Game bạo lực và đời sống tâm lý của người chơi

GAME BAO LL/C VA DOI SONG TAM LY C U A NGUOI CHOI GS.TS Tran Thj Minh DCrc TS Nguyen Ngpc Di6p Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xd hpi & Nhdn vdn - Dgi hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi CN.Ki^u Anh Tuan Trung tdm Nghien cint Phii nd - Dai hoc Qudc gia Hd Npi * T O M TAT Game ddi tity tudng ban ddu la de phuc vu nhu cdu gidi iri ciia ngudi Nhd game md ngudi co ncfi gidi toa ldm ly, ren luyen Iri thong minh, su nhanh nhay sdng tgo Tuy nhien, game ciing co nhiing tdc hgi md chiing la chua the ludng he't, dgc biet la mol bp phdn gidi tre co xu hudng Igm dung game Trong gidi tie' Viet Nam chai game ngdy cdng nhieu, thi cdc nhd qudn ly, gido diic Igi chifa thuc sukiem sodt dupc mdc dp dnh hudng ciia game Trong bdi cdnh ndy nghien cifu ciia chitng toi ve game bgo liic ddi vdi thie'u niin Viet Nani, difffc tien hdnh bdng phuong phdp bdng hoi, phong vdn sdu vd Idm viec nhom tren 4.468 thieu nien lai cdc thdnh phd ldn, co 2.845 ngudi tifng chat game bgo lite md chitng loi liet ki, dd chi nhung dnh hudng ctia viec chai game bgo luc de'n ddi so'ng tdm ly, xd hpi vd the chdt cua ngudi choi Trong khuon khd bdi vie't ndyt chung toi tgp iriing phdn tich nhifng dnh hudng lien quan deh nhdn thdc, xitc cdm vd hdnh vi ciia ngifdi choi game bgo luc, ddng thdi dua nhiing bdn ludn ve cong tdc qudn ly game bgo luc lif phia cdc bgc cha me Tur khoa: Game bgo lite; Thanh thieu nien; Nhdn thitc; J^ic cdm; Hdnh vi Ngdy nhgn bdi: 8/10/2012; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/1/2013 Dat van d^ CJ Viet Nam, game ia thuat ngii dung de' chi cac tro choi dien tu noi chung; la nhiing tro chai co ti'nh tucmg tac (hoac nhap vai), co hinh anh, am va hoa hien sO'ng dong tren cac thiet bi dien tu nha't dinh nhu ti vi, d^u di^n tir, may tinh, dien thoai di dOng v.v (Children's Health, 2011) Hien nay, co the chia hang ngan game tren mang internet nam dong game chinh: Action game - game hanh dpng; Pet game - tro choi nuoi thu ao; Game RPG - th^ loai tro chai nhap vai; Sport game - tro chai the thao; Strategy game tro chai chien thuat (Wikipedia, 20 U) TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC S6' (167), - 2013 13 Game bao lite'" noi chung dupe eac nha nghiPn cttu dinh nghia la cic trd choi dien ttt cd nhttng hanh dpng cd y eua ngudi tham gia choi, true tidp gay tdn hai vd thd chit ddi vdt cac nhan vat dang sdng game (Ferguson, 2010)' Hoae, eac trd ehoi dipn ttt dd cd sU de dpa vd vu luc hoac chi dPng stt dung vu luc nhSm lam tdn hai the chai mpt vM the sdng hay mpt nhdm ngttdi (Smith & cs.', 1998; Farrar, Krcmar & cs., 2006) Tren thd gicfi, lieu chuiin phan loai game bao lire dttpc Uy ban danh gia phan mdm giai tri ESRB'^' dua ra, thudng dua vao mtte dp cac hoat dpng chdm, gidt, gay dd mau ma ngudi choi phai thuc hipn nhSp cupc O Viet Nam, theo tai lieu ma chung tPi tim dupc, hipn cd he thdng phan loai game cung tdn tai: He thdng phan loai eua Vina Game (VNG) dtta trPn he thdng phan loai game ESRB, eae game dttpc phan theo dp tudi va bang danh gia ehi tidt game eua Sd ThPng tin - Thd thao phd Hd Chi Minh Bang danh gia dupc can ett tren ba nhdm tieu chi can ett theo: 1/ Nhdm tieu chi bao lue can ett theo eae mtte vu stt dung va boat dpng dam, chem, ban, giei don le hay cd td ehttc trd choi; 2/ Nhdm lieu chf bao lue can ett theo ba nhom ddi tupng bi chem, gidt trd ehoi va 3/ Nhom tieu ehi bao luc can ett vao goc dp nhap vai cua ngudi choi dd xae dinh cac mtte dp bao lire co ban ciia