VE KHAI NIEM TAI LIEU CO Nguyen Thj Ngoc Hai Khoa Thdng tin ThU vien, Dai hoc V5n hoa Ha Npi Tom t i t : Tai lieu co la mot bo phin quan trgng kho tang dl san van hoa nhan loai va ta doi tddng dddc cac cd quan van hoa quan tam thu thip, Idu giW va khai thac Cho den nay, nhieu each hieu "tai lieu cd" hiin dang tSn tai va chd3 co sif thong nhat Bai viet da he thong cac quan diem cua cac nha nghiin cud diugc nhieu tinh vdc va du^ nhihig nhin dinh bddc dau nhim hddng tdi viic xay dutig khai niim "tai lieu co" Tut khoa: Khai mem, tai lieu, tai lieu eo Abstract; Ancient documents are an important part of the treasure of human cultural heritage and are objects of the cultural agencies to collect, store and exploit So far, there are many different ways to understand about "ancient matenals" but there is no consensus yet The article has systematized the views of researchers in many fields and made initial judgments towards building the concept of "ancient materials Key words: Concept, documents, ancient materials Dat van de Mpt nhtitig nhiem vu ciia cae ed quan v3n hoa la ke thira, gin giff va bao tdn eae gia tri van hoa cua nhan loai, lam eho di san quy bau dd dffdc tiep noi va doi mdi phij hdp vdi thdi dai Ljch sff eho thify cae cd quan van hoa nhff thff vien, cd quan Iffu trff da gdp phan quan trpng viec bao ton va phat huy eac dl san van hoa, CO di san van hoa van, dac biet la cac tai lieu CO mang y nghJa ljch sff, van hoa ldn Hieu nhy the nao ve tai lieu ed'? Tai lieu co va tai lieu quy hiem gidng hay khac nhau? Tren thyc te, nhieu nam qua, cae nha sffu tam, nha thff vien, nha Iffu trff da dua nhieu quan diem ve khai niem "tai lieu co" Viee xae djnh npi ham khai niem "tai lieu co" giiip nhan djnh day dii ve loai hinh tai lieu nay, dong thdi riep tuc tao tien de cho eae nghien ciiU, nham lam phong phu them ly luan va thffc tien eho cae hoat dpng quan ly, bao ton, phat huy gia tri tai lieu eo giai doan hien Quan diem cua cac chuyen gia svtu tam Thuat ngff "sach co" (antiquarian book) dffdc sy dyng phd bien ITnh vffc nghien cffu, sud tam va mua ban eo vat (anriquarian trade) tren the gidi de ehi eae loai saeh, bao - tap chf "co" va "quy hiem" Cae ehuyen gia ITnh vyc sutj tam sach eo dilu cho rang khai niem "sach co" khdng ehi gidi han d tuoi ddi ciia sach ma cdn lien quan chat che den nhu cau ciia thj trudng (gia tri) doi vdi saeh Tff dien Oxford (2018) giai thich hai tff loai ciia "antiquarian", do, tinh tff "anriquarian" chi nhffng gi lien quan hoae thupc ve cd vat hoac sach hiem, thf du "antiquarian booksellers" nghla la ngUdI budn sach eo; hoac chi nhffng gi lien quan den nghien cffu ve co viit Danh tff "anriquanan" nghla la ngffdi nghien cffu hoac sud tam cd vat Thuat ngff "anriquarian" dffdc sff dung lan dau tff the ky XVII, ed nguon gdc tff "anriquarius" rieng La tinh ed nghla la eo viit [15], La mpt nhiing ehuyen gia hang dau Hoa Ky ve sffu tam va buon ban sach co, dong thdi la eyd Chu tjch Hiep hpi cac nha budn sach co Hoa Ky (Anriquarian Booksellers' Association of Amenca - ABAA), cffu Chil rich Lien doan cac nha ban sach cd quoc te (Internabonal League of Antiquarian Booksellers - ILAB), Thomas E Congalton nhan Tao chi THI/ VIFN VIET NAM 4(78) 13 tudi ddi bao nhieu thi dffdc goi la co?" nhd sau: djnh Bang chii giai thuat ngff "sach co" tren "Rat hiem cac cuon sach co gia tri chi vi chung trang Between the Covers: "Ngu'di ta thifdng cho da cu - dang ngac nhien la co nhieu cuon sach^ rang sach co gin vdi mgt Hidi ky hoac dac trung mgt, hai va ba tram nam tuoi da ton tai vdi so qua khd nhat dinh vi ngbia khai quat ciia td "co" iddng ldn nhung lai khdng dddc quan tam suv ngon ngd'Anh (co nghia la Hen quan den co tSm Trong kbi do, sach, bao hoac an ban gidi vat, nhOng thd thugc ve thdi co dai hoac cac giai han dddc xuat ban gan day lai co the co gia cao doan trddc diy) Tuy nhien, nganh kinh doanh tren thf trddng sach hiem "Co vat" la mgt thuat sach CO hien (viec mua va ban sach co) lai ngu' rat md ho doi vdi trddng hdp nhOng cuon xoay quanh bat cd loai sach nao dddc djnh gia sach CO the dddc sud tam trai ngddc vdi nhijiig nhd mgt doi tddng vat ly vi/dt ngoai gia tri cua sach da qua sd dung" [5] Cung theo ABAA, no vdl td each la mot vat mang thong tin (van nhiing ngydi sd huU saeh hoac ban thao co ban va/ hoac minh hoa} t^gt nha sdu t3m tai thffdng quan tam lam tiie nao de xae dmh gia tri lieu chinh tri cua Anh nhQng nam 1750 chic chin ciia eae tai lieu Viec xac dinh gia tri ciia sach da thu thap cac sach co, cung tddng tif nhd vay CO khdng he ddn gian va hien tai chffa ed biit cff doi vdi cac nha sdu tam sach bia mem nguyen tai lieu nao hUdng dan each djnh gia ABAA cho ban cua nhifng nam 1950, sach an ban die biet rang gia tri ciia mpt cudn sach dffdc xem xet dffa nhifng nam 1980, sach dong theo loi dddng dai tren nhieu yeu to: T^m quan trpng npi tai cua tae trddc nhung nam 2000 Tat ca deu la sach co, pham; Sff khan hiem eua tac pham; Sff quan tam khong phu thugc viec chung dddc in bao lau An ciia ngffdi sffu tap doi vdi tae pham ban dau tien nam 1759 cua cuon Candida dddc Hit ke muc tuc 155 cua chung toi la mgt Phan tich tff thi frffdng, ABAA nhan djnh nhiitig cuon sach co, nhung tddng tif, cuon Fire in the Nuts phien ban gidi han, co chO'ky nim 2004 cua cuon sach du'dc rim kiem nhieu nhiit la nhutig Hunter S Thompson cung dddc Hit ke cung phien ban dau rien ciia cae tae pham tieu thuyet, nhan van, khoa hpc tieu bleu Doi vdi trffdng hdp muc luc nay" [10] Chia se quan diem tridng ty, tai lieu la ban ciia mpt cuon sach, theo ABAA, Arnoud Gerits, cyu Chii tjch ILAB da trao doi tren Hongkong Economic Times nam 2015: "Khong co gia tri cua ban phu thupc vao mpt so yeu to khae nhff: Tinh trang; Ky thuat dong saeh; Nguon dinh nghia ro rang de phan biet sach hiem vdi gdc; Tam quan trpng cua bift cff eau ehff nao cd sach cu hay sach co Oinh nghia tieu chuan doi vdl sach cola sach phai co tuoi ddi tren 100 nam, tai lieu theo truyen thong thi sach co thddng la nhting DOI vdl trffdng hdp tai lieu la ban thao chep sach dddc xuat ban trddc nam 1800 Tuy nhiin, tay, gia trj tai lieu edn dffdc xem xet dffa tren mpt qua qua trinh sd dung, y nghia cua thuat ngQ' sd yeu to khac nhy ehff viet, chff ky cua nhtitig da thay doi va cac sach hiem hien co the ngffdi nd'i tieng [5] bao gom nhudg sach dddc d&i vao the kyXX Co khong nhat thiet phai hiem va hiem khong Quan diem cua cac nha thU vign, chuyen nhat thiet phai co Nhin chung, toi cho rang bat gia lull tru* cdsach nao hiem, co kha nang sdu tam va khong Quan diem ciia eae nha thff vien, Iffu trff hoe dddc tiep tuc xuat ban nifa deu dddc coi la sach ve sach eo, tai lieu co d cae viing mien, cae quoc hiem hoac sach co' Sach cu hay sach co hoac gia khac eung khong dong nhat Nga, sach hiim deu co nguon cung gidi han vi chung ban Quy dmh ve danh mue nha nffdc khong dddc tiep tuc lam, san xuat va In an nO'a" nhffng tai lieu quy, hiem thudc phong Iffu trff Lien [20] Cartier (2004) cho rang chUa bao gid cd bang Nga (Ban hanh kem theo Quyet dmh so 75 ranh gidi ro rang giffa sach hiem, sach co' va sach 9/10/2001 ciia Cd quan Lffu trff Lien bang da qua sff dung, ranh gidi cijng se khong bao Nga) quy dmh ve nien han tai lieu cd la nhffng tai gid CO the xac djnh ro dffdc [11] lieu cd tff cudi the ky XVII trd ve trffdc nhUng eung ndi ro phai can cff vao "so Iddng tai lieu c6 dai ton tai cho den nay, d vung hay ABAA giai dap cho cau hdi "Mdt cuon sach c6 14 vung khac ma moc thdi gian an dinh de coi tai liiu cd thugc dien cd nien ban co dai hay khong dedi/a vao Danh muc Nha nddc" Trung Quoc, theo Chen (2003) sach co la "cac sach phan anh nen vin hoa Trung Hoa dddc tao vdi cac dang thdc truyen thong va dddc xuat ban trudc nam 1911"[12] Song song vdi thuat ngff "anriquarian", mdt thuat ngff khac dffdc cac chuyen gia lmh vffc thff vien nhlc den bien hdn la "rare book" (saeh hiem) va "rare material" (tai lieu hiem) Trong eac quan diem ve "sach hiem" hoac "tai lieu hiem" ed mpt diem ehung la nhtrrig tai lieu CO, cd gia tri dffdc bao ham hai khai niem Theo Tff dien Oxford, saeh hiem dffdc djnh nghla la "sach cd gia trj hoae dffdc quan tam dae biet nhd tuoi ddi, xuift ban cd gidi han, each ddng bia hoae eae yeu to ljch sff khac; thffdng mang tinh quy ket" Thuat ngff sach hiem dffdc dung lan dau tien vao cuoi the ky XVI bdi John Rainolds (1549 - 1607) - nha than hpc, hpc gia ngffdi Anh [15] Theo Tif dien thuat ngu'Khoa hgc Thdng tin Thif vien ALA (2013), sach hiem la "mgt cuon sach dddc ao ddc, it hoac doi xuat bien tren thi trddng sach co Thong thddng cac sach dddc coi la hiem bao gom cac loai nhd: sach in CO d theky XV, sach xuat ban d Hoa Ky tru'dc nam 1800, an ban dau tten cua cac van ban bay tac pham quan trgng, sach ddng bia quy, sach dgc ban, sach quan trgng doi vdi cac hgi doan Cac mdc cua tinh hiem rat da dang thugc vao nhu cau cua thi trddng sach cd Sach hiem thddng dddc Idu gid' cac bg sdu tap dac biet hoac cac bg sifd tap nghien cdu cua thd vien" Tff dien cung dya dmh nghTa ve bp sffu tap sach hiem nhff sau: "Bp sdu tap dac biet bao gdm cac sach hiem dddc to chdc bg phan rieng biet vdi bo sud tap tai lieu ndi chung tinh hiem va thong thddng la bdi chung de bi hdhai hoac chung co gia tri tiem tang, gia tri tien bac hoac gia tri nghien cud Bg sud tap sach hiem thddng la mgt phan cua tig sud tip tai lieu dac biet (special collections) hoac bg sud tap tai lieu nghien cud (research collections) cua thd vien" [12], Tapchi^HUfVl|NVl|T Galbraith va Smitth (2012) dat cau hdi: "Can cff vao dau ma nhan vien thff vien danh gia mpt cuon sach la hiem?" Tra ldi cau hdi nay, Galbraith va Smith, hai chuyen gia ve sach hiem va bg sffu tap dae biet da nhan dmh mot cuon sach hiem la tudi ddi hoac gia tri tien bac ciia nd kha eao Sach eung dffdc xem la hiem neu dd la an ban gidi han hoac dffdc ddng bia dac biet, dffdc chinh tac gia hoac mot ngddi noi tieng ky ten len Bp sdu tap sach hiem va tai lieu dac biet tai eac thu vien khdng chi bao gom sach ma edn chffa cae tai lieu chep tay, anh, ban nhac, cac tai lieu va hien vat khac [16] Thff vien Dai hpc St Andrews Scoriand (2018) dffa tieu chf xae dinh tai lieu nhff the nao dUdc coi la "hiem", bao gdm: Tuoi ddi; Tac pham quan trpng hoac tac pha'm xuift ban lan dau rien CO the dffdc sffu tap; SU khan hiem d cae thff vien nghien cffu khac; Gia ca thj trffdng; Cac dac diem vat ly va ben khae; Dieu kien ciia tai lieu Phdng Sach hiem