dugc xdc dinh bdng vi?c hg cd hanh dgng phu hgp vdi lgi ich cua cdng ty hay khdng Khi ngudi qudn ly cdng ty da hdnh dgng trai vdi lgi ich ciia cdng ty, hg thudng dugc coi la da vi ph?m nghia vy cua ngudi dugc uy quySn Tuy nhien, Idp man chin cua phap nhan {ecran de lapersonne morale) se Idiong dugc vi$n din de bdo v§ r ^ d i qudn ly cdng ty ngudi ndy phgm loi tdch rdi khdi chiic nang {faute separable des fonctions) va phai chiu trdch nhi^m cd nhan ddi vdi ngudi thii ba Itdch nhifm phap ly cua ngirdi quan 1^ cong ty doi vdi ngucri thir ba theo phap Iu|t Phdp Ve ca bdn, moi quan h? vdi ngudi thii ba, ngudi quan ly cdng ty nhdn danh cdng ty xac lap va th\rc hign cdc hanh vi phd^ ly 1dm phdt sinh, thay ddi va cham dut quyen va nghla v\i cho cdng ty Do dd, rat it cac trudng hgp cdn thiet phai bugc ng^^ qudn 1^ cdng ty cd nghla v\i tr\rc tiep doi vdi ngudi thii ba Chi cam ngudi quan ly cdng ty th\rc hien diing va day dii nhung nghta vy ciia cdng ty d6i vdi ngudi thii ba thi lgi ich ciia ngudi thii ba se dugc ddm bdo Chinh vi thd, khdc vdi edch Ihiic quy dinh trdch nhi?m phap ly ciia n ^ d i qudn ly cdng ty doi vdi cdng ty, ban dau thuc tiln xet xii ciia Phdp da khd d6 dgt tuySn trach nhigm phdp ly ciia ngudi quan ly cdng ty ddi vdi ngudi thii ba Theo do, ngudi quan ly cdng ty clii phdi chiu trdch nhigm phap ly ddi vdi ben thii ba neu nhu hg da phgm iSi tdch rdi khdi chiic nang (faute separable des fonctions) vd loi ndy CO thd quy kdt ddi vdi ca nhdn ngudi quan ly cdng ty Khdi niem loi tdch rdi khdi chiic nang dugc hinh thdnh bdi dn If nhdm bdo vf ngudi quan ly cdng ty an todn sau Idp man chan ciia edng ty ma hg dgi difn trudc khieu kifn cua cdc ben thii ba Nhu vay, trudng hgp khdng thd chiing miiih dugc ngudi qudn 1^ cdng ty da phgm loi tdch rdi khdi chiic nang, bdn thu: ba khdng thd cdo bugc trdch nhifm ca nhdn eua ngudi qudn 1^ cdng ty va phai ehuydn hudng sang ydu ciu trach nhifm eiia cdng ty, sau dd thi cdng ty hogc chii sd hiiu cdng ty se trudng hgp ma truy ciiu trach nhifm cua ngudi qudn 1^ cdng ty Trong nhidu nam, gidi hgc thu^t cung nhu cdc luat su, thdm phdn Phdp day len tranh cai vd ngi ham ciia hinh thiic loi ndy va trdn th^c td, loi it dugc dp d\mg ddi vdi ngudi qudn ly cdng ty Phdi den phan quydt 20/5/2003, Tda Phd dn Phdp (TPA) cudi Cling da khdng dinh dn If va dua mOt djnh nghia mdi vd l5i tdch rdi khdi chiic nang thdng qua ba tieu chi cy the Theo dd, TPA cho rang "trdch nhifm cd nhSn Theo quy djnh t?i Dieu L 225-251 Bg lu^t Thuong m^i Phdp, nhung ngudi quin ly cong ty (thdnh v"" h"' dong quan ttj vd giam doc dieu hdnh) phai chiu trdch nhi?m cd nhan ho$c lien ddi doi vdi cdng tv ''™ f^ thii ba vi ph^im nghia vv lu^t hodc quy che quy djnh ho$c vi ph^m nghla vy D i ^^ uI? oia ^ "cdng ^ ty quy dinh / M lNOHllNCVU LAP PHAP_/S415(415}-T8/2020 KINH NGHIEM QUOC IE ciia ngudi quan ly cdng ty doi vdi bdn thii ba chi cd thd dugc thiia nhan neu ngudi cd loi tdch rdi khdi chiic nang cua minh; chdng hgn nhu ngudi qudn ly cdng ty da pham phdi loi cd y mgt cdch nghiem trgng Ididng tuang thich vdi vif c thuc hifn binh thudng cac chiic nang quan ly cdng ty"- Nhu vay, ba tidu chi phdi thod man dd khang dinh ngudi qudn ly cdng ty pham Idi taeh rdi khdi chiic ndng la: (1) Tieu ehi thii nhat: loi e6 y Ngudi quan ly cdng ty phai