Thông tin tài liệu
dfmdn §aiih '7g S6 (334) - 2020 MOT SO BAT CAP CUA QUY DjNH PHAP LUAT VE DANG KY GIAO DjCH BAO DAM VA GIAI PHAP KHAC PHUC • ThS B O A N THj NGQC H A I * Tdm tdt: Bdi viit neu len mpt so bdt cap cua quy dinh phdp lugl ve ddng ky giao djch bdo ddm vd dua nhimg gidi phdp khdc phuc Abstract: The article highlights some inadequacies of legal provisions on secured transaction registration and offers overcoming solutions Quy dinh cua phap luSt vh dang ky giao dich bao dam Thir nhdt, ve cdc logi tdi sdn duac sii: dung de ddng ky giao dich bdo dam Bg lugt Dan sg nam 2005 quy dinh cu the tai xdc dinh dugc dd co co sd xir Iy chinh xac loai tai san dd phat sinh vide xu Iy tai sdn bao ddm (iii) Gia tri cua tai sdn bdo dam cd the Idn hon, bdng hoac nhd hon gid tri nghia vu dugc bao ddm Thdng thudng, gia tri tai sdn bdo dam phai san bao dam cd thd la vat (Didu 320); tien, giay ldn hon gia tri nghia vu dugc bao dam de xii td ed gia (Dieu 321); quyen tai san (Didu 322) Iy tai san bao ddm thi sd tidn thu dugc tii vipc ban Dieu 295 Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 chi quy dinh tai san bdo dam cdn de toan cac nghTa vy chung la "tai san bao dam", nhien, theo dinh tdi ehinh khac nhu chi phi bdo qudn, chi phi xvt ly nghTa "tai san" tai Dieu 105 Bg luat Dan su nam tdi sdn Tuy nhien, cdc ben cd the thda thuan gia 2015 thi tai san khdng cd gi thay ddi, tai san van tri tai san bao dam bang hogc nhd hon gia fri bao gom tidn, giiy td cd gid va quyen tdi san va nghTa vu bao dam (iv) Tai sdn bdo ddm cd thg la phai ddp ling eac dieu kien sau: (i) Tai sdn bdo tdi san hipn cd hoac tdi san hinh dam phai thugc quyen sd hiiu ciia ben bao dam, tuong lai Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 cho phep tai ngoai trii hai bien phdp bdo ddm Id bdo luu quyen sdn hinh thdnh tuong lai dugc phep dung sd huu vd cam giii tai san (ii) Tdi sdn cd the dugc Idm tai san bao dam Trudc day, Bg luat Dan sy md td chung nhung phdi xac dinh dugc Do tai nam 2005 cd quy dinh vat dimg dd bao ddm nghia san bao ddm ed the la tdi sdn hidn cd hoac tdi sdn vu dan su ed the Id vat hinh tuong lai hinh tuong lai, nen luat quy dinh tai (Dieu 320), nhung khdng quy dinh tai san ndo la sdn CO the dugc mo td chung nhung phdi xdc dinh tai san hinh tuang lai Bg luat Dan sy dugc Md ta chung tue Id khong the cy the hoa nam 2015 da quy dinh cu thd tai san hinh thdnh logi tdi san dd, vi thuc te nd chua hinh thdnh hoac tuang lai, bao gdm tai san chua hinh thdnh, chua hinh thdnh mot cdch ddng bo nhung phdi tdi sdn da hinh nhung chii the xac lap I Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t * Sa Tuphdp tinh Ninh Binh S6 (334) - 2020 (XJudn, §anh ^g quyen sd hiru tdi sdn sau thdi didm xac lap giao trudng hgp ben mua khong hoan thdnh nghia vy dich (khodn Didu 108) todn cho ben ban theo thda thuan thi ben Ddi vdi mgt tai san dung dd bdo ddm thuc ban cd quyen doi lai tai sdn va ben ban hoan tra hidn nhieu nghTa vu, eung nhu Bp luat Ddn su cho ben mua so tien ben mua da todn sau nam 2005, Bg ludt Dan su nam 2015 quy dinh cu trii di gid tri hao mdn tdi san sii dung the tai Dieu 296 vd m^t tai san cd thd dugc dung Trudng hgp ben mua lam mat, hu hdng tai san thi de bao ddm thuc hien nhieu nghTa vy ed cde ben ban cd quydn yeu