NGHIEN ciiu &Ul^G DUNG III QUY TRiNH DAY HOC PHIIT H I C N TR0N6 DAY HOC TIED HOC L i thuyet ve day hpc ki8n tao (Constructivism Teoria) Iuon dua tren quan diem nguoi hoc o vi.tri trung tam, nghia la nguoi hpc tu tim kiem, kham pha tri thiic moi dua tren nen tang tri thiic cu da hpc va von kinh nghiem song cua ban than Day hpc kham pha, lay nguoi hpc lam trung tam, huong vao nguoi hpc (Learner Centred Inquiry) da dupe rat nhieu tac gia de cap toi nhu la "mot xu the de xay dimg chien luge giao due nay" Day hoc phat hien- mot hirdng day hoc kham pha J.Richard Suchman, cha de cua chuong trinh day hpc kham pha dupe sir dung rpng rai khap nuoc MT da timg noi "kham pha la each mpi nguoi hpc hp don doc" Voi Dewey, kham pha la "su tim hieu mot each chu dpng, kien tri va kl luomg ve mot niem tin hoac mot dang kien thiic nao tu nhiing nen tang ho trg cho no va nhCtng ket luan gan hom vol y kien do" Thuat ngir "day hpc kham pha" (Inquiry Teaching) hay gpi la day hpc dua tren sir kham pha (Inquiry- Based Teaching) dupe xuat hien va sii dimg voi tu each la mot phucmg phap day hpc tich cue, nang dpng va sang tao Dual goc dp li luan day hpc hien dai, day hpc kham pha dupe hilu theo nghia rpng bao ham cac PPDHTC khac Le Thi Lan Anh Khoa Gido due Tieu hoc Tnfong DHSP Hd Noi nhu: Day hpc tu phat tir nhiing bang chiing dupe hien (con gpi la hpc tap kham sap xep lai hinh pha) (Discover Learning), nhung hieu biet moi" Bruner Giai quyet van de (Problem tin tuong rang da>^ hpc tu Solving), Kham pha quy nap phat hien chi co the dien (Inductive Inquiry), Kham neu nguoi day va nguoi hpc pha dien dich (Deductive cung lam viee mot each Inquiry), Day hpc kham pha hpp tac Ong gpi loai hinh du an (Project Based Inquiry) la "day hpc mang tinh gia "Day hpc kham pha la mot thuyet" va day hpc voi y nghia qua trinh, duoi vai la "thu hiit HS tham gia" chii tro dinh huong ctia nguoi day, khong phai la "truyen dat kien nguoi hpc ehu dpng viec hpc thiic" Day hpc tu phat hien tap ciia ban than, hinh la each tiep can cao nhat cua cac cau hoi dat tu duy, day hpc giai quyet van de: mo rpng cong viec nghien Tiep can 1: GV neu tinh ciiu, tim kiem; tir xay dimg huong- GV giai quyet tinh nen nhirng hieu biet va tri hu6n§ thiic mai Nhiing kien thiic Tiep can 2: GV xay dung giiip eho nguoi hpc tra loi tinh huong c6 van de- GV va cac cau hoi, tim kiem cac giai HS giai quygt THCVD phap khacrihau de giai quyet Tiep can 3: GV xay dung cac van de, ehimg minh mot THCVD- HS doc lap giai dinh li hay mot quan diem" quyet THCVD Kham pha day hpc Tiep can 4: HS tu phat hien CO nam kieu: day hpc du an, THCVD- HS tu giai quySt kham pha quy nap, kham pha THCVD dien dich, giai quyet van de va Quy tiinh "FIVE E'S" day hpc tu phat hien Day hpc 5E tu phat hien (con gpi la day * Khai niem quy trinh: Theo hpc phat hien, hpc tap kham Tir di&i Ti&ig Viet (1997) pha), mot khai niem dupe chu Hoang Phe chii bien, trang 785: truong boi Jerome Bruner, co "Quy trinh la trinh tu phai tuan vai tro cot loi viec HS theo de tien hanh mot cong hpc cac khai niem va y tuon^ viec nao do" Quy trinh "FIVE nhu the nao Bruner noi ve E'S" 5E la mot mau huong "hanh dpng phat hien" nhu the dan day