cua Thff vien cong cpng New York tap hdp cac saeh ddi t d the ky XV, sach xuift ban tai Hoa Ky trUde nam 1800, bao xuat ban tai Hoa Ky trydc nam 1865 va nhieu ifn ban dau tien ciia eac tai lieu hiem [6] Bp phan ehuyen traeh ve saeh hiem va ban thao cua ALA RBMS (Rare Books and Manuscripts Section) va ABAA (2011) eho rang mpt so loai tai lieu co thudng dydc rim kiem nhieu nhff: eac sach in trffdc nam 1501, sach Anh van in trffdc nam 1641, sach in d Hoa Ky tru'de nam 1801 va saeh in tai Tay Mixixipi trUdc nam 1850 [18] Tren the gidl, viec nghien ciid ve sach hiem, lich sff saeh va cac ITnh vUc lien quan danh dffdc sff quan tam eua gidi hpe gia va cac hiep hpi nghe nghiep Nhieu trffdng dao tao chuyen mdn ve sach hiem (Rare Book School) da ddi tai Hoa Ky (Trudng Saeh hiem - Dai hoe Virginia, Trffdng Saeh hiem California - Dal hpc Califomta, Los Angdes), Anh (Tru'dng Saeh hiem - Dai hpc London), Oxtraylia (Trddng Sach hiem Dunedin Oxtraylia - Dai hpc Otago) Trong ehUdng trinh dao tao ciia eac trddng nay, cae mon hpe dffdc cung cap bao quat ca tai lieu co - hiem va tai lieu hiem - khdng cd Bd suu tap tai lieu hiem va tai lieu cd dffdc gpi Chung dffdi cai ten "bp sffu tap dac biet" (special 4(78) 15 collection) [17] Nhting trudng sach hiem ke tren cting ddng vai trd quan trpng viee dao tao dpi ngti nguon nhan Iffc thff vien ve bp sud tap tai lieu dac biet [7] Lien doan thff vien quoc te IFLA va hiep hdi thu vien tai nhieu nu'dc tren the gidi (Hoa Ky, Anh, Oxtraylia ) deu ed bp phan chuyen trach vie sach hiem va bd sud tap dae biet, cung cap nhieu chi dan va tieu chuan eho nhffng ngffdi lam thU vien dam dUdng nhiem vu quan ly va phuc vu khai thae cac tai lieu Trong cuon Bien muc mo ta tai lieu hiem ciia ThU vien Quoc hpi My, thuat ngff "tai lieu hiem dung de'chi bat cd tai lieu dac biet nao ma cd quan Idu giu' tai lieu Ida chgn de phan biet vdi cac tai liiu ndi chung theo each chung dddc cat gid, bao quan hoac thu trtap"[14] Quan niem tai lieu cd khdng nhtitig cd tuoi ddi dai lau ma cdn phai "hiem" - cd gia tri da dUdc nhieu tff dien thuat ngff ehuyen nganh de cap Tff dien Khoa hoc ThU vien va Thong tin trffc tuyen (Online Dictionary of Library and Informarion Sciences - ODLIS) djnh nghTa: "Sach co (antiquarian book) la mot cuon sach cu, da qua sir dung, khdng dddc tai ban nd^, co gia trf hdn so vdl hau het cac loal sach cu vi hiem hoac tinh trang cua no, thddng dddc ban bdi mgt ngddi ban sach co Cac cudn sach cohiem va co gia tri dddc ban dau gia" Tff dien ve Sach neu dinh nghTa: "Sach co la mgt thuat ngif khdng chat che dddc dung de'chi cac sach cu (va bao ham ca y nghia co gia tri) Dmh nghia trddc day ve khai niem "co" xac dinh phai la nhung gi cd tuoi ddi 100 nam nhdng khao sat qua cifa hang sach co chung ta se phat hiin rat nhieu nhiing cuon sach tre hdn the'" [8] ddi song kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa xa hdi ciia dat nudc d cac thdi ky lich sff [1], Tran Thi Phffdng Lan (2015) va Dffdng Hoai Y (2016) cd nhan djnh vdi nhieu net tUdng dong Idii du^ quan diem ve "tai lieu quy hiem" va "tai lieu c6 quy hiem" Theo dd, "tai lieu quy hiem" va "tai lieu CO quy hiem" dffdc xae djnh la tai lieu ed gia tri dac sae ve eac van de Ijch sff, van hoa xa hdi, khoa hpe, npi dung thdng rin bao quat dffdc eac sff kien, bien co va hien tu'dng dae biet quan trpng cuoc song; sd Iffdng ban ft, hinh thffc dac biet va khd bo khuyet neu nhff bj mat mat hoac hff hdng, xet ve y nghTa phap ly va but tieh ciia ehiing [2, 4] Cac nha sutj tam, buon ban sach co, quy hiem quan tam nhieu den nhffng tai lieu cd gia trj, khan hiem tren thj trffdng, dffdc quan tam bdi gidi sffu tap Bdi vay, khai niem "sach cd", "tai lieu cd" dffdc phat trien va md rpng khong chi bao gom cac tai lieu dffdc ddi tff giai doan trUde day ma cdn bao gom ca cac tai lieu khac, mdi hdn mien la ehung cd gia tri sUu tap Trong thff vien, nhffng yeu cau khae thu thap, Iffu trff, bao quan va can cff vao nhu eau eua ngffdi sff dung, cac bp suti tap tai lieu thff vien thffdng dffdc xem xet d nhieu gde dd, cd quan diem phd bien ve bp sffu tap thong thudng (chi nhtitig tai lieu phuc vu lull thong binh thffdng) va bp sffu tiip dac biet (chi eae nhdm tai lieu thu vien dUdc quan ly rieng biet so vdi cae bp sud tap thff vien phuc vu Iffu thong thdng thffdng, tuoi ddi, sy khan hiem, gia tri thj trydng, npi dung, rinh trang, hoac dang viit chift) [8] Tai lieu cd dffdc quan tam Iffu giff Viet Nam, hien cting ton tai mot so djnh cae thff vien mpt phan ddi thdi dai nghia ve saeh co, tai lieu eo nhu djnh nghTa cua trude, so lUdng ban han ehe, khdng edn dUde tiep Tff dien Bach khoa Viet Nam: "Sach co la thuat tue san xuift, mdt phan hinh thffc va ky thuat ngu'xuat hiin td nda sau the ky XIX; thddng de che tae dac thii, npi dung phan anh thdi ky hch sff nham vdi sach hiem, sach cQ Gia tri sach cd dddc da qua, khdng chf ed gia trj npi dung ve mat ljch xac dinh bing phddng phap giam dmh ve cac sff, van hoa ma edn dffdc xem xet nhd mpt hien mat: ngon ngd co, ngi dung thdi dai phan anh vat lieh sff, thudng dffdc tach rieng so vdi eac tai (sach thdi co dai, trung dai, can dai), vat lieu sd lieu thdng thudng de quan ly cae bp suXi dung, phddng phap /n.,."[19] Theo Nguyen Thi tap tai lieu quy hiem, tai lieu dac biet [12] Thuy Binh (2005), tai lieu eo la nhtitig tai lieu dUdc xuiit ban, xuat hien vao thdi phong kien d Nhtitig quan diem ciia eac nha nghien etrd, nffdc ta, cd npi dung phan anh cae khfa eanh eiia cac chuyen gia, hpi nghe nghiep tren the gidi va 16 d Viet Nam cho thify ranh gidi phiin dmh khai niem taf lieu co' va tai lieu quy hiem cd sff dan xen Mae du vay, khai mem tai lieu quy hiem va tai lieu CO can dydc phan biet ro rang de tranh nhtitig nham lan khong dang cd Tai lieu ed chya chae da hiem Tai lieu hiem chya chae da ed Tai lieu cung cd the vffa cd, vffa hiem Tuy nhien, mpt dieu chac chan dffdc khang dinh la nhffng tai lieu CO danh dffdc sff quan tam cua gidi sffu tam hay thu thap bdi eac thff vien, cd quan Iffu trff deu la nhutig tai lieu vira eo, vffa cd gia tri Tren Cd sd do, cd the xae djnh mot sd rieu ehi dffdc dffa xem xet ban ve npi ham khai mem tai lieu cd nhff: thdi gian ddi cua tai lieu thupc giai doan lich sff trUdc day, tai lieu khdng cdn dffdc tai ban; cae dac diem ve dang vat mang rin, ky thuat che tac, phffdng phap in an, ngdn ngff eiia tai lieu thffdng la nhting hinh thffc da dUdc sff dung qua khff ma hien tai rift hiem hoac khdng sff dyng; dong thdi, tai lieu phai cti gia tri dac biet ve lieh sff, van hoa Niles, and Bates, Marcia J Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 2009 Berger, S E a The dictionary of the book: a glossary for book collectors, booksellers, librarians, and others - Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016 10 Between the Covers Rare Books Inc Glossary, https: //vflww betweenthecovers.com/btc/glossa ry/A ?fbclid=IwAR2h4eNZRaXUdakCKMlUvDjsza2AQLpu 0HlAMW8K0e7EWQjP_MPlXMzb