cdu boi thudng thiet hai didu kien: (i) Tdi sdn bdo dam ed gia tri tai thdi Nhu vdy, bdo luu quyen sd hiiu Id bien phap bao diem xac Igp giao dieh bao ddm I(5m hon tdng gid dam thuc hien nghTa vu gan vdi hgp dong mua tri eac nghTa vy dugc bao dam, tru trudng hgp cd ban tai sdn, md cu thd Id hgp ddng mua ban tai thda thugn khac hoac phdp ludt cd quy dinh khac; sdn theo hinh thirc mua tra chgm, trd ddn (hay (ii) Bdn bdo ddm phdi thdng bao cho ben nhan cdn ggi la tra gdp) dugc quy dinh tai dieu 453 Bg bao dam sau bi^t ve vi^e tdi sdn bdo dam lugt Dan su nam 2015: "Cac ben ed the thda dang dugc dung dd bdo dam thgc hipn nghia vu thudn ve viec ben mua trd cham hoac trd ddn tien khac; (ii) Moi Ian bdo dam phdi dugc Idp thdnh mua mot thdi ban sau nhan tai sdn mua van bdn Ben ban dugc bao luu quyen sd huu ddi vdi tai Thir hai, ve cdc bi?n phdp bdo dam thi/c hien nghia vu Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh 09 bien phdp bdo ddm thuc hipn nghTa vu (Didu 292), san ban cho den ben mua trd du tien, trii trudng hgp cd thda thuan khdc" - Ve cam giii tdi san: Bipn phap cam giii tai san dugc quy dinh tit ngoai 07 bien phap da dugc quy dinh tai B6 ludt Dieu 346 den Dieu 350 B6 luat Dan su nam Ddn su nam 2005, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 bo 2015 Dieu 346 quy dinh: "Cdm giu tai sdn Id sung 02 bipn phap la bdo luu quydn sd hiJU va viec ben co quyen (sau day goi la ben cam giu) cdm giu tdi sdn Trong do: dang nam giii hgp phap tai san la ddi tugng eua - Ve bao luu quyen sd hiru: hgp dong song vu dugc chidm giu tdi sdn Bipn phap bdo luu quyen sd huu dugc quy trudng hgp ben cd nghia vy khong thuc hien hoac dinh tir Didu 331 ddn Didu 334 Bg luat Dan su thuc hien khong dung nghia vu" nam 2015 Theo dd, bao luu quyen sd hiiu dugc Khac vdi bien phdp "cdm cd", tdi san cam cd quy dinh: Trong hgp ddng mua ban, ben ban cd phdi thugc sd huu cua ben cam cd, doi vdi cam the bdo Ixru quyen sd huu ddi vdi tdi sdn (ddi giir tai san thi tdi sdn cdm giu chinh Id ddi tugng tugng ciia hgp ddng) cho den ben mua thuc ciia hgp ddng song vu de bao dam cho chinh viec hien ddy dii nghia vu toan cho ben thuc hien nghTa vu lien quan den tdi san bi cam bdn Viec bdo luu quydn sd huu phdi dugc lap giu Vi du, theo hop ddng sita chiia xe 6t6 thdnh van ban rieng hoac dugc ghi hgp giiia anh A (chii gara xe) va anh B, thi anh A se ddng mua ban va phdt sinh hieu lue ddi khang thay the thidt bi dieu hda xe ciia anh B vdi vdi ngudi thii ba ke tir thdi didm dang ky Trong gia 20 trieu ddng Tuy nhien, den giao xe Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I %udn §anh Qg S6 (334)- 2020 theo thda thuan, anh B khong toan tien cho vao quan he the chap quyen sii dyng dat, tai san anh A Anh A cd quydn cam giii chiec xe oto de gan lien vdi dat, Bg luat Dan su nam 2015 lin dam bdo anh B phai tra s6 tidn thay the thiet bi dau ghi nhan vipc tach hai loai tai sdn vd dp dyng eho minh Viec cdm giu tdi sdn phdt sinh hieu lye che phap Iy dgc lap trd doi tugng doi khdng vdi ngudi thit ba ke tCr thdi diem bdn cua bipn phdp thd chap, eu the: (i) Khi thd chap cdm giii chiem giu tai sdn quydn su dung dat ma khong the chap tai sdn gin Tuang tu nhu bdo luu quyen sd hiiu, cam giir lien vdi dat va ngudi sir dung ddt dong thdi Id chii tdi