0- TiUCHlHH-KINHJlIiniil - HOAN THIEN KHUNG KHO PHAP LUAT DOI VQFI HOAT DONG TfN DUNG DEN Tin dung den Id logi hinh hogt dgng bdt hap phdp co quy mo rpng khap todn xd hgi tU thdnh thi din nong thon, dd vd dang gdy lo Idng, bite xdc dulugn vd bat on vian ninh trgt tu-xd hgi Ben cgnh do, boi canh cdng nghe 4.0 phdt trien mgnh me dd mang Igi nhieu phtfcfng tien giup cho hogt dpng tin dung den ngdy cdng phdt trien khdng chi vingUdi cho vay, ngddi vay ng md dan den nhieu te ngn xd hpi nghiem trgng Bdy Id dgng hogt dpng tin dung ddnsU khong qua he thong ngdn hdng hay to chdc tin dung khong cd ddng ky kinh doanh Bdi viet ddnh gid thi/c trgng hogt dgng cua tin dung den vd dexudt mpt so gidi phdp nham hgn che hogt dgng tin dung den len 161 vdo ddi song xd hpi Tdkhda: Tin dung den phdp ludt, cho vay ngng ldi cb vu lai suat d u g c tinh tbi 1095%/nam, cao gap nhieu PERFEGTHE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST BLACK CREDIT Ian miie lai suat toi da 20%/nam theo quy dinh a i a Bb luat Dan su Day la hoat dbng bat b g p p h a p va tgo Cao Thi Hoa Black credit is an illegal activity that has a large scale throughout the society, and has been causing anxiety and annoyance in public opinion, instability in social and security In the context of the strong development of technology 0, it has opened many means to help the growing black credit activities not only about lenders and borrowers but also lead to many serious social evils The article assesses the current status of black credit activities and proposes some solutions to limit black credit activities from entering social life Keywords: Black credit, law, usury nhtrng he luy n g u y hie'm cho xa hbi, c'an cb nhiing bien phap ngan chan kip thbi ttong thbi gian tbi Quy dinh cua phap luat ve hoat d o n g tin dung den De kiem soat van de lien quan den viee cho vay nang lai, tgi Dieu 468 Bb lugt Dan s u 2015 da quy dinh eu the ve miic tran eiia lai suat cho vay Lai suat vay cac ben thoa thuan, eu the, t r u b n g h g p cac ben cb thba t h u a n v'e lai suat thi lai suat theo thoa thuan khbng dupe vupt qua 20%/nam ciia khoan ti'en vay, trir trubng h g p luat khac cb lien quan quy dinh khae Can eii tinh hinh thue te va theo d'g xuat a i a Chinh phu, Uy ban thubng vu Quoc hgi quyet dinh di'eu chinh miie lai suat noi tren va bao cao Qubc hgi tai ky hgp gan nhat Trubng h o p lai suat theo thba thuan vugt qua Iai suat gibi h a n d u o e quy dinh tai Ngay nhdn bai: 24/4/2020 Ngdy hodn thien bien tap: 6/5/2020 Ngay duyet ddng: 12/5/2020 khoan thi miic lai suat v u a t qua khong cb hieu lue Trubng h p p eac ben cb thba thuan v'g viec tta Iai, n h u n g khbng xac dinh ro Iai suat va cb tranh chap ve lai suat thi lai suat dupc xac dinh bang 50% miic lai suat gibi ban quy dinh tgi khoan Dieu tai thbi Dat van d e diem tra ng Tin d u n g cho vay nang lai cb n g u o n gbc sau xa Tin d u n g den khong chi lam eho ngubi vay tien til' choi hui hg, vi vay, quy dinh cua p h a p luat v'g lam vao tinh eanh khanh kigt ve tai chinh, ma ebn true nghiem cam boat dpng cho vay nang lai t h u b n g gan tiep Iam gia tang tj' lg cac vu an n h u cubng doat tai vbi boat dong hui ho Tai Dieu 471 Bg luat Dan s u san, giet ngubi Nhiing nam gan day, Iai suat duge 2015, hp, hui, bieu, p h u a n g dugc quy dinb n h u sau' tinh tiTing binh tic 146%/nam den 