nhdn thiic dugc h^nh vi ciia minh gay thiet hgi cho ben thii ba; (2) Tidu chi thii hai: tinh chit nghiem trgng ciia loi cd y Ldi phai the hif n mdt miic dg nghidm trgng nhdt dinh Cac ldi bit can thdng thudng, thieu than trgng khdng thd dan ddn trdch nhifm eua ngudi qudn ly edng ty trudng hgp nay; (3) Tieu chi thii ba: s\r khdng tuong thich vdi vif c th\rc hifn binh thudng cac chuc ndng qudn ly cdng ty Theo phdn quylt nay, mgt mat, TPA cdng nhan la ldi tdch rdi khdi cdc chiic nang cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty cd ngudi quan ly hdnh ddng vi lgi ich cua cdng ty chii khdng phdi vi Igi ich ca nhan Mat khdc, vdi cdch didn dgt mang tmh dy kidn " chang hgn nhu ", cac tidu chi vd l6i tdch rdi khdi chiic nang ciia ngudi qudn ly khdng mang tinh gidi hgn Mdt sd ldi trudc day dugc ddnh gid Id khdng thd tdch rdi khdi nhifm vy, chiic nang ciia ngudi qudn \f cdng ty thi bay gid ed thd hi dp d\mg ngugc lgi Nhu vay, phgm vi dp d\mg cua ldi ndy se dugc md rgng va dan den truy ciiu trach nhiem phap ly cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty mdt each rgng rai han Ndi edch khdc, bdng vif c md rdng gidi thich loi tdch rdi khdi chiic nang, TPA CO xu hudng bdo vf manh me cho cdc ben thii ba mdi quan hf vdi cdng ty vd ngudi qudn ly cdng ty^ Dieu ndy thd hif n dgc hif t ro rang trudng hgp hanh vi vi pham vdi ldi cd y ciia ngudi qudn ly cdng ty cau tgi pham Trong mgt loat cdc ban an gin ddy, TTA da dp dung mdt trdch nhifm nghidm khac ddi vdi ngudi qudn ly cdng ty dac bif t Id ITnh vuc mdi trudng 2.1 Trdch nhiem hinh su cda ngudi qudn ly cdng ty linh v^rc mdi trudng Theo phap lugt Phdp, cdc tgi phgm ve mdi trudng khdng chi dugc quy dinh nhdt Bd ludt Hmh s\r Phdp (BLHS) ma dugc guy dinh d cdc dgo luat ehuydn ngdnh Chang han nhu d6i vdi nhirng quy dinh lien quan den d nhidm khdng hogc nude can phai tham khdo ede quy dinh c\i thd Bg lugt Mdi trudng Phdp (BLMT) Vifc xdc dinh ngudi chiu trdch nhifm hinh su ciing dugc quy dinh cde van ban quy phgm phap lugt ve bdo vf bidn nhu Luat sd 76-599 vd Lugt sd 76-600 ngdy 07/07/1976; hay Lugt sd 77-530 ngky 26/5/1977 vd trdch nhifm ciia chii tau ddi vdi thiet hgi d nhidm diu BLMT quy dinh mgt sd tdi danh nhdm ddn dieh danh ngudi quan ly cdng ty vdi tu each Id ehii the tdi pham: la hanh vi can trd vifc thirc hif n chiie nang tra hdnh ehhih hoae xii ly, didu tra cdc hanh vi phgm tgi cua cac cdng chiic va ngudi cd tham quydn theo quy djnh tgi BLMT (Didu L 173-4) Ngodi ra, mdt so tgi phgm mdi trudng vd ban chat cd thd dugc quy kdt trdch nhifm cho ngudi quan ly cdng ty Vi du, ddi vdi cac van dd ve cdng trinh xdp hang (installation classee)'*, ngudi qudn ly edng ty phai chiu trdch nhifm vd vifc khai http://www.mascre-heguy.com/htm/fi-/conseils/conseil_responsabilite_dirigeants.htm Huang Zhang, Directors' liabilityfi'omthe perspective of private international law, Doctoral Dissertation, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Valles), July 2014, tr 18 Tit cd cac lo^i cong trinh khdng phan bi?t cdng tnrdng, nha may, hdm md cd the gay nguy hiem cho khu vTfc Idn c ^ , tdc dgng xau din an todn, vg sinh cdng cpng, canh quan mdi trudng; hoae cdng trinh kien tnic hay khu v\rc t[f nhien dugc xip h ^ g va dugc hudng chl dp theo doi va bao v? nghiem ngjit De dugc cdng nh|n la cdng trinh xep h^g phdi lam thii tyc khai bao vd cap phep xay dyng ddi vdi cdc cdng trinh nhan t^o, thii t\ic cdng nh|n va xIp hang d6i vdi khu vyc t\r nhien (Tu diln thu^t ngu phdp luat Phap - Viet (2009), Nxb Tir diln Bdch Khoa Ha Ngi, tr.458) NGHIlN Cthi I CQ S615(415)-T8/202O\^LAP PHAP KINH NGHIEM QUOCTE thac mgt nhd mdy ma chua dugc cdp phep xdy d\mg hoae khdng khai bdo ngudi quan ly cdng ty Id ngudi cd quydn dang ky thdnh lap nhd mdy ndy Tuong t^r nhu vgy, ngudi qudn ly ciing phdi chiu trach nhifm yd vifc khdng thi hdnh cdc bien phap can thiet dd hgn chd rui ro d nhidm mdi trudng vi ehi CO ngudi qudn ly mdi cd (juydn quydt dinh dp dyng cdc bif n phdp cdn thiet ndy Didu 121-1 BLHS quy dinh "khdng phai chiu trdch nhifm hinh s\r ngoai thi bdi hdnh vi cua chinh minh" Nhu vgy, phdp lugt hinh s\r Phap khdng dinh, nguyen tdc trdch nhifm hinh s\r la trach nhifm ca nhan (responsabilite personnelle) Gidng nhu BLHS, BLMT ciing khdng cd bat ky quy dinh ndo tuydn b6 thiia nhgn hay logi trii trach nhifm hinh su cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ddi vdi cac tgi phgm du^c th\rc hif n bdi nhiing nhan vidn dudi quydn Trdn thye te, Tda dn thudng dp d\mg suy dodn loi ddi vdi ngudi qudn 1^ cdng ty ngudi dugc trao quydn l\rc \h dihu heinh, quydt dinh vd td chijc^ Nhu vgy, thvrc tien xet xu da tgo mgt thdng If Id dgt ganh ngng trach nhifm hinh s\f Idn vai eiia ngudi qudn I^ edng ty doi vdi cdc tf i pham dugc thuc hif n bdi nhdn vidn dudi quydn Lgp lugn thudng dugc dua nhu sau: "trdch nhifm phap ly chu ydu thuf c ve ngudi qudn I;^ cdng ty^ vi hg la ngudi cd nghla v\i quy djnh cac didu kifn va phucmg thiic khai thdc ngdnh cdng nghifp ciia hg"* Ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ciing phdi chiu trdch nhifm vd mgi thieu sdt cho tat cd cdc vi phgm chung' Ngudi qudn ly cdng ty cd thd phai chiu trdch nhifm bdt kd hanh vi phgm tgi cua nhan vidn Id tgi phgm hdnh dgng hay khdng hanh dgng, la tgi vd y 10 11 60 hay CO y* Thgm chi, ngudi qudn ly cdng ty vdng mgt tai dia didm va thdi diem tgi phgm dugc thuc hif n cung khdng Id ly logi trir trdch nl^f m hinh su' Trong trudng hgp ndy, ngudi quan ly cdng ty da bi kdt tgi vi da khdng hoan nghia v\i ciia ngudi qudn ly cdng ty \h vdn dd nhan s\r, dgc bift Id lidn quan ddn ddo t^o Noi mgt each khdi qudt, Tod dn tuydn bd rdng, ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ed quydn hgn vd phucmg tifn dieu hanh, qudn ly cdng ty ndn phdi chiu trdch nhifm hinh sy'" Dd trdnh bi kit tdi, ngudi quan l;y cdng ty phai chiing minh vifc minh da uy quyen eho ngudi khdc" Mfe uy quydn chi cd hifu lyc niu ngudi dugjc uy quyen da dugc ehuydn giao thim^ quydn, phuong tifn vd quyin hdnh can thidt cho nhifm vy cua minh Trdch nhifm hinh s\r eiia cdng ty va trdch nhifm hinh sy ciia ngudi qudn ly cdng ty Id dgc Idp Vifc cdng ty phdi chju trdch iihifm hinh sv khdng logi trd trdch nhifm hinh su cd nhan cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty Nhu vgy, phdi chang trdch nhifm hhih s\r cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty Imh vyc mdi trudng la mgt ngogi If cua nguydn tic trdch nhifm hinh s\r cd nhdn? Ngudi qudn I^ cdng ty phdi chiu trach nhifm hinh sy hdnh vi cua ngudi khde gdy ra? Cau trd ldi Id khdng, trdch nhifm hinh s^i trudng hgp ndy cdn thiit phdi d\ra trdn l5i cd nhSn ciia ngudi quan ly cdng ty NghTa vy bdo vf mdi trudng khdng nhiing Id nghia vy ciia cdng ty md edn Id nghla vy ciia cd nhdn ngudi qudn ly cdng ty Ngudi qudn I^ cdng ty chi phdi chju trdch nhifm hinh si^ neu khdng thye hifn dung nghla vy tuan thii cdc quy djnh eiia phap ludt lihh v^rc mdi trudng Ndi edch khdc, vifc khdng thvc hifn https://www.avocats-picovschi.coni/la-responsabilite-penale-du-chef-d-entreprise-et-lenviroimement_article_195.html#article_theme Crim 28 fevr 1956, JCP 1956 H 9304, note de Lestang Crim dte 1953, D 1954.419 Crim 22 nov 1994, RJ envir 1995 174 - Crim 26 nov 1997, RJ envir no 3, 1998 Crim mai 1999, RJ envir 2000.660 Cnm 28 juin 2005, Environnement, nov 2005, p.28 B AYLE, LaresponsabilitepSnale des dirigeants de sociiti en droit fian(ais de Tenvironneraent RD com beige 1992-8, p.672 NGHIlN CUV I ^ L A P P H A P „ 'S6l5(415)-T8/2020 KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE dung, ddy dii nghia vy qudn 1>^, gidm sdt cdc tidu chuan mdi trudng Imh vyc kinh doanh cua cdng ty da dan den su suy doan loi ciia ngudi quan ly cdng ty 2.2 Trdch nhipm dan sff ve mdi trudng cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty Cdc moi de dga khdc ddi vdi mdi trudng vd hdu qud gay thift hgi eho ngudi vd thien rihidn da thiic ddy su phdt tridn chd trach nhifm mdi trudng d Phdp Theo each hidu truydn thdng, thift hai "mdi tnrdng" gdy cho ngudi hogc sinh vat tu mdi trudng md hg sinh sdng, dd mdi trudng khdng dugc coi Id "ngn nhan" md thudng dugc xem Id ngudn goc ciia thiet hgi ndy Didu ndy dugc chiing minh bdi s\r ddi cua hgc thuyet "troubles de voisinage'X gay rdi logn vung lan can) Hgc thuyit ndy dugc coi Id ca sd ciia trdch nhidm dan sy vd mdi trudng, dugc phdt trien bdi thuc tien xet xii cua Phdp tu thi ky XK'^ Theo hgc thuyit ndy, cdc hogt d^ng tut euge song hdng ngdy cua ngudi se gay mdt sd bat tifn "thdng thudng" dii vdi vung lan c$n, ching han nhu dge hgi, thdi hogc tiing on Nhiing roi logn thdng thudng ed thd dugc chap nhdn trii chiing vugt qua mdt nguong nhdt dinh Ndu vugt qud ngudng ndy, ngudi thue hifn hdnh vi gay thift hai se phdi chiu trdch nhifm ddi vdi sy xao trdn hogc thift hai b^t thudng dd, tiic Id nhiing ngirdi bj dnh hudng cd quydn ydu cau dp dyng cdc bif n phdp khde phye {moyens) ma khdng can phdi chung minh ldi cua ngudi gay thift hgi Loai trdch nhifm phdp ly nay, dya trdn quy djnh tgi Diiu 544 BLDS, dugc dp dyng rgng rai nhdm gidi quyet cdc vdn dd mdi trudng nhu trudng hgp cac cdng ty vi pham eac quy dinh ve cdng trinh xdp hgng hay cdc nguon nguy hiem tidm an gay xao trgn vd gay tdc hgi cho mdi trudng Phap luat mdi trudng Phdp la sy kit hgp giua cac quy dinh cua phdp lugt qudc td, md chu yeu la phdp ludt cua Lien minh chdu Au vd cac quy dinh cua phdp lugt quoc gia Mgt sd cdng udc chau Au vd mdi trudng da dugc Ididi xudng tu ddu nhung nam 1993, nhung mai din nam 2004 van ban phdp ly d4u tidn eiia chau Au vd Imh v\rc mdi dugc cdc qudc gia vidn phd chudn Van bdn dd la Chi thi nam 2004/35/EC ngdy 21/4/2004 ve trach nhifm mdi trudng ddi vdi vifc ngan ehgn va khac phyc thift hgi mdi trudng (dugc sda ddi bdi Chi thi 2006/21/EC ngdy 15/3/2006 vi qudn ly chat thdi td cde ngdnh cdng nghiep khai thdc) Dua trdn nguyen tdc "ngudi gay d nhilm phdi trd tien" vd "nguydn tdc phdng ngura", Chi thi ndy da dua mgt ca che eu the cho phdng ngua vd khdc phuc thift hgi mdi trudng d ede qudc gia vidn EU Muc tidu chinh ciia Chi thj Id ngan chan suy thoai da dang sinh hgc vd phuc hdi ede khu vvc bj d nhidm, hgc tgp theo md hinh CERCLA ciia Hoa Ky d nhiiu khia cgnh'^ Mac du cac quy dinh vi trdch nhifm ddn su thugc quyin tu quyit cda mSi qudc gia thdnh vidn, Chi thi dp dgt cde quoc gia thdnh vidn phai dp dyng chd dd trdch nhifm nghidm nggt {responsabilite stride) ddi vdi mft si hogt dgng dugc coi la nguy hiim nhdt lidn quan den qudn ly chat thdi, su dung, luu tru vd vgn ehuydn cdc sdn pham nguy hiem'* Chi thi 2004/35/EC dugc ngi lugt hod vdo he thdng phdp lugt Phap bang Dgo lugt 2008-757 ngdy 01/08/2008 vd ngan chan vd khdc phuc thiet hgi sinh thai gay doi vdi chdt lugng nude mat va nude ngam, dat, cdc lodi dugc bdo vf, mdi trudng sdng ty nhien va chuc nan^ sirih thdi Che dg mdi ndy khdng CO nhiiu diem chung vdi cac quy dinh tidu chudn vd trdch nhifm dan sy dugc quy 12 Cass Civ 27 thdng 11 nam 1844, S 1844,1,211, 13 Dpo lu$t CERCLA (The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) dugc Hoa Ky ban hdnh nam 1980, sau ndy dugfc siia dii, b^ sung thdnh SARA (Superfimd Amendments and Reauthorization Act) nam 1986 14 https://www.imavocats.fr/actualites/1362/index.htm HOHitM CUU I CI S6 15 (415) - T8/2020\^ L A P P H A P *' ' KINH NOHItM UUOC TE dinh Quyen Muc VI ciia BLMT vi ngan chan vd khac phyc mdt sd thift hgi vi mdi trudng Diiu L 160-1 vd nhung diiu tiip theo ciia BLMT quy dinh cde didu kien; theo do, cac thift hgi gay cho mdi trudng bdi mdt hogt dgng cdng nghifp dugc ngan ehgn vd/hogc khdc phyc bdng each dp dung nguydn tdc ngudi gay d nhidm phdi trd tiin, vdi chi phi hgp ly cho xa hgi Quy dinh khdng chi xem xet thift hgi gay cho mdi trudng la sy suy giam tryc tidp hogc gidn tidp ma cdn Id cd "mdi de dga sap xdy thift hgi mdi trudng" (une menace imminente de dommage) Mdi de dog sap xdy thift hgi mdi trudng dugc dinh nghia Id mgt xdc suat du dd thiet hgi dd se xdy tuong lai gdn (Didu L 161-1 BLMT) Diiu L 160-1 BLMT Phap sii dyng khdi nifm ngudi khai thac (exploitant) de xdc dinh trdch nhifm phdp l;y dii phap nhan vi phgm phdp lugt vd mdi trudng Theo do, ngudi khai thdc cd nghia Id bdt ky ca nhan hogc phap nhan lihh vyc cdng hodc tu, thirc hifn hoae Idem sodt mgt cdch hieu qua, ehuydn nghifp mgt hogt dgng kinh td vi lgi nhugn hogc khdng vi lgi nhuan Lien quan den eac hifn phap phdng ngiia, tiiy thugc vao eo quan hanh chinh cd thdm quydn (vi du nhu cap quan), trudng hgp cd nguy ca sap xdy thift hgi mdi trudng, budc ngudi khai thdc phdi thye hifn cac bif n phap phdng ngiia di hgn che thift hai hoae tde dgng eua nd ddi vdi siic khde eon ngudi hogc cdc chiic nang sinh thai Do do, ngudi khai thac phdi thdng bdo cho ca quan hanh chinh ke cd thift hai chua xdy (Dieu L 162-3) vd nd da xdy (Diiu L 162-4^ Mat khdc, lien quan ddn cdc bien phdp khdc i)huc, ca quan hanh chinh cd trach nhiem tiin hanh ddnh gid tinh ehdt va hdu qua ciia thift hgi gay bdi ngudi khai thdc (Diiu L 162-6) Ngudi khai thdc se chiu cde chi phi dp dyng cdc bif n phdp phdng ngua vd Idiac phyc Gan day, vdi myc tidu edi cdch BLDS, Dao ludt 2016-1087 8/8/2016 cua Phap ve phyc hoi da dgng sinh hgc, thien nhien vd