san cung khdng phai Id quy dinh mdi Bp sd hiiu tai sdn gan lien vdi dat tiii tai sdn dugc xii luat Dan sg nam 2015, tai Didu 416 Bo ludt Ddn ly bao gom ca tai san gan lien vdi dat, tru trudng sg nam 2005 ve cam giii tai san hgp dong hgp CO thoa thudn khde; (ii) Khi the chip quyin song vy da cd quy dinh ve cdm gitt tdi sdn, chi su dung dat ma ngudi su dyng dat khong ddng khac la chua dugc quy dinh Id mot bien phdp thdi Id chu sd hiiu tai sdn gan lien vdi ddt thi ddm bao ma thdi xir Iy quydn su dyng dat, chii sd htru tdi san gan - Ve the chap tdi san: lien vdi dat dugc tiep tyc sir dung dat pham Ddi vdi tai san thd chap (Dieu 318), khdc vdi vi quyen, nghTa vu ciia minh; quyen vd nghia vy Bd luat Dan sg nam 2005 chi cd thda thudn ciia ben the chap moi quan hp vdi chii so thi tai san gan lien vdi dat mdi dugc xem Id tai hiiu tai san gan lien vdi dat dugc ehuyen giao cho san the chap (Didu 716 Bg luat Dan su nam ngudi nhdn chuyen quyen sir dyng dat, trit trudng 2005), hgp cd thda thuan khac Bg ludt Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh: "Trudng hop the chap quyen sit dung dat Thu ba, ve noi dung dang ky giao djch bdo md tai sdn gan lien vdi dat thupc quyen s6 hiiu ddm (bien phdp bdo ddm) theo quy dinh cua ciia ben the chap thi tai sdn gan lien vdi ddt ciing phdp ludt hien hdnh thugc tdi san thd chdp, tiix trudng hgp cd thda Theo quy dinh tgi Nghi dinh sd 102/2017/ND- thudn khdc"; "Trudng hgp tai sdn the chdp dugc CP 01/9/2017 cua Chinh phu vd dang ky bao hiem thi ben nhan the chap phai thdng bao bien phdp bdo dam (Nghi dinh s6 102/2017/ND- cho to chuc bao hiem bidt ve vipc tdi san bao CP) thi viec dang ky bien phdp bao dam la vi?c hiem dang dugc dung de the chap Td chitc bao CO quan dang ky ghi vdo s6 dang ky hoac nhgp hiem chi tra tien bao hiem true tiep cho ben nhan vao CO sd dil lieu vd vipc ben bdo dam dung tai the chap xay sy kien bdo hidm" sdn de bdo dam thyc hien nghia vy ddi vdi ben Dieu 325 Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh ve the chap quyen sii dung ddt md khdng thd chip nhan bdo dam Do do, dang ky giao dich bdo ddm gdm nhiing ngi dung sau: tai sdn gan lidn vdi dat Quyen sit dung dat, nha - Cac bien phap bdo dam phai dang ky bao d vd cac tdi sdn khdc gan lien vdi dat Id nhiing gdm: The chap quydn sit dyng ddt; the chap tai loai tai san dugc lya chgn phd bien de thd chip sdn gan lien vdi dat tiong trudng hgp tai sdn bdo dam thuc hien nghia vy De tao dieu kien da dugc chiing nhan quydn so huu tren Giiy thuan lgi, linh hoat nhdt cho cac chii the tham gia chiing nhan quydn sii dung dat, quyen sd hvca nhd I Ddn ChCi & Phdp ludt S6 (334)- 2020 (Xjudn ^anh ^g d; cam co tdu bay, the chdp tau bay; the chap tdu phucmg thiic sau: Qua he thdng dang ky true bien tuyen; nop tryc tidp; qua dudng buu dipn; qua thu - Cdc bien phap bao ddm dugc dang ky co dien tii tiong trudng hgp ngudi yeu cdu dang ky yeu cau gom: The chap tai san la dgng san khac; da dugc cap ma sd sit dung ca sd du lieu vd bien the chap tai sdn gan lien vdi dit hinh thdnh phap bao ddm tuong lai; bdo luu quyen sd hiiu trudng hgp - Thdi ban giai quyet hd so dang ky bipn phap, mua ban tai sdn gan lien vdi dat, tai san gan lidn cung cap thong tin vd bien phdp bdo dam: Co vol dit hinh tuang lai, mua ban tdu