547,5%/nam, ea biet La hinh thiie giao dich ve tai san theo tap quan tren t c o sb thoa mugn cua mpi luiuin iig5i?sw3H lJ3ai:GHfNH ^^^^mim.: CO sb thoa thuan a i a mpt n h b m ngubi tap h o p s u Ibn m a n h cua boat dong la khong the kiem lgi cimg dinh so ngubi, thbi gian, so ti'en hoac tai soat dupc Nhiing vu bg; dbi ng tiieo kieu xa hoi san khac, the thiic gbp, linh hg va quyen, nghia vu den, he luy ciia no khong ehi la lam meo mo, hiiy hoai cua eac vign Vigc tb chiic h p n h a m m u c dich nen kmh te, ma cbn lign quan den ca siic khbe va tinh tuong tig ttong nhan dan d u g e thuc hign theo quy m a n g ngubi dinh ciia phap lugt Trubng h p p viec to chiic hp cb lai Tin d u n g den dang co chieu h u b n g d i l n bien thi miic lai suat phai tuan theo quy dinh cua Bp luat eang phiic tap, nb khbng ehi phat trien b nhieu dianh Nghiem cam vigc to ehiie hp dubi hinh thiic cho phb, thi xa, thi ttan ea nuoc ma ebn len Ibi den vay ngng lai nhieu ngo ngach den eae vimg nbng thbn Ngoai ra, Phap luat quy dinh, neu hanh vi eho vay n a n g lai boat dgng tin d g n g den dupc ehia se tren cac tai dign nhieu !an se bi truy a i u trach nhiem hinh s u trang m a n g xa hpi n h u Facebook, zalo, eae trang tgi Bp luat Hmh su nam 2015, sira doi nam 2017 Dieu Credy, vaytieudimg, doetordong, SHA, robocash.vn, 201 quy dinh eu the v'g tgi chg vay ngng lai ttong giao gifi tin n h a n qua dign thoai hoae goi dign thoai trgc dich dan sg, ngubi nao ttong giao dieh dan s u ma cho dep de tu van Hap dan hem niia, eb trang web cbn vay vbi lai suat gap Ian miie Iai suat cao nhat quy d u a dii "chigu" cho vay voi lai suat 0%/nam tiong dinh tiong Bp luat Dan su, thu lpi bat ehinh tit 30 trigu 10 dau tien, phi tu van 0%, phi dich vu 0%; thii dbng den dubi 100 trieu dong bi phat tien 50-200 tue vay sigu nhanh, sieu d a n gian va vbi g'an 100% trieu dong, hoae phat cai tao khbng giam giii d e n d o n xin vay von dugc chap nhgn nam Dong thbi, cb the bi xir tu tir thang den nam, Thue te, khong phai d i n g co the tiep can dugc hoac bi cam hanh nghi, cam dam nhigm chiic v g tir voi ngubn tin d u n g ngan hang, vi nguon tin dung hgp nam den nam tiiy theo miie dp va tinh chat vi pham p h a p dbi hbi nhirng dieu kien rat chat ehe, dbi hbi Nhu vay, neu vay 60 trigu dbng, lai suat 20%/thang phai cb thu nhap bn dinh, co co quan bao lanh, hoac tia thang ca goc va Iai 96 trieu dong van ehua dii can cb tai san thug'chap Theo quy dmh a i a cac ngan hang cit de xir ly hinh sg, chua cb quy dinh xir ly hign thi vigc vay von cua ngubi dan tbn nhieu ehi hanh ehinh ve hanh vi phi ban d'au n h u bat bugc chii the vay ti'en ehi mua Dii vbi miie phat n h u vay n h u n g tinh trang "tin bao hiem tien giri va bao hiem nhan thg, mat lihieu dung den" van dang lan tran m a n h me Do do, nhieu thbi gian ehb, phai tham dinh tai san, eb trubng h g p chuyen gia kiiih tg, ngan hang bay tb h y vgng p h a p tiiy vao ngubl tham dinb ciia ngan hang eho gia tai luat se sbm eb them dieu khoan ehe tai doi vbi h a n h san cao hay thap va lam khb de qua trinh vay vi cho vay ngng lai (vi cii' mgt ma ehua eb nhiing Trong db, ngubi di vay tien la ngubi thieu hut ve quy dinh va nhiing bign phap chat ehe thi db tai ehinh sinh hogt hogc khb khan ttong lam an Iai cang nhieu thigt hgi hon eho n g u a i dan va cae tb nen viec chi them khoan tien n h u vay