Luật “mềm” – xu hướng của luật quốc tế hiện đại

LUAT QUCSC Ti LUAT "MfeM - XU HUdNG CtJA L U A T QUdC T £ Hr$N DAI NGUYfiN THI T H U TRANG Khoa Luat Kinh tfe, Truftng Dai hpc Kinh tfe - Lujt Faculty of Econormcs Law, Ho Chi Minh CiCy University ofEconomics and Law Email: ntttiang@ue1.edu.vn Tom tat Tranh lu4n v§ stf tdn tefi aia lu^t "mhn" la cudc tranh lu4n chua cd hdi kit aia cdc hocgid nghiin aiu vi lu4t quic ti Tdcgid bdi viit kithUa quan diim aia cdc hocgid tltica nhdn sy tbn t^i c^a lu4t "mhn" va phdn biin quan diim ludt "n^tn" khdng thn tai Thdng qua bdi viit nay, tdcgid dua quan diim v^ Iu4t "m^m" nhu sau sif tUn lai aia ludt mim; khdi niim va doc diim cOa lu4t "mim"; vai trb aia lii4t "niim"; phdt triin lu4t "mhn" Id xu hudng td't yiu dia ludt quic tihiin dt^i Til khda: lu4t "mim", lu4t "aing", khdng rdng budc viphdp l-f, lu4t quic ti Abstract The existence of the "soft" law is a subject of an unending debate of intemational law scholars The author inherit the views of scholars who acknowledged the existence of "soft" laws and criticized tlie view that "soft" laws not exist The author presents the existence ofsoft law, 's and characteristics of "soft" law, the role of the "soft" law and therefore argues that "soft" laws is an inevitable trend in modem intematiotial laiv Keywords: "scfi" laiv, "hard" law, non-binding legal, intemationai law Ngay nhan bid: 27/3/2020 Ngay duyet dang: 27/6/2020 Thuat n g a lu$t "mfem" Hi^n nay, nhifeu linh vyc cda lujt qudc tfe', lujt "mfem"' dUde sd dyng ng^y eang nhifeu.' Day la mdt thugt ngd mdi va dang trd nfen phd bifen lujt qudc tfe Theo Abbott va Snidal, lujt mfem dupc dinh nghia h mdt phgm trd ma "lanh dia cda "luat mfem" bJt d^u cac thda thuJn phap ly bi suy yfeu dieo mdt hoJc nhifeu mUc dd cda nghia vy, dd ehinh xae va sy dy thac"' Ddi vdi Thurer, thuJt ngU "lujt mfem" ng^y cang phd bifen \ ^ dddc xem nhu mOt hifen tUdng quan hfe qudc tfe': mdt tap hpp cda cac quy phgm thifeu tinh rang budc, nhung van tao nhdng hifeu Ung phap ly dang kfe.^ Mac dd khdng cd dinh nghia phd quit va chinh xae vfe lugt mfem, nhung vfe ban chJ't, nd dfe cap cac quy tac xa hdi khdng rang budc vfe mjt phap ly dUdc diyc hi^n bdi cac qudc gia va cac chd dife khac cda lujt qudc tfe cd lifen quan ' Joseph Gold, "Interpretation The IMF and Intemational Lau ", Kliiwer Laiv Intemational- The Hague/London/Boston, 1996, p 301 Kenneth Wayne Abbott and Duncan Snidal, "Hard and Soft Law in Intemationai Governance , Iiitemalional Organization, Vol 54, 2000, p 422 , , r „ ,, , , ,., Darnel Thurer "Soft Law", in R Bernhardt (ed.) Encyclopedia of Public international LawlV, Amsterdam: North-HoUand Pubhshing, 2000, p 460 104 TAP c m KHOA HQC PHAP LY VigT NAM S 05 (135)/2020 Theo Rebecca Bymes va Peter Lawrence, difem khdi dSu dfe xac dinh lujt mfem la tinh hudng cd kha nang anh hadng dfen hanh vi ma thifeu cac yfeu cUu e ^ thifet dfe eau mdt quy phgm phap lujt qude tfe mang tmh mng budc.'' Kal P^ustiala cho ring, luat mem thadng bao gbm cac nghia vy mang tiiih khuyfen khich, thay vi rang budc vfe mat phap ly.^ Dudi gdc nhin eda mdt hoc gia n ^ f e n cdu luat qudc tfe, Baxter va Blutman cho rang; thuat ngO "lugt mfem" cd thfe dfe cap mdt loat cac thda thuJn phap ly qudc tfe dapc coi la chuan myc phap ly, chung khdng rang budc va khdng dUdc dam bao bdi cac chfe tai.* Quan difem cda Guzman & Meyer lgi cho rang: lujt mfem bao gdm "cac quy t^c hoJc cdng cy khdng rang budc difen giai hoJc t h d i ^ bao sU hifeu bifet cda chung ta vfe cac quy tic phap ly rang budc hoJe thfe hifen nhUng ldi hda sfe ^ n lUdt tao nhOng ky vong vfe Imih vi tUdng lai'" Josep Aguild R e g b cho i ^ g : "Lujt la "mfem" cae hadng d ^ vfe hanh vi cda nd khdng ap djt, vi vJy chdng khdng da0c hd trd bdi bifen phap cudng chfe Dd la mOt lujt Ife dya nhifeu vao dam phan, ddi thoai, tao thuJn lpi, cha^p nhjn va thuyfet phuc hOn la thye thi"^ Cac quan difem nfeu trfen cho thSiy cac hpc gia dfeu cho rang: (i) lujt •'mfem" khdng cd tinh rang budc vfe mjt phap ly; (ii) lujt "mfem" tac ddng tdi cac chd thfe tham gia quan hfe mdt mUc dd nh^t djnh Ndi each khac, lujt "mfem" tao nfen hifeu dng phap ly dang kfe ChUng tdi ddng quan difem vdi cac hpc gia nfeu trfen tifep cJn dac difem cda lujt "mfem", Mdt nhOng difem ndi bjt va tao nfen tinh "mfem" cho luat "mfem" dd chinh la tinh khdng rang budc vfe mat phap ly hoJc rang budc vfe phap ly khdng cao Difeu khdng ed nghia la luat "mfem" khdng tac ddng tdi cac chd thfe tham gia vao quan hfe qudc tfe Thac tfe, lujt "mfem" cd tgo nfen hifeu dng phap ly dang kfe Vi du nhu, Tuyfen bd vfe Ung xd cda cac Bfen Bifen Ddng (DOC) \k van kifen cd ban dupe ky giaa cac nudc vifen ASEAN va Trung Qudc, thfe hifen cam kfet ehung nhJm thdc day * ^ '' * Rebecca Byrnes and Peter Lawrence "Can'Soft Law' Solve'Hard Problems'? Justice, L « ^ Form and the Durban-Mandated Climate Negotiations", The Universiry of Tasmania Law Raneu; VoL 34 No 1,2015, p 36 Kal Rausdala, "Fonn and Substance in Intemationai Agreements", 99 •i.\t J IST'L L 581 2005 p 586 T6ng hop quan d i ^ v6 "soft hw", xem Richard R Baxter., " Intemational Law in "Her hifinite Variety", 29 Int'l &Comp L.Q 549,1980, p 550 vi Blutman Liszio, "In die Trap of a Legal Metaphor Intemadonal Soft Law", 59 Int'l &(2omp LQ 605, 2010, p 607 Andrew T Guzman and Timothy Meyer, "Intemaoonal soft hvi",foumal i^Legal Analysis Vol " ' ' No 1,2010, p 173-174 Duoc tiich din b^i de Tiago de Mclo Caitaxo, Tlieones ofLegai Sourcrs and Soft Lmv Or the UtdKarabb: Ughotess of Ought, 2016, p 14, retrieved from SSPJM: htips://ism.com/absiiact=2940775 or htq>://dx.doi.otg/10.2139/ssm-2940775 tmy c4p 01/01/2)20 LUAT Q u C T f i hba binh, 6n dinh va tin c^y 15n va bao dam giai quy^t hoa binh cac tranh ch^p bi^n D6ng, Van ban rmy la van ban di^u udc qu6c t^ - luat "mim" D i i m y & cua van b i n la tinh rang bu