quan dang ky, cung cap tiidng tin ve bi^n phdp bay, tdu bien, mua ban tdi san Id dgng sdn khac cd bao ddm ed trdch nhiem gidi quyet hd so dang ky, bdo luu quyen sd hihi cung cap thdng tin nhan hd so hgp Id, - Co quan cd tham quyen dang ky, cung cap neu nhan ho so sau 15 gid, thi hoan vide thong tin ve bien phdp bdo dam bao gom: (i) Cue dang ky, cung cdp thdng tin lam Hang khong Vipt Nam true thugc Bg Giao thdng vide tiep theo; trudng hgp phdi keo ddi thdi gian van tai thuc hien dang ky, cung cap thdng tin ve giai quyet hd sa, thi ciing khdng qua 03 Idm bipn phdp bdo dam bang tdu bay; (ii) Cue Hdng vide Trudng hgp nop hd sa dang ky bien phap hdi Viet Nam hoac Chi eye hdng hdi, Cdng vu bdo ddm bang quyen su dung ddt, tdi sdn gan lien hang hdi theo phan cap cua Cyc Hang hai Vipt vdi dat tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa hoac npp hd Nam true thugc Bg Giao thdng van tdi (ggi ehung sa tai bg phdn tiep nhan va tra ket qua theo co la CO quan dang ky tdu bien Viet Nam) thyc hien che mgt ciia, thi thdi han gidi quyet hd so dang dang ky, cung cap thdng tin ve bien phap bao ky dugc tinh tir Van phdng dang ky dat dai dam bang tdu bien; (lii) Chi nhanh Van phdng nhan hd so Uy ban nhan dan cap xa hogc dang ky dat dai vd Van phdng dang ky ddt dai bg phdn tiep nhdn va tra ket qud theo ca che mgt tryc thugc Sd Tdi nguyen vd Moi trudng (ggi cita chuyen den chung la Van phdng dang ky dat dai) thuc hien - Ddi vdi cong bo thdng tin ve bipn phap bao dang ky, cung cap thdng tin ve bien phap bao ddm, chdm nhat 05 lam vipc, ke tir thdi dam bdng quyen sir dung dat, tai san gan lien vdi diem dang ky bien phap bdo ddm bdng dy dn dau dat; (iv) Trung tam Dang ky giao dich, tdi sdn cua tu xdy dung nha d, du an dau tu xay dgng cong Cyc Dang ky quoc gia giao dich bao dam thugc trinh Van phdng dang ky ddt dai cd trach nhipm Bg Tu phap (ggi ehung la Trung tam dang ky) giri thdng tin cho Sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng thuc hien dang ky, cung cap thdng tin ve bien de cong bo tidn trang thdng tin dien tii cua Sd phap bdo ddm bang dgng sdn vd cac tai san khdc Thdng tin dugc cong bo gdm: Ten du dn, dia khong thugc tham quyen dang ky cua cac ca chi cua du dn, ben bdo dam, ben nhan bao ddm, quan neu tren tdi sdn bdo dam, thdi diem dang ky - Phuang thitc nop ho so dang ky bien phdp Mgt so b i t cap va giai phap khdc phuc bdo ddm: Ngudi yeu cdu dang ky cd thi nop hd Mgt la, cdc quy dinh phap ludt vd dang ky sa dang ky bien phdp bao dam theo mot cdc giao dich bdo dam nam rai rac tai nhidu van bdn Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I (Xiudn^ ^anh ^g S6 (334) - 2020 khdc dan den vide tta cim, dp dung phdp nghidp phai the chip, cim c6 nhieu tai sdn de bao ludt cdn gap nhieu khd khan Lidn quan ddn dang dam thgc hien nghTa vy tta ng tai mgt ngan hang ky giao dich bao dam thi cd Nghi dinh so thi doanh nghiep bupc phai di ddn nhidu co quan 102/2017/ND-CP; Thong hi s6 08/2018/TT-BTP de thuc hien vipc dang ky giao dich bdo dam, nen 20/6/2018 eua Bo Tu phap hudng dan mgt chi phi, thdi gian de dang ky vipc the chip, cam sd vdn de ve dang ky, cung cap thong tin ve bidn c6 tai san ciia doanh nghipp bi tang ldn, gay kho phap bao dam, hgp dong va trao ddi thdng tin ve khan cho doanh nghipp qua