la mat mat doi chiie kinh te) vbi hg va vi thbi gian nen hp tim den vay "tin dung Theo Khoan 3, Dieu 2; Dieu 4; Khoan 1, Khoan den" vbi Iai suat cao Tuy nhien, thii tuc thuc hien don 2, Khoan Dieu 6, Luat Ngan hang N h a n u b e n a m gian, nhanh n h u n g hg luy phia sau no la khong the 2010, Ngan hang N h a n u b e Vigt N a m chi cb chiic kiem soat duge nang quan ly nha nube doi vbi hogt d b n g n g a n h a n g Cac doi t u g n g cho vay "tin d u n g den", dbi n p ciia to chiic tin d u n g , chi n h a n h n g a n h a n g n u b e thug eho eac to ehiie tin d u n g den hoat dbng chuyen ngoai; ngogi hoi, bao gom ca cbng tac cap p h e p , nghigp va p h u c tap, n u p d u b i d a n h nghia eac cbng tia, giam sat hogt dbng n g a n hang, ngoai hoi ty, cira h a n g cam lam gia tang ty le ve cac vu cua to chiie tin dgng, ehi n h a n h n g a n h a n g n u o c an n h u cubng dogt tai san, lira d a o ehiem doat tai ngoai Ngan hang N h a n u o c khbng cb chitc nang, san, bat ebe, giet n g u b i gay hoang mang d u Iuan, nhigm vu, tham quyen vigc q u a n ly, tra, mat trat tu, an toan xa hbi Ngn nhan ciia "tin d u n g kiem tia ti'n dung den Thtfc trang va hau q u ^ cua h o a t d p n g tin d u n g d e n d e n " da p h a n la nhiing n g u b i Iao dbng p h o thbng, khbng cb viee Iam on dinh, h a m me cb bac, r u g u ehe, sb de, lubi Iao dbng, n g u b i bubn ban n h o le Tin dung den b Vigt Nam da hinh tir rat k h b n g cb dieu kien tiep can cac n g u b n von chinh lau, hoat dbng dubi hinh thiie ngam Tuy nhign, thbi thbng, k h b n g cb tai san thue chap hoae nhiing chu gian gan day, boat dpng tin d u n g den eang p h b cira h a n g Ion, den n g u b i "eimg qua boa quan", eb truong, khong ebn an niip n h u truoc day cho thay n h u cau cap bach ve chi tieu sSn sang chap n h a n « mgi dieu kien va t h u b n g k h b n g n h g n thiic d u g c moi n g u y hiem tir "tin d u n g den" Mat khac cbn mpt so vubng mac ttong qua trinh Thii- ba, soat lgi hg tiiong van ban quy phgm phap luat eb lien quan, nhat la vigc sira dbi Luat Ngan hang, Lugt Cae to ehiic tin dung, nhSm timg bube hoan thien ap dung va thuc thi phap luat dbi vbi logi hinh hoat cac CO sb phap ly cho viec quan Iy, ngan chgn va xir ly dbng Theo quy dinh oia Bp Luat H i n h s u 2015, cac he qua nguy hiem a i a tin d g n g den, ngan khbng day chi la tgi pham it nghiem ttpng; nhan thiic ciia eae eho xam nhap, thao tiing khu vyc tai chinh chinh thiic cg quan tien h a n h to tung tgi dia p h u o n g ehua thong d i n g n h u tao hanh lang phap Iy cho cbng tae phong, nhat ve so ti'en "Thu loi bat chinh" nen vigc ap d u n g ehbng toi pham tiong Iinh vgc ngan hang bign phap ngan chan ciing gap nhieu khb khan lam Th if tu, de ban d i e tin d g n g den c'an t h u b n g xuyen anh h u b n g den cbng tac mb rpng dieu tra xac minh va kip thbi day m a n h phat trien cac loai hinh tin d u n g cac tinh tiet ttong vu an Thuc tien vigc xir Iy hinh chinh thiic, tang nguon cung ti'n dgng, t h g c hign cac s g dbi vbi logi tgi chua nhi'eu, do qua trinh chinh sach u u dai, nbi Ibng eac dieu kien cho vay, dieu tia xir ly ciing Iiing tiing, ehua cbii dbng Ben m b rgng mgng lubi hogt d p n g tir thi den nbng eanh do, tiang thiet bi phuc vu cho vigc dieu tta van thbn, tir dong bang den mien mil va vimg sau, viing thieii va chua dong bp, ehuyen nghigp xa Ngan