hpc theo thuylt kien tao; no la mot phan cong viec ciia 5E la nhirng chii cai dSu tien cua nguoi hpc Doi voi Bruner, cac tir tieng Anh: Engage (tao "phat hien, ve ban chat la viec sir chu y), Explore (Khao sat, tai sap xep hoac chuyen dich kham pha) Explain (giai thich) cac bang chiing theo each lam Elaborate (phat bieu), Evaluation cho mot nguoi nao co the (danh gia) Ngay nhqn bai 25/6/2012: Ngay duyet dang 25/8/2012 TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 85 - 9/2012 Ill NGHIEN ClAJ&l/NG DUNG 1/ Engage (tao su ehu y, thu de bang each ket noi cac y tuong, lip luin cac gia dinh, xac lap gia Trong giai doan nay, nguoi thuyet, tur trinh bay y Men ciia hoc bat diu dupe tiep xiic va ban thin Thong qua do, nguoi xac dinh nhiem vu hoc tap eiia day dinh huong va dieu chinh bai Cae em bat diu tao moi cau tra loi cua HS hen he giua kinh nghiem da co 4/ Elaborate (phat bieu, mo va nhiing kinh nghiem hien tai, rong)^ dua nhiing kien thitc co so eho Den giai doan nay, nguoi hpc cae hoat dpng va Mch thich su duoc mo rpng von khai niem ma tham gia vao eae hoat dpng minh da dupe hpc, ket noi voi Chimg ta khong the thu hiit neu nhiing khai niem co hen quan khong gan duoc HS voi nhu cau va van dung nhiing hieu biet eiia san phim minh vao the gioi xung quanh Vi 2/ Explore (khao sat, kham du, bai hpc ve hien tupng pha) anh sang, nguoi hpc hinh Trong giai doan nay, nguoi nhung hieu biet ve duong di cua hpc CO CO hoi tham gia true tiep anh sang khong Thi vao cac tinh huong va lam viec nghiem voi cot den, nguoi hpc voi cac thiet bi diing cu Tu minh thay rang bong cot den thay doi tham gia vao eae hoat dpng se vi tri theo thai gian giup hinh noi nguoi hpc Ket qui quan sat dan den nhiing nen tang kinh nghiern ban nhung hoat dpng kham pha siu diu ve cac hien tupng ban diu ve sac hon giiip eae em thi^ dupe hien tupng Khi lam viec theo moi hen he giua su thay doi vi tri nhom, nguoi hpc se xay dung bong anh sang voi su thay doi ve dupe nhiing kinh nghiem chung huong eua anh sang, vi tri nguon va dieu giiip eac em chia se, phat anh sang la mat trod giao luu voi Nguoi day liic Nhimg van dung vao cuoc song hoat dpng nhu mot nguoi thuc te nhu viec cay o vi dieu phoi, dieu khien cung cap tri nao de ciy nhin dupe nhieu hpc Ueu va gpi y npi dung nguoi arih sang, dung ehe nang o vi hpc can tip tnmg tim hieu tri nao tren bai bien de che dupe anh sang mat trai la su ma rpng 3/ Explain (Giai thich) va ung dvmg nhiing kien thiic ve Giai doan la thoi diem ma nguoi hpc bat dau hinh duong di Ihang eiia anh sang nhirng hieu biet khai quat thong Nhiing hieu biet se gpi y cac qua nhirng ^ ma chiing ta thu em tiep tuc tim toi, kham phi cac nhan dupe sau qua trinh trao doi tri thiic tiep theo va tranh luan thong tin Ngon n ^ 5/ Evaluation (Danh gia) gilip viec the hien nhung hieu Diy la giai doan cuoi cimg biet sau sic va logic hon p ciia quy trinh 5E Diy la qua ttinh diy, qua trinh giao luu, giao tiep chuin doan hoat dpng tiep dien xuit hien giiia nguoi hpc- nguoi cho phep nguoi day xac dmh hpc, voi nguoi day- nguoi hpc nhung kiln thiic va khai niem hoac chinh ban Mn nguoi ma nguoi hpc da dat duac Ki&n hpc Khi lam viec theo nhorn, tra va danh gia co the tien hanh cac em giiip cung hieu van tai mpi thoi diem qua trinh hilt) • TAP CHI THIET B| GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012 hpc tap Mot s6 cong cu ho trp qua triiih ehuin doan nhu: bang kiem tra, bai phong van, bai viet ve eac van de, tinh huong cu the gan voi mue dieh danh gia Nhirng ket qua danh gia co gia tri eao nhit neu chiing dupe thu thip thong tin qua qua trinh giao tiep giira nguoi hpc voi nhau, voi nguoi day, phu huynh va nhung nguoi xung quanh Nhung sin phim cua qua trinh se la gpi y de nguoi day tilp tuc to ehlic huong dan nguoi hpc, len ke hoach cho nhirng bai hpc tiep theo va gpi y thay doi each huorig dan nguoi hpc Chang han, neu nguoi day thiy nhirng bieu hien hieu lim mot khai niem nao a nguoi hpc, giao vien c6 the lap lai khai niem de Idem tra mire dp hieu biet thuc su ciia HS Neu quan sat thiy cac em thuc su thich thii vdi hoat dpng kham pha, giao vien CO the cung cip them nhiing yeu to de HS tich cue hoat dpng hon Tir miu quy ttinh day hpc kien tao "5 E", chiing toi manh dan de xuit quy trinh day hpc tu phat hien o tieu hpc Quy trinh day hoc tu phat hien 6^ tiiu hoc 1/ Tao hiing thu: GV co the dat eac eiu hoi, ehi van de, dua su kien mod hoac xay dung cac tinh huong co van de de tao su chii y, giy hiing thii va huong nguoi hpc vao diing nhiem vu trpng tim Trong tien trinh tiet day, bu6c thucmg nam phin Gioi thieu bai CO lien quan den qua trinh kiln tao tri thiic bai moi nhim tai tao lai nhiing kinh nghiem da co ciia HS 2/ Kham phi: Qua trinh tim toi kham phi cua HS la dinh NGHIEN CUU&LfNG DUNG huong cho GV dua eac chi dinfrongsuit qua trinh day hpc Chia tach nhom, phin nhom hop 11 se gilip HS dl dang hap tac, ciing kham phi tri Ifaiic 3/ Giai thich: HS bat diu hinh nhiing hilu bilt khai quit thong qua nhung gi ma chimg thu nhin dupe sau qua ttinh trao doi Khi lam viec theo nhom, cac em giup cung hilu van de bang each ket noi cac y tuong, dua nhiing gia thuylt, sau HS lin lupt trinh bay cac giai phap.Tir do, nguoi day dinh huong va dieu chinh ciu tra loi cua HS Sau giup nguod hpc CO nhirng trai nghiem ve Ihue te, nguoi day phai dua cac thuit ngii, cac khai niem tuong iing 4/ Elaborate (phat bieu, nid rpng): HS dupe mo rpng von khai niem ma minh da dupe hpc, kit nli vod nhiing khai niem c6 hen quan va van dimg nhirng hieu biet ciia minh vao thuc te Nhihig hieu biet se gpd y cac em tilp tuc tim toi, kham phi cac tri thiictieptheo 5/ Danh gia: Diy cimg li qua trinh chuan doan hoat dpng tiep diln cho phep nguoi day xac dinh nhiing kiln thiic va khai niem ma nguoi hpc da dat dupe Kilm tra vi danh gia c6 the tiln hanh tai mpi thod dilm (pa trinh hpc tip Nhirng san phim ciia qua tnnh se la gpi y de nguoi daytieptuc to chiie huong din nguoi hpc 6/ Md vong: Neu giio vien nhin thiy cac em thuc su thich M voi hoat dpng kham pha, va CO thi lai sinh TTICVD, giao vien co the cung cap tiiem nhirng ylu tl dl HS tilp tuc tieh cue hoat dpng va tu giai quyet vin dl Boi vi, nlu chi dimg lai a buoc thi HS chua thuc su la n^oi phat hien tinh huong c6 vande Nhu viy, voi quy trinh day hpc tu phat hieri Ihi ciu tnic quy tiinh nhu mot ciu tnic vong iron nhung khong khep kin Vong tron mo den diu la nang lire tur phat hien va gjai quylt van de eiia HS moi npi dung kien thiieeu the Van dung quy trinh day hoc tur phat hien day hoc phin mdn Luyen tir va cau is tieu hoc Trong gioi han bai bao nay, chimg toi xin van dung quy trinh day hpc tu phat hien chi mot phin mon cua cip tieu hpc- Luyen tir va ciu nhu mot vi du minh hpa Bai: Diing tu- dong am de choi chfr (Tieng Viet lop 5- Tip 1) Buae 1: Tao himg thii Co cae em: "Trimg trvic nhu bo thui, chin mat, chin miii, chin duoi, chin diu" la gi? "Mom bo khong phii la mom bo ma lai la mom bo" la gi? Bai hom truoc, chiing ta da biet the nao la tir ding am: tu dong am la nhiing tir giong ve am nhung khac han ve nghia Horn nay, co va cac em lai ciing tim hieu de thiy su bit ngo thu vi viec dimg tir dong im de choi chii Buoc 2: Kham pha GV: Co CO ciu (viet len bang): Ho mang bo len niii GV: Cac em hieu nghia ciu niy nhu the nao? HS (hoat dpng nhom 4}: Cach hieu thii nhat la: Ho/ mang/ bo /len niii ( Con ho mang bo len nui a) HS: Cach hieu thir hai la: II Ho mang/ bo len niii Con ran ho mang bo len nui a.) Buoc 3: Giai thich HS: Phat hien van de: tai CO the hieu mot ciu voi hai each nhu viy? HS:Cung tim hieu, kham pha cich ngat nhip Bang each xac dinh tir loai ciia eac tir timg each ngat nhip ma chiing ta co the hieu cau voi nhieu y nghia khac Ho/ mang/ bo /len nui DT DT DT Ho mang/ bo len niii DT DT HS bat diu hinh nhirng hieu biet khai quat thong qua nhung gi ma eac em thu nhan dupe sau qua tiinh trao doi Khi lam viec theo nhom, cac em giup cimg hieu van de bang each kit noi eac y tucmg, dua nhung gii thuyet, sau HS lin lupt trinh bay cac giii phap Buoc 4: Elaborate (phat bieu, mo rpng) HS dupe mo rpng von khai niem ma minh da dupe hpc, ket noi vdi nhiing khai niem co hen quan va van dung nhiing hieu biet ciia minh vao thuc tl Nhiing hieu biet se gpi y cac em tiep tuctimtoi, kham phi cae tri thiic tiep theo HS: Nay sinh van de: Con each hieu nao niia khong? HS (suy nghi) giai quyet vin de: each niia: Ho mang/ bo/ len niii (Ci ran DT DT ho mang va bo cung len niii) Buoc 5: Danh gia Diy ciing la qua trinh chuan doan hoat dpng tiep dien cho phep ngudi day xac dinh nhirng kien thiic va khai niem ma ngudi TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 85-9/2012 • NGHIEN CUtJ & U>JG DUNG hpc da dat dupe Kiem tra va danh gii co the tien hanh tai mpi thdd diem qui trinh hpc tip Nhiing san phim eiia qua trioh se la gpi y de ngudd clay tiep tuc to chlie hudng din ngudd hpc GV: Cac em da tim ba each ngat nhip, ba each hieu eiu Ho mang bo ten nui Tir diy, theo cac em van de cin trao doi them la gi? HS: Thao luin va phat hien vin de: Viy ba each hieu, each nao la hpp li, each hieu nao hay nhit Buoc 6: Mo vong HS:Thao luin, sinh vin de.Cach nao hay hom ci, hpp li hon ca HS kham pha, giai quyet vin de Ho/ mang/ bo /len niii la hay nhit Bo thudmg dupe nuoi, song or vimg doi niii; viing niii rit nhieu bo ma ho mang len No gin vdi mot ciu ngu hoae co the hieu la mot cau ngii cimg y nghia vdi ciu "Cha ciii ve rimg" HS: Phat hien vin de: tai lai c6 the co nhieu each ngit nhip, nhieu each hieu ma each nao eiing hpp li, thii vi HS (thao luin va giai quyet vin dl): vi hien tuong tir dong im, vi each su dimg tir dong im de choi chu Dua phin Ghi nho rnpt each de dang: Diing tic dong dm de choi chii Id dtta vdo hien tucmg dong dm^ tao nhimg cdu noi co nhieu nghia, gdy nhung bdt nga thu vi cho ngudd doc, ngudd nghe Vdi phuong phap day hpc tu phat hien, HS se rat chac chan viec Imh hoi kien thiic va Phin Luyen tip vdi cac bai tip se dupe cac em dl dang giai quyet giiy lit Khi miu thuin giiia yeu ciu day hpc cang cao, kha nang sang tao ciia nguoi hpc ngiy eang phat trien vdi viee to chiic day hpc lae hiu thi doi mdi phucmg phap day hpc de dua ngudi hpc vao THCVD va hudmg din eac em doc lip giii quyet, ning cao nhin thiic va nang phat trien tri tue ciia HS la vo cimg ein thiet Day hpc phat hien ehinh la mot nhiing phuong phap day hpc tieh cue De xuat qay trinh day hpc a cip tieu hpc, ehimg toi chip nhin thir thach tir ci phia ngudi day va ngudi hpc Song chiing toi xae dinh phai Iuon CO gang de gpt riia quy trinh mang tinh thi, de n6 duoc ap dung khong chi mot phin mon, mi tit ca cac mon hpc o tieu hpc, de chiing toi ciing thoa nguyen uoc mong nhu Xu- khomlin- xki V.A "trai tim toi hien dang cho tre" duomg HS gioi Tieng Viet a tieu hoc, NXB Dai hpc Su pham (2011) Thai Duy Tuyen, Phucmg phdp day hoc truyen thong vd doi m&i, NXB Giao due, Ha Npi (2008) Le Hai Yen , "Tu hoc vd gidi quyet vdn de kien thirc" Tap chi day vd hoc ngdy nay, so thing 12, tr 5053 (2008) Kharlamop LP, Phdt huy tinh tich cue hoc tap cua HS nhir the ndo, NXB Giao due Ha Npi (1979) Leene I Ia, Day hoc neu vdn de, NXB Giao due Ha Npi (1977) Okon V, Nhitng ca sa cua viec day hoc neu vdn de, NXB Giao due Ha Npi (1976) 10 Piaget Jean, Tdm ly hoc vd gido due hoc, NXB Giao due, Hi Npi (2001) 11 Sach giio khoa Tieng Viet Tai lieu tham khao Pho Diic Hoa , Day hoc tich cue vd cdch tiep can day hoc tieu hoc, NXB Dai hpc Su pham (2009) Pho Diic Hda- Ngo Quang Son , Ifng dting cong nghe thong tin day hoc tich cue NXB Gido due (2008) Dang Thanh Hung, "Thiet ke phucmg phdp day hoc theo huang tich cycc hoa" Tap chi gido due, so 102,ti-.11-13 (2004) Le Phuong Nga, Boi Summary Base on "Five E's" process (Engage, Explore, Explain, Elaborate, Evaluation)a teaching guiding form according to Constructivism in Education - CE, we suggest Discovery Learning process in teaching some subjects at primary school We hope that primary school teachers will be able to use an extra method of Inquiry Teaching as well as an other Active Teaching method of themselves TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 85 - 9/2012 ... gjai quylt van de eiia HS moi npi dung kien thiieeu the Van dung quy trinh day hoc tur phat hien day hoc phin mdn Luyen tir va cau is tieu hoc Trong gioi han bai bao nay, chimg toi xin van dung quy. .. dpng va tu giai quyet vin dl Boi vi, nlu chi dimg lai a buoc thi HS chua thuc su la n^oi phat hien tinh huong c6 vande Nhu viy, voi quy trinh day hpc tu phat hieri Ihi ciu tnic quy tiinh nhu mot... yeu to de HS tich cue hoat dpng hon Tir miu quy ttinh day hpc kien tao "5 E", chiing toi manh dan de xuit quy trinh day hpc tu phat hien o tieu hpc Quy trinh day hoc tu phat hien 6^ tiiu hoc 1/