trinh hodn dang ky bidn phdp bdo ddm tai eac Trung tam thdnh thil tuc dang kJ' giao dich bao dam dang ky giao dich, tai san cua Cyc Dang ky quoc Ben canh do, cung chinh tut vide phdn chia gia giao dich bdo dam thugc BO Tu phap; Thdng nhieu ea quan dang ky giao dich bao ddm din tu s6 09/2016/TTLT-BTP-BTNMT ngdy ddn tinh trang thii tue dang ky giao dich bdo dam 23/6/2016 cua Bg Tu phap - B6 Tdi nguyen va tai nhidu dia phuang khong thdng nhit Thuc ik, Moi trudng hudng dan viec dang ky the chap cung mgt loai tdi san bdo dam, dac bidt Id tdi san quydn sii dyng ddt, tdi sdn gan lien vdi dat Vi bdo ddm la quydn sOr dung ddt, mdi noi cd su dugc quy dinh d nhieu van bdn phdp luat nen vipc hudng din khdc ve ho so, giiy td thii tuc gidi thich phap ludt, xae dinh tham quyen, thu tuc chua dung vdi quy dinh Trong mgt so trudng dang ky giao dich bdo dam edn tan man, chua hgp, thdi gian tiep nhgn ho so dang ky- giao dich thdng nhat Do vay, nen quy dinh ve vdn de bdo ddm chua tudn thd diing quy dinh, mgt s6 co thdng nhdt mgt van ban cu the de ca nhan quan lai quy dinh mgt each ciing nhac Id ehi nhan va doanh nghipp de ddng tta cuu ho sa vdo mgt so nhat dinh ttong tudn, gay Hai Id, vipc dang ky giao dich bdo dam dugc khd khan cho ngudi di dang ky Do dd, nen quy thyc hidn d nhidu co quan khde thugc djnh thdng nhat tham quyen dang ky giao dich vao mdi loai tdi sdn the chap hay cam cd Ddi vdi bdo ddm de tiet kipm chi phi vd thdi gian di Igi tai san bdo dam la bit dgng sdn thi tien hanh dang eho cd nhdn va doanh nghipp ky tai Chi nhanh Van phdng dang ky quyen su Ba la, doi vdi viec tta ciru thong tin ve giao dung dat va Van phdng dang ky quyen sit dung dich bdo ddm eiing gdy khong it kho khan eho ca ddt thugc Sd Tdi nguydn va Mdi trudng Trong nhan va doanh nghiep Hien dang ky giao dich do, ddi vdi loai tai sdn la dgng san noi chung bao dam dugc chia loai tai san la d$ng sdn thi tien hdnh dang ky tai Trung tdm Dang ky giao vd bat dpng san vd dugc thuc hien boi nhieu co dich, tai san eiia Cue Dang ky qudc gia giao dich quan dang ky khae Doi vdi trudng hgp bdo dam thugc Bd Tu phdp Ddi vdi tai sdn bdo nhieu tdi sdn khac eung de bao ddm nghTa ddm Id tau bay, tau bien thi viec dang ky giao vy thi ngan hang se phai tidn hanh thii tye tta cini dich bdo ddm dugc thuc hien tai Cue Hdng khdng tai nhieu ca quan khac Vi vgy, ndn quy Viet Nam, Cyc Hang hdi Viet Nam hoac Chi eye dinh thong nhdt dau mdi eung cap thdng tin de ca hang hdi Cdng vu hdng hdi thugc Cyc Hang hdi nhdn va doanh nghipp de dang truy cap cd Viet Nam Vd dang ed mgt thgc te Id, co doanh nhu ciu G I Ddn ChCi & Phdp lu$t ... dinh tham quyen, thu tuc chua dung vdi quy dinh Trong mgt so trudng dang ky giao dich bdo dam edn tan man, chua hgp, thdi gian tiep nhgn ho so dang ky- giao dich thdng nhat Do vay, nen quy dinh... luat Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh ve the chap quyen sii dung ddt md khdng thd chip nhan bdo dam Do do, dang ky giao dich bdo ddm gdm nhiing ngi dung sau: tai sdn gan lidn vdi dat Quyen sit dung dat,... dang kJ' giao dich bao dam dang ky giao dich, tai san cua Cyc Dang ky quoc Ben canh do, cung chinh tut vide phdn chia gia giao dich bdo dam thugc BO Tu phap; Thdng nhieu ea quan dang ky giao dich
Ngày đăng: 31/10/2022, 10:54
Xem thêm:
