S61 (334) - 2020 GIMIAH Qanh 'Sy, HE THONG TIT PHAP NGUdi CHUA THANH NIEN CUA NHAT BAN • ThS NGUYEN H A I Y ^ N * Tom tdt: H$ thong tuphdp nguai chua thdnh niin cua Nhgt Bdn voi ton chi de cao phong ngira, co phgm vi dieu chinh rQng khong chi bao gom nhung nguoi chua thdnh nien viphgm phdp ludt md cdc ddi tvfmg ngu&i chua thdnh nien co nguy ca Bdi viet nghien cuu mot cdi nhin khdi qudt vi quan diim chi dgo cung nhu cdch thuc vgn hdnh cda h^ thong ndy ciia Nhgt Bdn Abstract: The juvenile justice system of Japan with the principle of heightening prevention and wide scope of regulation not only includes minors who violate the law but also minors who are at risk The paper examines an overview of the guiding viewpoints as well as the manner of operation of this Japanese system Mdt vdi ndt v^ hp thdng tu* phdp n g u ^ l chuea thdnh nien cua Nh$t Biin hinh phgt bao gdm dn t u hinh vd tii ehung thdn Theo Dgo ludt, ed 03 iogi ngudi ehua nidn thudc phgm Hg thdng t u phdp ngudi chua thdnh nidn hidn tgi vi dieu ehinh cua Dao iudt ndy gdm: Ngudi ehua thdnh eua Nhdt Bdn dugc thdnh Idp dga trdn Dgo ludt Ngudi nien pham tdi; ngudi chua nien dudi 14 tudi vi ehua thdnh nidn (1948) thdi ky chiem ddng cCia phgm phdp lugt hinh sg; ngudi chua thdnh nien thupc qudn ddng minh vd Tda dn gia dinh Id trung tdm eCia hd mpt cac trudng hgp sau day ed khd nang phgm thdng ndyV Dgo ludt Ngudi chua thdnh nidn eua Nhgt tdi hodc vi phgm phap lugt hinh su: (i) Cd xu hudng Bdn chju dnh hudng ddng kd bdi edeh tiep cdn cdng khdng chju sg gidm sdt hgp phdp eua ngudi gidm sdt; tde phue igi xa hOi cOa Hoa Ky ddi vdi tOi phgm ehua (ii) Rdi khdi nhd md khdng ed ly chfnh ddng; (iii) Giao thdnh nidn vd dga trdn nguydn t i c uu tidn gido dye vd du vdi ngudi cd tien an hinh su hoac ngudi x l u , hogc cdi tgo han hlnh phgt hinh sg2 thudng xuyen den nai khdng an todn; (vi) Cd xu hudng BO lu$t Hinh s g Nhdt Bdn quy djnh ring, trd em thgc hipn hdnh vi x^u hoge gay dnh hudng x l u den ngudi ehua thdnh nien khdc Trong dd, Tda dn gia dinh dudi 14 tudi khdng phdi chju trdch nhidm hinh sy^ Theo Dgo ludt Ngudi chua thdnh nidn eua Nhgt Bdn thi ehl ed th^ xem xet eac tnrdng hgp ngudi ehua thdnh ngudi ehua thdnh nidn Id ngudi dudi 20 tudi vd tCr 20 nien dudi 14 tudi nhu-ng ngudi duge thong ddc hidi tfd len dugc coi Id ngudi tnrdng thdnh** Dgo lu$t dja phuang hoge gidm ddc tmng tam tu van tre em Ngudi ehua thdnh nidn dieu chtnh ed nhirng ngudi quyet ^ n h chuyen d4n Tda an gia dinh^ ehua thdnh nidn vi phgm phdp ludt vd nhOng ngudi chua thdnh nidn cd nguy ca vi phgm phdp lu§t, quy djnh cdc thii tyc dgc bidt eho ngudi chua thdnh nidn, tdch bipt hp vdi ngudi dd thdnh nidn vd hgn ehd su dyng * Vu Phdp ludt hinh sif - hdnh chlnh, BQ Tuphdp Quy trinh x v 1;^ n g u ^ i chua nien ti^n xdtxfr 2.1 Ngtmi chu^ nien diriA 14 tuoi vl phfim ph^p luat hinh sir Ddn chO & Phdp ludt I (^Judn^anh7g S61 (334) • 2020 Mpt ngudi phat hien mdt du'a tre khdng cd ngudi hanh vi phgm tgi cd the bj dp dyng hinh phgt ndng han, gidm hg hogc ed ngudi giam hd bj phdt hipn id khdng cdnh sdt se ehuyin vu vide cho cdng td vidn (thupc hd phil hgp, ma dira tre ndy khdng phdi id ngudi ehua thdng tu phap ddnh eho ngudi da thdnh nidn), tnj thdnh nien phgm tgi, phdi thdng bdo cho Van phdng trudng hgp Id vi phgm Ludt Giao thdng dudng bO Phuc igi hogc trung tam tu van trd em thdnh va hdnh vi da duge tra tien phgt theo he thdng thdng hoac chinh quyen tinh thdnh igp Doi vdi ngudi dudi 14 bao vi pham giao thdng Cdng to vien sau dieu tra tudi vi pham phap ludt hinh sg hodc ed nguy eo vi vy dn vd dga trdn k i t qud dieu tra xdo djnh ngudi chua phgm phdp lugt hinh sg, cde bien phdp quy djnh thdnh nidn bj nghi ngd phgm tpi se bat budc phdi Dao lugt Phue lgi tre em Qu^gc uu tidn dp dyng^ Cdnh chuyen ngudi ehua thdnh nidn ndy den Tda dn gia sdt cd the didu tra mpt cd can cu nghi ngd rdng dinh Ngay ea ngudi chua thdnh nidn khdng bj nghi ngudi ehua thdnh nidn dudi 14 tudi da ed hdnh vi vi ngd phgm tgi, ngudi chua thdnh nidn ndy v i n cd the phgm phap iudt hinh sg N i u k i t qud cua euge dieu tra dugc chuyen tidp den Tda dn gia dinh n i u edng td vidn cho thiy, hdnh vi eua ngudi chua thdnh nien cd tinh cd can CLr cho rang s g xem xdt vd phdn quyet eiia Tda chat phgm tpi nghidm trpng, canh sdt se chuyen vy dn gia dinh la phii hgp''*^ vide cho gidm ddc ciJa trung tam tu van trd em^ Tda Thu tuc tgi I d a dn gia dinh an gia dinh ehi ed the thy ly thdng ddc tinh hogc 3.1 Di^u fra giai doan thu ly cua Toa an gidm doc tmng tam tu van tre em ehuyen tiip ngudi gia dinh chua thdnh nidn dudi 14 tudi d i n Tda dn gia dinh sau Khi mdt vu dn duge dp trinh ldn Tda dn gia dinh, xae dinh duge hdnh vl cua ngudi ndy cd tinh chit tham phan phdn edng vy dn eho mdt didu tra vien vi phgm phdp lugt hinh sg nghidm trgng^ 2.2 NguKfi chwa nien c6 nguy ca vi ph^im tdi thupc Tda an gia dinh, dua hudng didu tra eho dieu tra vidn ndy D i i u tra vidn sau thge hipn ede dieu tra xa hpi ve tinh edeh, hodn cdnh gia dinh vd mdi tardng Mgt ngudi phdt hipn mdt ngudi tir 14 tudi trd idn cua ngudi chua nidn Sau hodn thdnh di^u cd kha nang cd hanh vi vl phgm phap lugt hinh sg phai tra, dieu tra vien npp bao edo eho tham phdn, kem theo thdng bdo eho Tda dn gia dinh Tuy nhidn, nhdn vidn y kien cua minh lidn quan den vipe xir ly ngudi chua eanh sat hoge ngudi giam hg eiia ngudi chua thdnh thdnh nidn Ngoai ra, Tda dn gia dinh cd th^, bdng mOt nidn dd cd the thdng bdo cho trung tam tu van tre em phdn quyit, quyit djnh ve bipn phdp gidm sdt, dgt n i u ngudi chua thdnh nidn dudi 18 tudi vd vide ap ngudi ehua nidn dudi su gidm sdt eua mdt nhan dung cde bipn phdp theo Dgo luat Phiic Igi trd em vien quan ehe cua Tda dn gia dinh thay can thilt Qiegc eoi Id thieh hgp thay vi ehuyin tiip sang Tda dn qua trinh xem xet vy an eiia ngudi ehua thdnh gia dinh^ nidn; hoge gidi thipu ngudi chua nidn d i n ca sd 2.3 Ngu^ chwa ni§n ph^m t^i phdn logi chua thdnh nidn d l phan iogi tinh cdch ciia Khi canh sdt tu phdp xae dinh mdt ngudi chua ngudi chua nidn Co sa phdn logi ehua thdnh thdnh nien phgm tpi vd tgi phgm dd chi bj trung phgt nidn, thdi gian giam giu, tien hdnh phan logi theo vdi hinh phgt tien hope mire phgt thIp han, cdnh sdt kien thuc y t l , tdm iy vd ky thugt khde, sau dd bdo edo se chuyen vy vide Tda dn gia dinh Doi vdi mgt k i t qua len Tda an gia dinh''"' ^ Ddn ChCi & Phdp ludt S6 (334)- 2020 (XJudn Qanh '^g Nhirng phdt hidn ddnh gid tir ea so phdn logi phep edng td vien tham d u phidn tda, thiy dieu ndy ngudi chua thdnh nidn duge gi>i d i n tnfdng giao Id can thiet vide tim ede s g kien cau thdnh tOi dudng ngudi chua thdnh nidn hoge van phdng qudn phgm eiia ngudi ehua thdnh nien eac trudng chd nhu mgt tai lipu tham khdo vide Kir ly tidp hgp sau day lidn quan d i n : (i) tpi ddn d i n eai chit eiia theo ddi vol ngudi ehua thdnh nidn sau phidn xdt xir ngn nhan hdnh vi dugc thgc hidn eo y; vd (ii) tpi vd phdn quyit ve cde bipn phdp bdo vd Dgo lu§t Ca phgm b| tarng phgt bang an tir hinh hoge tii chung than sd phan logi ngudi chua nidn quy i^nh vide qudn hope phat tii tCp 02 nam trd Idn ed hoge khdng ed lao ly vd dieu hdnh ea s d phdn logi ngudi chua thdnh nidn ddng cdi tao""* Dao ludt Ngudi ehua nien cung vd vipe qudn ly nh&ng ngudi ehua thdnh nien ea quy djnh ring, tnjdng hgp Tda dn gia dinh cho sd Quy trinh dieu tra tim hieu thge te vd quy trinh phep edng td vien tham gia td tung, n i u ngudi ehua phdn quyit xit ly khdng dugc phdn chia rd rdng Tren thdnh nidn khdng cd luat su, Tda an se ehi djnh mgt thgc t l , qud trinh di^u tra, b i t c d ndo ngudi ludt su eho ngudi ehua thdnh nidn''^ chua thdnh nidn, phii nhdn ede sg kipn eau thdnh vl * Phan quyet cua Tda in gia dinh phgm phdp lugt md minh bj edo bupc, ve nguyen tae Tda dn gia dinh se khdng dua hinh phgt hinh sg Tda dn thudng dinh ehl dieu tra cho d i n hodn t i t ma se xae djnh mpt nhirng bipn phap bdo vp qud trinh tim hiiu thgc t l , dga trdn lo nggi rang cupe Bipn phap bdo vd dugc quyet djnh dua trdn tCrng dieu tra cd thd dnh hudng den nhieu van de khdc trudng hgp ey the, dga trdn xu hudng vl phgm phdp lidn quan d i n quyen ridng tu eua ngudi chua thdnh lugt tuang lai cua ngudi ehua thdnh nidn vd s g nidn eung nhu gia dinh cua ngudi ehua thdnh nien^^ 3.2 Xet xir t^i Tda 4n gia dinh c i n thilt cita bipn phdp bao vd- Mdt nhti'ng bipn phdp sau ed the duge dp dyng eho ngudi chua thdnh * Thanh ph^n vd hinh thux: phien tda nien: (i) Qudn e h l bdi van phdng qudn ehe; (il) Gidi Thdng thudng, phidn xdt xi> ddi vdi ngudi chua thidu d i n ca sd ho trg tg Igc tre em hoac nhd nudi thdnh nidn duge t i l n hdnh bdi mOt thim phdn chuydn dudng (thudng ehi dp dyng cho ngudi dudi 18 tudi); nghidp, nhung mdt sd trudng hgp phirc tgp, ed (iii) Gidi thidu d i n mpt tardng gido dudng danh eho t h i duge t i l n hdnh bdi ba t h i m phdn chuydn nghipp, ngudi ehua nidn (thudng khdng dp dyng eho tiiy theo quyet djnh ciia Tda dn gia dinh''^ Nhirng ngudi dudi 12 tudi), Ddi vdi cde bipn phdp dugc quy ngudi cd mgt tgi phidn tda bao gdm: T h i m phan, thu djnh ede mye (i) vd (iii), Tda an gia dinh cd the ky Tda dn, ngudi chua thdnh nidn, ngudi gidm hO ciia yeu c i u nhdn vien quan e h l thgc hien cdc bidn phdp ngudi ehua thdnh nidn vd di^u tra vidn cua Tda dn gia nham thay doi mdi tm-dng gia dinh vd ede mdi tardng dinh Cdc phidn xet xir khdng duge edng khai nhung khde Bidn phdp duge quy djnh muc (iii) ehi dugc mpt so Tda dn gia dinh cd t h i cho phdp ede ngn nhdn dp dyng ddi vdi tardng hgp ngudi dual 14 tudi Hiay ttong nhirng vy dn nghiem trpng quan sdt phidn xet xCr thdt sg can thiet^^ theo ydu eau eiia hp neu Tda dn thiy phu hgp vd Lien quan den vide xir ly hinh sg, mac dii ngudi khdng cd khd ndng cdn trd sg phdt triln dn djnh cua dudi 14 tudi khdng phdi chju trdch nhiem hinh sg Tuy ngudi chua thdnh nidn Tda dn gia dinh ed t h i , bdng mgt phdn quyet, eho nhidn, vipc dp dung cdc bidn phdp bdo vd khdng ed gidi hgn ve dp tudi Thay vdo do, cdc bidn phdp bao vp Ddn chCi & Phdp lu^t I %udn §anh 7g S6 (334) - 2020 duge quyit djnh dp dung tirng tardng hgp ey t h i phdng edng td vidn tuang irng vdi Tda dn ed thim dga vao dgc diem eua tirng ngudi ehua thdnh nidn cd quyin doi vdi vy dn, neu edn cir vao k i t qud diiu tra xu huang thgc hipn hdnh vi pham phdp tuang lai v l bdn chat va tinh tilt vy dn cho thay thi) tye td tyng va su can thilt phai ed cac bipn phdp bdo vp Nhd hinh su thdng thudng thich hgp eho vy dn ndy Niu nude dp dgt thay vi ehi ngudi gidm hO, ed tinh den cde ngudi chua thdnh nidn tir 16 tudi trd ldn vd ed hdnh vi yeu to nhu hdnh vi phgm phdp, Ijch sCr ea nhan, tinh phgm tOi c6 y gdy cdi chit cho ngn nhdn, Tda dn gia khi, hodn cdnh gia dinh vd mdi tardng cua ngudi chua dinh sd phdi dua phdn quyit d l ehuyen tiip vy dn thdnh nidn'*^ den ca quan edng td trir Tda an thay bat ky sg xit Khi khdng t h i hogc khdng can Uiilt phdi dp dyng ly ndo khdc phu hgp han^^ Quyet ^ n h chuyen tllp ede bipn phdp bdo vp ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn, ngudi ehua thdnh nidn eho cdng to vien dga trdn phdn Tda dn gia dinh se khdng d l cho ngudi chua thdnh quyit eua Toa dn gia dinh rang khd cd t h i cdi tgo nidn bj dp dyng ede bipn phap bdo vp Vd t h i y phu ngudi chua thdnh nidn bang cac bidn phdp bdo vd, hgp vide dp dung cdc bidn phdp duge quy djnh hodc cdn cd- vdo ban c h i t vd tdc ddng xd hgi eua hdnh frong Dgo lugt Phiie lgi tre em, Tda dn gia dinh se vi pham tpi, vide xir ly* theo td tyng hinh sg thdng ehuyen vy vide cho thdng ddc ^ a phuang hoge gidm thudng Id dung ddn Cdng td vidn tiep nhdn mOt vy ddc CLia tmng tdm tu v i n tre em * Veu c^u xem xet lai dSi v6i phin quySt cua Toa an gia dinh Ngudi ehua thdnh nien hodc ngudi dai didn hgp phap ciia ngudi chua nien ed the khiiu ngi ddi vdi phdn quyet dp dyng bidn phdp bdo vd vdng hai tuan can cu vdo ly vi phgm ludt phdp, ed sg sai lam nghidm trpng v l su thgt hodc sg khdng phii hgp ddng k l cua vipe dp dyng bidn phdp bdo vd Trong tardng hgp mdt cdng td vidn tham gia phidn tda xet xir cua Tda dn gia dinh, vdng hai tuan cdng td vidn ed t h i khdng cdo ldn Tda an elp eao v l vide dp dung hoac khdng dp dyng bidn phdp bdo vp can eir vao ly vi phgm luqit phdp hoge sai lam nghiem trpng v l sg thdtvyanl8 dn tir Tda dn gia dinh, se khdi td nhdn thiy d n thilt tnjy td Cac thu tyc td tyng sau bat d i u truy to g i n gidng nhu thO tye ddi vdi ngudi da thdnh nidn, ngogi tar ede quy djnh cy the lien quan d i n vide tuyen dn ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn Tda dn thdng thudng sau t i i p nhdn vy dn tir cdng td vidn, bdng mpt phan quyit, ed t h i (Igi) ehuyin tiip vy dn sang Tda dn gia dinh n i u t h i y vide dp dung cdc bidn phdp bdo vd doi vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nidn la phD hgp dga trdn k i t qua cua vide xem xdt cdc linh tilt eiia vy dn Trong qud trinh xem xdt vy an, edng td vidn cd t h i yeu e l u Tda dn quyit i^nh giam glu' ngudi chua thdnh nien, nhung ehi trudng hgp b i t khd khdng^o Hinh phat dp dyng ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn tgi Tda dn thdng thudng gdm: N i u ngudi dudi 18 tuoi Thu tyc tgi Tda an thdng thu'dmg tgi thdi d i i m thue hidn hdnh vi phgm tgi bj k i t dn ti> Tda an gia dinh, dua trdn sg ddnh gid eua minh vd hinh, thi tii ehung thdn se bj dp dyng thay t h i ; niu thdng qua mdt phdn quydt, se chuyin tiip vy dn md ngudi dudi 18 tudi tgi thdi dllm thgc hipn hdnh vi ngudi ehua thdnh nien bj cdo huge vdi tdi danh cd t h i phgm tOi bj k i t dn tii chung thdn, thi bj phgt tii cd ho^c bj tning phgt bdng dn tCr hinh hogc phgt tii ed hodc khdng cd lao dpng mOt thdi hgn xdc djnh Trong khdng cd cdi tgo lao dpng tdi edng to vien eua vdn tardng hgp ndy, khung thdi hgn phgt tii dugc dp dyng I Ddn ChCi & Phdp lu$t 861(334)-2020 (XJudn ^anh 7g khdng dudi 10 nam vd khdng qud 15 ndm^i Hd thong ehuyin tiep giira Tda dn gia dinh vd hp Mgt sd nhgn xet thdng to tyng thdng thudng rat linh hogt, Tda dn gia Hp thdng t u phdp ngudi ehua thdnh nidn cua Nhgt dinh cd the ehuyen tiep vy dn sang edng to vidn vd d l Bdn dgt Tda dn gia dinh Idm tmng tam vdi vai trd dge Tda dn thdng thudng xir ly va Tda dn thdng thudng thil Tda dn gia dinh tgi Nh$t Ban khdng ehi ddng vai sau tllp nhdn vu an cd the chuyin tiip vy dn Igi cho trd tu phdp (xdc djnh hdnh vi vi pham phap lugt cd xay Tda dn gia dinh n i u nhdn t h i y vide dp dung bidn phap hay khdng), md edn ed vai trd nhu mgt ca quan phuc bao vd ed Igi ban cho ngudi chua thdnh nidn Trong lgi (phdn quyet lieu ede bipn phdp bdo ve cd can thilt trudng hgp ndy, ve ly thuylt, Tda dn gia dinh cd ttil dga trdn danh gid nguyen nhdn ciia s u vi phgm phdp chuyen tiep ngudi chua thdnh nidn sang hp thdng td lu$t vd cdc yeu to khdc de ngan chgn) Khi dua phdn tyng thdng thudng mgt lan nira neu mudn, nhidn, quyit, Tda dn nhin vdo hdnh vi, tinh cdch vd mdi trdn thgc te Tda dn gia dinh se giir vy dn Igi d l franh tardng cOa ngudi chua thdnh nidn va ngudi gidm hp dnh hudng tdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn Theo sd lidu cOa ngudi ehua thdnh nien hogc nhirng ngudi khde ed vdo nam 2016, tdng sd vu md Tda dn gia dinh thu lidn quan, sir dyng kiln thirc y te, tam ly, s u phgm, xa ly ehi cd khoang 6% bj chuyen sang cdng to vidn22 hpi hpc va kien thirc ky thudt khac vdi s g ho trg cua Ben canh dd, so lugng ngudi ehua nien bj dp dieu tra vidn thudc Tda dn gia dinh Do dd, d l thgc dung hinh phgt tii nam 2016 Id 30 tarong hgp hidn hidu qud hai ehire nang ndy mdt eau tnic xdt xu' (trong so ndy 50% Id hinh phgt til dudi 05 nam), mang tinh gidm doe diiu hdnh dugc ap dyng; Tda dn nhidn dii bj chip hdnh hlnh phgt tii, ngudi ehua thdnh gia dtnh eiia Nhgt Ban cd t h i m quydn ddc bidt nien van cd thd dugc tam tha tarde thdi hgn d l dp vipc nam quydn chu ddng thge hien dieu tra Bdn eanh dung bidn phdp quan c^e^^ DO ligu cho thay xu dd, cdng td vidn chi cd t h i tham d g phidn tda ed hudng cua hp thdng tu phdp ngudi chua thdnh nidn d Idnh cCia Tda mpt so trudng hgp nhat djnh nham Nhdt Bdn vipc kiem e h l khdng dp dung hinh phgt trdnh tdi da vide tiep xiic cua ngudi chua thdnh nien hinh su ddi vdi ngudi chua thdnh nidn, vd ed vdi ede cdng td vien nham gidm thiiu tdc dpng ciia he dp ddt mOt bidn phdp bao ve, hp thdng cung hgn e h l thong td tyng hinh s u chinh thirc ddi vdi ngudi ehua vide giam giir ngudi chua nien dii Id frong co s d tfidnh nien cai tgo hay co sd phdn loai ngudi ehua thdnh nidn Trong ndm 2016, 19.204 tardng hgp duge dp dyng Dgo ludt Ngudi chua thdnh nidn hipn tgi, ve nguyen tdc, quy dinh vipc xi> ly ngudi chua nien vdi cdc bipn phdp bdo ve Dua trdn quan a i m cho rang, doi vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nidn, sg tnrdng vd phdt triln Idnh mgnh cua ngudi ehua thdnh nien phdi duge uu tien han vipe tning phat Theo do, Tda dn gia dinh chi dua phan quyet v l cac bidn phdp bao vp chir khdng dua hinh phgt hinh sg, neu nhdn thay vipe dp dung hinh phat hinh sg Id can thiet, Tda dn gia dinh se bidn phdp bao vp, cdc bipn phdp bao vp thi bidn phdp khdng giam giir Id qudn c h i chilm ty Id 99% Nhu vgy, cd t h i thiy he thdng tu phdp ngudi ehua nien ciia Nhdt Bdn da vd dang han che tdi da viec dp dyng ede bien phdp hinh s g ddi vdi ngudi ehua thdnh nidn, thay vdo tang cudng dp dyng eae bipn phap bdo vd nham dieu ehinh hdnh vi, tinh edeh vd sira ddi mdi tardng vi sg phdt trien 6n djnh ciia ngudi chua nidn • ehuyen t i i p vy dn sang hp thong td tyng thdng thudng Ddn chCi & Phdp Iu9t B l %udn§anh 7g 86 (334) - 2020 Ngoii viic xit xH cic vu an ve t^i pham chua thinh nien, Toa in gia dinh cdn xit xCr cic vy in dan sy vi gia dinh vi tranh chip ve quyin nuoi Andrew Watson, Probation and Lowering the Age of Criminal Majority in Japan, Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies, ding 16/12/2018, https://japanesestudies.org.uk/ejcjsA/ol18/iss3Awatson.html, tnjy cip ngiy 25/&2019 Biiu 41 BQ luit Hinh sy Xem t^i: http://wvm.japaneselawtranslamn.go.jp^aw/detail/?id=1960&re=02&vm=04, tmy cip ngiy 5/7/2019 Diiu Dao lu$t Ngudi chwa nien Tmng lin siea d6i gin diy cOa BQ luit Din sy vio thing 6/2018, i?d tu6i cOa ngudi di thinh niin duvc /ig tir 20 xuong 18, n^i dung sua doi niy co hiiu luc vao nim 2020 Xem fg/; Editorial, Changing the Juvenile Law, The Japan Times, https://www japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2017/ 09/02/editorials/changing-juvenile-law/#.XU0XgPXgp1o, truy dp 01/7/2019 Dieu Dao lu$t Ngwai chwa thinh niin Xem tai: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/delail/ ?id=1978&vm=04&re=02 truy dp ngiy 6/7/2019 Theo Dieu 27 Dgo luit Phuc lai tri em, cic biin phip dugc ip dung li: Dwa lai khuyin bio cho dira tri hoic ngwai giim hi cOa tri, hoic di tre viit m^t ban cam kit bing vin bin; chi djnh m^t nhan vien phuc lai tri em hoic m^t nhin viin khic phCi hap di hudng din tf(>a tre hoic nguai giim h^; giaotfi>atre cho dia mp nudi, hoic dwa vao nhi tri so sinh, nhi nudi dudng, ca sd danh cho tri chim phit triin tri tuQ, ca sd chim sdc ban ngiy dinh cho tre ch$m phit trien tri tui ca sd danh cho tre khiem thj hoic khiem thinh, ho$c t6 chOc dinh cho tri chim phit triSn nghiim tnjng, co sd trj Hiu ngin han dinh cho tri em bj roi lo^n cim xOc ho$c ca sd hd trt/ tw li/c cOa tri em; hoic dwa tri den Tda in gia dinh niu thay phit hQtp Xem t$i: http://Www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp^aw/detail_main?id=11&vm=2, tmy cip ngi 18/7/2019 Dieu - Dgo luit Ngu^ c/jua niin Dieu - D?o luH Ngudi c/jua thinh niin Dieu -1 Dgo luit Ngudi chwa thinh niin 10 Diiu 42-1 Dao luit Ngudi c/ii/a thinh nien 11 Diiu 17 khoin Dao luit Ngudi chua thinh niin 12 Guang-Xu Jin, The criminal responsibility of minors in the Japanese legal system, Revuelntemationale de droit Penal Vol 75, S6 (2004) Xem tat https://www.cairn.info/revue-intemationale-de-droit-penal-2004-1-page-409.htm, tru dp ngiy 05/7/2019 13 Diiu 31 - Dao luit Tda an Xem t?i: http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail_main?id=7&vm=2&re= tnjy cip 28/7/2019 14 Diiu 22 - khoin Ogo luit ngudi chwa thinh nien 15 Diiu 23 • khoin Bao luit ngudi chwa thinh nien 16 Diiu 24 DQO luit Ngudi chwa thinh niin 17 Guang-Xu Jin, The criminal responsibility of minors in the Japanese legal system, Revuelntemationale de droit Penal Vol 75, S6 (2004) Xem tai https:/fifi/ww.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-droit-penal-2004-1-page-409.htm, tm dp 8/8/2019 18 Diiu 32 DQO luit 19 Dieu 20 DQO luit 20 Diiu 43 DQO luit 21 Diiu 51 D^o luit Ngudi c/itra niin Ngwdi chwa niin Ngudi chwa niin Ngwdi chwa thinh nien 22 Bd Tw phap Nhit Bin, Sich Tring vi Tdi ph?m nim t^i:http://hakusyo1.moj.go.jp/en/66/nfm/n_66_2_3_2_ 1_0.html 2017, Phin 23 BQ TW phap Nhit Bin, Sich Tring vi Tdi pham nim t9i:ht0://hakusyo1.moj.go.jp/en/66/nfm/n_66_2_3_2_1_0.hlml 2017, Phan Chuang Muc Xem ^ Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt Chwang Mijc Xem