hang N h a n u b e tang cuong chi dao cac ngan Gidi phap han ch£ hoat dong tin dung den hang t h u o n g mai, n g a n h a n g chinh sach xa hbi va eac to d u i c tin d u n g tap trung phat trien m g n h me, da Dii tiibi gian qua nhieu bang nhom, to ehiie boat dong tin d u n g den lien Hep bi tiigt pha n h u n g van cbn khbng it ke h b tbi p h a m lgi d u n g can kip thai cb bign phap ngan chan de bao dam tiat tu an toan cho xa hpi Thif nhai, cac eo quan chiic nang can chii dgng tuyen truyen, eanh tinh ngubi dan bie't ve nhiing nguy hai a i a tin d u n g den nham nang cao nhan thiic phap luat cho ngubi dan, nhat la cac quy dinh ve giao dich, vay m u p n sir d u n g von an toan, cac thii doan lien quan de'n cho vay nang lai, dbi n g thug; nhan m a n h den vai tib a i a chinh quyen co so va cac nganh lien quan tiong quan ly cap phep kinh doanh cho cae loai hinh dich vu ma "tin dung den" n u p bong De ngubi dan tianh xa cac dieh vu eho vay nong eiia tin dung den Ben canh db, Nha nuoc c'an thbng tin rbng rai ve eac hoat dgng vay von uu dai eiia Nha nube; van dpng nguoi dan tham gia phbng ngira, to giac tgi p h a m nbi ehung, tpi p h a m lien quan den "tin d u n g den" nbi rieng; kig'm soat chat che va co quy dinh eu the dbi vbi boat dgng a i a cac co sb c'am do, kinh doanh tai diinh, dich vu dbi ng thue va cae co sb co bieu hien cho vay nang lai dang thi ttubng tai chinh - tin d g n g ehinh thiic, ca ve san pham, quy mb, t h u tgc h u y d b n g von, cho vay va chat lugng san p h a m tin dgng, giam b b t phi dich vu ttong viec vay tien, d a p iing cac n h u cau tin d u n g chinh dang a i a ngubi dan va doanh nghigp Thif ndm, mpt tiong nhiing yeu to quan ttgng de phong ngira, day liii "tin d g n g den" la y thiic a i a moi ngubi trube s u cam d b ciia "tin d u n g den" Nhieu trubng h g p tea nan n h a n o i a "tfn d u n g den" Cling bbi su xuong cap ve dao due, sg tham lam, thieu kie'n thiie, nhe da ca tin dan den nhiing h a n h vi vi phgm phap luat n h u bai bac, lb de, ca bong da, lira dao Vi vay, de hgn ehe va day liii tin d u n g den, bgn eanh eac giai p h a p tieh cue va kip thbi a i a co quan chiic nang, ea n h a n mbi ngubi can giO gin p h a m chat dgo diie, nghiem chinh chap h a n h eae quy dinh ciia phap luat, trang bi cho ban than nhiing kig'n thiie can thiet de khbng bi sa chan vao n h u n g chiec bay eiia "tin d u n g den" ^ T A I L I I U THAM KHAO: / Quoc hoi, Bg ludt Ddn su 2015; Oudc hpi Bp ludt Hinh Slf 2015; Thif hai, Dieu 201 Bg luat Hinh su hign b a n h quy dinh ve tgi eho vay lai ngng ttong giao dich dan su, nhien quy dinh van chua dit manh de ran de doi vbi hanh vi vi pham phap luat a i a eac n h b m doi t u g n g cho vay tin dgng den Xet ve cac hg luy, day la tpi phgm het siic nghiem ttpng, gay nguy hai Ibn cho xa hgi Vi vgy, de ngan chan hanh vi bat hpp phap can cb su can thigp manh tay eiia cac co quan eb tham quy'gn ttong xir ly hinh su, dbng thbi ap d u n g bien phap xir ly h a n h chrnh I 102 Qudc hpi, Luat Ngdn hdng 2010; Qudchpi, Ludt cdc tdchdc tin dung 2017; Chinh phu (2019), Nghi dinh so 19/2019/tW-CP ban hdnh ngdy 19/02/2019; littps://wwwnhandan.com.vn/hangthang/tieu-diem/item/4l479002%F2%80%9Ccon-bao%F2%80%9D-tin-dung-den.html Thong tin tac gi^: ThS Cao Thi Hoa - Trifdng Dai hoc An Giang, Bai hgc Quoc gia TR Ho Chi Minh Email: cthQa@agu.edu.vn