ednh quan da thiet lap mgt chi dg trdch / M iNOHltNCini L A P P H A P _ / S A 15 (415)-78/2020 nhiem dan sy dac biet nhdm khdc phyc thi$t hgi sinh thdi Khdi nifm "thift hai sinh thai" ("prejudice ecologique") Ian dau tien dugc dua vdo BLDS Phdp (Didu 1247) Theo dd^ thiet hgi sinh thai Id nhung thiet hai ddng ke (non negligeable) ddi vdi ede yeu td hogc chiie nang eiia hf sinh thdi hodc ddi vdi lgi ich tdp thi md ngudi cd dugc tii mdi trudng Bdt ky phdi chiu trdch nhifm sinh thai ddu cd nghia vy khdc phuc, sua chira thiet hgi (Didu 1246 BLDS Phdp) Sy doi mdi vd each ghi nhdn thift hai sinh thdi ndy Id no luc Idn va Id thianh qua hgp tdc giua cdc nhd lap phdp, tu phdp vd cac hgc gid Phap Trdn thye td, xuat phat tii sir cd trdn ddu gay tu vy dam tdu chd ddu Erika, Tod phd dn vdo ngdy 25/09/2012 (Cass Crim, 25/9/2012) da cdng nhgn Total phdi chju trdch nhifm bdi thudng khdng nhiing ddi vdi cdc thift hgi cd nhdn nhu truyen thdng mA cdn phdi chiu trach nhifm doi vdi thift hai gay cho mdi trudng Trudc day, hf thing trach nhiem ddn sy vdn ehi dua trdn cdc thiet hgi gidn tidp md mdi trudng bj dnh hudng nhu thift hgi vi tdi sdn, thift hgi kinh te, hoae thift hgi vd sue khoe cua ca nhan, tdc Id chi tgp trung vdo cdc ydu td trung gian hon la chinh "nan nhdn" ciia thift hai Thift hai sinh thdi Id thift hgi ddnh rieng cho ty nhidn, chii the bi tac dgng d day Id tu nhidn hay cd thd hieu ty nhidn chinh Id mgt chii thi mdi, hodn toan dgc lgp ciia lugt mdi trudng Didu 1248 BLDS Phdp quy dinh: "Quyen ydu cau bdi thudng thiet hai sinh thai ddnh cho bdt ky ngudi ndo cd tu each phdp ly va lgi ich de hdnh ddng, nhu Nhd nude, Co quan da dang sinh hgc Phdp, chinh quyin dia phuang va vd cac nhdm ddn cu d khu vyc hi dnh hudng, ciing nhu cdc co sd vd hif p hgi cdng cdng da dugc phd ft hogc thdnh l^p it nhdt nam nam kd tu ngdy bdt ddu cdc thu tuc td tyng nhdm bdo vf tu nhidn vd mdi trudng" Thii hai, la diiu khodn thiit Igp mgt hf thdng cho phep phdn bift ngudi khdi kifn ddi bdi thudng vdi nhiing ngudi thy hudng Didu 1249 BLDS Phdp quy dinh vifc dp dyng nguyen tdc uu tien khdc phyc bdng hifn vat ddi vdi cdc thift hgi sinh thai Theo KINH NGHIEM QUOCTE do, thift hai sinh thdi dugc j)hdn logi vd phdn bift cac thift hgi cy thd ddi vdi ddt, nude, khdng khi, dgng vat va thye vat Tuy nhidn, vifc khdc phuc bang hifn vat khdng loai trii tham phan cd the an dinh mgt khodn tien bdi thudng di khde phyc su cd mdi trudng (reparation de I'environnement) trudng hgp bif n phap khdc phyc bdng hifn vat khdng dii hogc trudng h(^ hdnh vi xdm hai mdi trudng khdng the khdc phyc dugc nhu 1dm bidn mat ciia mdt sd loai sinh vgt Tdm lgi, trach nhifm dan su mdi trudng (responsabilite civile environnementale) de c^p d day cd sy khac biet vdi trdch nhifm dan sy hdnh vi xam phgm mdi trudng (responsabilite civile atteinte a I 'environnement - RCAE) Trdch nhifm dan sy hanh vi xam pham mdi trudng dugc dp dyng chiing minh dugc sy ton tgi cdc thift hgi ve thi ehdt, vgt chat va tinh than xdy doi vdi cac ben thii ba hdu qua ciia hdnh vi xam phgm mdi trudng qud trinh thue hifn cdc hogt dfng eiia edng ty Ngugc lgi, ti^ch nhifm dan sy mdi trudng dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi khai thac hogt dgng eua hg gay d nhiem hogc cd nguy ca gay d nhidm doi vdi tu nhidn md khdng gay thift hgi cho bdn thii ba ndo khde Ddi vdi trach nhifm dan sy mdi trudng, ty nhidn la chu thd nhat dugc di cap Vifc cdng nhgn "thuan" thift hgi sinh thai choj)hep md rgng he thong trdch nhifm dan sy ddi vdi cdc thift hai mdi trudng Ciing vdi vifc phap lugt c6 xu hudng suy doan ldi dii vdi ngudi qudn If cdng ty imh vyc dac bift quan trgng r^u mdi trudng, khd nang ngudi quan ly cdng ty phdi chiu trdch nhifm cd nhdn ddi vdi cdc thift hgi gdy cho mdi trudng tir hdnh vi qudn ly, dieu hdnh doanh nghifp ngdy cdng cao M$t s6 di xu^t hodn thif n quy dinh cua phdp ludt Vift Nam vi trdch nhifm phdp ly cua ngudi qudn ly cong ty ITnh v ^ mdi trudng Theo phdp luft Vift Nam, trdch nhifm phdp ly cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ITnh vyc mdi trudng dugc quy dinh Lugt Doanh nghifp nam 2014, Bd lugt Dan sy nam 2015, Bd ludt Hinh si^ nam 2015 sua ddi, bo sung nam 2017 vd mdt sd dao ludt vd mdi trudng md trgng tdm la Ludt Bdo vf mdi trudng nam 2014 Qua nghidn ciiu cdc van bdn ndy, chiing tdi nhan thdy, cac quy dinh ciia phdp lugt Vift Nam mdi chi dimg d vifc de cdc nguydn tdc chung, cdc ndi dung cu thd can tridn khai chua dugc 1dm ro Ngodi ra, theo ddi cac bdn dn xet xii gan ddy cua tod an ciing khdng cd nhiiu vy vifc lien quan din trdch nhifm cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ITnh vyc mdi trudng, mdc dii tinh trang gdy d nhiem mdi trudng tu hogt dgng sdn xuat, kinh doanh ciia cdc doanh nghifp d Vift Nam e ^ g phd biin Vi vgy, quy dinh ciia phdp lugt Vift Nam vd trdch nhifm phdp ly ciia ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ITnh vi^c mdi trudng can tiep tyc dugc hodn thif n Td nhiing nghidn ciiu ca bdn phdp lugt Cgng hod Phdj), chiing tdi xin dua mft sd dd xudt nham hodn thifn phap lugt Vift Nam ve trdch nhifm phdp ly cua ngudi quan ly cdng ty ddi vdi hdnh vi xdm phgm mdi trudng nhu sau: Thie nhdt, khdi niem ngudi qudn ly doanh nghifp hien dugc quy dinh tgi khodn 18 Dieu Ludt Doanh nghifp Theo dd, ngodi nhiing ngudi qudn ly doanh nghifp theo luat dinh bao gdm Thdnh vidn hgp danh, chu tich Hgi ddng thdnh vien, thdnh vidn Hgi ddng thdnh vien, Chu tich cdng ty, Chu tich hdi ddng quan tri, thdnh vidn Hgi ddng quan tri, gidm dde hodc tdng gidm doc, thi Didu ludt eung thua nhdn nhiing ngudi qudn ly khdc midn la cd nhan ndy "cd tham quydn nhdn danh edng ty ky ket giao dich cua edng ty theo quy dinh tgi Didu If cdng ty" Quy dinh ndy, vd hmh trung, Idm hgn che khd nang thua nhgn ngudi qudn ly cdng ty bdi Didu If cdng ty Trdn thyrc td, Dieu le cdng ty thudng khdng xdc dinh ro thd ndo Id cd tham quyen nhdn danh cdng ty ky kdt giao dich ciia cdng ty ma cd chang chi lift ke cac chiic danh dugc coi la ngudi qudn ^ HOHIlN CVU I M S615(415)-T8/202OV.LAP P H A P "" KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE ly cong ty Thong thuong, cac chiic danh nhu tdng giam ddc, ke toan trudng, trudng van phong dai di$n, giam ddc chi nhanh cd the du(?c coi la ngudi quan ly cdng ty Hpi ddng quan tri, Hpi ddng thaiih vien hay Chu tich cdng ty biu, bd nhifm hoae phe chuan va tham quyen cua nhiing ngudi cd thd dugrc quy dinh cac nghi quyet cua Hdi ddng quan tri, Hoi ddng think vien hay QuySt dinh ciia Chii tich cdng ty ma khdng duac quy dinh Dieu le cong ty Do do, nen danh cho cdng ty duac tu qu^lt dinh c^c chiic danh quan ly khac dieu le ma khdng can rang budc tieu chi co tham quyen nhSn danh cdng ty k^ kdt giao dich ciia cdng ty Ngoai ra, Luat Doanh nghi$p nen thira nhan ngudi quan ly thuc td vdi cac tidu chi nhu Cong ho^ Phap da ghi nhan Ngudi qu^n ly^ thuc te co the la ca nhan, phap nhan co t&n anh hudng, cd the can thi^p vao cdc quyet dinh q u ^ l^, dieu hdnh doi vdi cac hoat dpng ciia cong ty Thie hai, Lugt Bao v? mdi trudng nam 2014 da dd c|ip ddn trach nhi^m bdi thudng thi^t hai mdi trudng vd suy giam chiic nang, tinh huu ich ciia moi truong Tuy nhien, tren thuc te, chua timg cd vy khdi kien yeu cau boi thudng thiet ma chii yeu la dp dvmg trach nhiem hanh chinh Bd luat Dan s\r hien hanh ciing chua cd quy dinh xac dinh hanh vi lam suy ld?t tai nguyen thien nhien va lam suy giam da dang sinh hpe phai bdi thudng thift hgi ma moi chi quy dinh ca che bdi thudng thijt hai hanh vi lam d nhiem indi trudng tai Dieu 602: "Chu thd lam d nhilm mdi trudng ma gay thift hai thi phai bdi thudng theo quy dinh cua phap luat, ke ca trudng hop chu thd khdng cd ldi" Day la CO che bdi thudng dan s\i truydn thdng gidng nhuteachnhifm RCAE cua Phap, chua tmh toi nhiing dac tnmg cua cac thift hai ddi vdi mdi trudng, tu nhien va cdng ddng Chinh vi thd, vifc ap dyng teach nhifm dan su mdi trudng cua Phap vdi tinh chit Id mpt chd dp tedch nhifm dan sy dac biet Id mdt kinh nghif m tdt can dupe tiep tyc nghien ciiu dp dung tai Vift Nam Ch I NGHltN CUU / < " L A P PHAP^S415(415)-T8ffi020 Thu ba, cdc tpi xam pham moi ^^^^ chii yeu duac thvrc hien bdi cac cdng ty hiSm dudi hinh thiic loi ed y ma thuong Id dudi hinh thiic loi vd y N^ai,1"?° '^ cdng ty hoae la svr thieu hieu bi6t ve cac quy dinh ciia phdp ludt hoae mong muon toi uu hda Ipi nhugn da dan ddn cac hdiih vi pham phdp lugt mdi trudng Xuat phat tit nguydn tdc phdng ngira vd tinh chat phai bdo Vf dgc bift eiia mdi trudng md 04ch nhifm nghiem khSc ddi vdi ngudi quan ly cdng ty nhu ghi nhgn teong phdp lugt hinh svr Cong hod Phdp Id mpt edch tiep can hoan todn hpp 1^ Mat khdc, didu khdng ddng ngMa vdi viec mpt cd nhan Id ngudi quan ly cdng ty thi duang nhien phdi chiu trdch nhifm hinh svr tu each ciia ngudi ndy Ngudi quan ly edng ty chiu trdch nhifm hinh svr ddi vdi cdc tdi pham mdi trudng hp vi pham nghia vu bao ve mdi trudng ma phdp ludt rdng bupc cdng ty vd chinh ngudi qudn 1^ cdng ty Do do, phap luat Phap cho phep vien dan ea chS loai truteachnhiem hinh svr cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty ngudi chiing minh dupe viec uy quyen cho ngucri khdc cung vdi todn bp thim quyen, phuong tien, ngudn Ivrc cdn thidt thvrc hifn viec dupe uy quyen Thiet nghi ddy cOng Id mpt diem sdng ma Vift Nam cd thd tham khao qud trinh thvrc hien Bd luat Hinh svr hifn hanh vd truy ciiu teach nhiem hinh svr phap nhdn thuang mai va ngudi qudn ly cdng ty thvrc hien cdc tpi pham ddi vdi mdi trudng Thu tu, tedch nhiem phdp ly cua ngudi qudn ly cdng ty teong linh vuc mdi teudng tai Viet Nam hifn vd nguyen tic duoc quy dinh teong cdc van ban quy phgm phdp lugt Tuy nhien, thvrc tiln ludn dat nhieu thdch thiie ddi vdi cdng tdc ap dung phdp luat Vi vgy, can quan tam lua chpn, cdng bo va ap dyng nhieu an 1, vd tedch nhiftn phap ly cua ngucri quan ly cdng ty ndi Chung vateach nhifm phdp \