game O gdc dp tam ly hpc, cac nghien euu tren the gidi da chi rang, tie'p xue vdi truyen hinh va phim co npi dung bao lire co anh hudng tieu eilc len tinh cam, nhan thtte va hanh vi cua ngudi xem (Anderson & Bushman, 2001; Anderson, 2004) So vdi nhung nghiCn cuu ve truydn hinh bao lite thi nhung nghien cuu ve anh hudng cua game bao luc ddi vdi tam ly vSn la mpt chu de tuong ddi mdi me va ehi thuc su dupe nghien euu sau khoang hai muoi nam trd lai day, cac nghiPn cttu thttdng tap trung vao nhttng khia canh nhu anh hudng tdi nhan thtte, tinh cam, hanh vi bao lire va hanh vi xa hoi (Wei, 2007) Trong mpt nghien ettu dupc lien hanh nam 2001, Anderson va Bushman da stt dung long hpp cac kdt qua nghien cttu thuc nghiem vd anh hudng cua game bao lue dd phan tich mdi quan he gitta viec tiep xue vdi game bao lue va nhdm nam ydu td: hanh vi gay ban, nhan thtte gay ban, anh hudng gay ban, hanh vi xa hpi tich cue (hanh vi giup dd) va kich thich sinh ly Ket qua phan ti'ch eho tha'y, game bao lire cd anh httdng tdi ca nam ydu td ndi tren Cu the hon, tidp xue vdi game bao luc lam gia tang suy nghi, cam nhan va hanh vi gay ban, lam gia tang kich thieh gay ban, ddng thdi lam giam hinh vi xa hpi ti'ch cue Nhidu nghien cuu khac ettng khing dinh mdi quan he thuftn gitta viee tidp xue vdi game bao luc va hanh vi gay bin d ngudi choi (Fling & cs., 1992; Griffiths & Hunt, 199.'); Anderson & Dill, 2000; Ballard & Lineberger, 1999; Lynch, Gentile, Olson & Van Brederode, 2001) Dd ly giai mdi quan he nay, ly thuydt hpc tap xa hpi ciia Bandura (1986, trieh Kirsh, 2003) gia dinh 14 TAP CHI'TAM L? HOC, Sd (167), - 2013 rang, tidp xue vdi game bao luc cd the khoi gpi hanh vi bat ehude, ttt dd cung cd nhiing thdi quen gay ha'n vdn cd va lam tang kich thi'ch npi tam Theo mo hinh lien he nhan thtte gay bin eua Berkowitz (1984, dSn theo Kirsh, 2003), choi game bao luc tao va ki'ch hoat mang ludi nhttng suy nghi, hanh vi, tri nhd va nidm tin gay ha'n Dodge (1980) lai lap luan rang, dtta tre gap phai nhttng tinh hudng kich thieh xa hpi gay hue dpc, khuynh hudng bieu hien thu dich d nd lam meo md didn giai am hieu tinh hudng; dd, nd se hieu kich thich xa hpi dd nhu mpt am hieu gay ha'n va phan ttng lai bang each gay ban (Dodge & Frame, 1982, dan theo Kirsh, 2003) Pinker (2002) lai xem dpng co baim sinh la yen td trung gian mdi quan he gitta tie'p xue vdi game bao lire va hanh vi bao lire Tuy nhien, hipn cac ket qua nghien ettu vd anh httdng tam ly cua game bao luc it ed su thdng nhai (Ferguson, 2010) Trong nhttng nghien cttu vtta trinh bay tim tae dpng ciia viec choi game bao lire ddn gay ban thi nhttng nghiPn cuu khac lai khOng phat hipn tha'y tac dpng (Baldaro & cs., 2004; Durkin & Barber, 2002; Ferguson, Rueda & cs., 2008; Ferguson, San Miguel & Hartley, 2009; Van Schie & Wiegman, 1997; Wiegman & Van Schie, 1998; Williams & Skorie, 2005) Tham ehi, mPt sd nghien ettu phat hien rang vipe ehoi game bao lire lam giam gay han (Barnett, Coulson & Foreman, 2008; Colwell & Kato, 2003; Unsworth & cs., 2007, ) Viet Nam, ed rai it nghien cttu ve tac dpng cua game den thieu nien Cae nghien ettu mdi ehi dirng lai d viec mP ta mpt sd anh hudng, tam coi la tieu cue ctia viec choi game online den tam ly va hanh vi cua ngudi choi (Nguydn Thj Bieh Ha, 2006; Trin Thj Minh Dtte, 2007 va Trinh Hda Binh, 2010) Tuy nhien, edn ban chd viec phan bd miu nghien cttu va each thiet ke eau hdi eung nhtt ludng ket qua, cae nghien euu dudng nhu van chtta thoa man nhu ciu tim hieu cua ca gidi khoa hpc ISn cPng chung Nhu vay, game bao luc ed tac dpng tich cue hay lieu cue den ngudi choi van cdn la van de gay nhieu tranh cai tren the gidi va ea Viet Nam Phuong phap nghien cilu Trong bdi eanh nay, chung tPi da thtte hien nghien ettu mang ten: "Thanh thieu nien vdi game bgo life - Nhiing phdn tieh lit gdc dd tdm ly vd hpi vd cdc gidi phdp can thiep" dudi su tai trp cua Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va CPng nghe (juP'c gia (NAFOSTED) Viet Nam NghiPn ettu dttoe tien hanh tren 4.468 khach the choi game, dd ed 2.903 (ehie'm 63,7%) lhanh thidu nien tttng choi cac game bao lue ma chung tPi liet ke (30 game) DP ludi trung binh cua khach the nghien cuu la 18,58 tudi Nghien cuu dupe tidn hanh tren dien rpng, khach the dupe khao sat tai cac phd ldn nhu Ha Npi, phd Hd (Thi Minh, Da Nang, Hai Phdng va Vinh Cac cong eu nghiPn cuu dude stt dung gdm cd bang hdi, phdng va'n sau va thao luan nhdm TAP CHITAM LV HOC, Sd2 (167), 2-2013 15 Ke't qua nghidn cijru va ban lu$n 3.1 Thuc trang chai game bgo life d thie'u nien - Mdc dp chai cde game bgo luc Ti le choi cac game bao lue thidu nien Viet Nam cho thiy: Ddt kich (65,1%); Dd chd (52,3%); Vo lam truydn ky (40,4%); Kidm thd (34,3%); MU Viet Nam (27%); Biet dpi thSn td'c (24,9%); God of War III (21,2%); Phong than (22,1%); Dac nhiem (20,3%); Game kinh dj (20,1%); Dd chd quat khdi (19,1%); Call of Duty (15,3%); The' gidi hoan my (14,9%); Tinh vo (13,1%); Mortal Kombat (13,0%); Anh httng Online (10,6%); Cupc chidn sinh ttt (10,6%); Grand Theft Auto (10,4%); Thin long huyet kidm (9,9%); Ddc ba giang hd (9,0%); BaUle Star (8,4%); Atlantica online (8,3%); Dead Space (7,7%); Tung hoanh thien (7,1%); MadWorld (6,6%); Granado Espada (6,5%); Postal (6,1%); Splatterhouse (5,0%); Soldier of Fortune (6,2%) va Manhunt (4,9%) Cd the tha'y, cac game bao luc chung tdi neu ra, game ed tl le ngttdi choi dat tren 50% Dd la Dot ki'ch (65,1%) va Dd chd (52,3%) Cae game khac cd li le ngttdi ehoi kha nhieu, dd la Vo Lam Truyen Ky (40,4%) va Kiem thd (34,3%).' Mpt didm dang chu y la, nhuug game dupe nhieu td ehttc xdp hang game danh gia la rai bao luc (Spatterhouse, Manhunt, Soldier of Fortune, Postal, Grand Theft Auto, Dead Space ) lai cd ti le thie'u nien chdi mtte tha'p, dao dpng ttt khoang 5% ddn 8% Didu eho thay nhieu game bao luc ndi tidng tren thd gidi ehua thtte su xam nhap vao thi trudng Viet Nam va ed thd VI nhttng ly van hoa eung nhtt ttt thalm my, nhttng game bao luc eung khong gay dupc sttc hut ldn ddi vdi thie'u nien Viet Nam hipn nay! - Dgc diem bgo liic cdc game md thie'u nien thudng chai Kei qua ttt bang eho tha'y, mPt sd IttOng ldn thie'u nien choi game bao lire va hp nhan thtte dttpc rang game bao lire khong he hay va bd ich Bdng 1: Cde cdnh game md thidu nien thitdng chffi Ddc diem cua game Ti le % Canh dam, chem, da'm, da, danh dSp, dau roi mau chay, cac bo phan ca th^ ngu6i bi huy hoai 54,6 Cac hanh dong huy diet cac vat the lhanh dpng vat hay quai vSt 43,3 Canh rung ron, kinh di qu&n quai, dau ddn cua ngu6i 22,7 Canh thoa man khoai tra ciia ke gay toi ac 21,8 TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd (167), 2-2013 Lien quan tdi dac didm cac game bao Ittc ma thidu nien thudng choi, cd khoang 5,8% tdng sd thieu nien dupc hdi nghien ciiu khdng thtta nhan nhttng hinh anh bao luc cae game bao lue ma chung tdi liet ke, hSu hdt nhihig ngudi choi game bao luc deu nhan thSy tinh chSt bao lire eua trd choi (bang 1) - Thfii gian chai game ngdy PhSn ldn thie'u nien ehoi game nghien cuu choi ttt ddn tieng/ngay (ehie'm 45,2%) Vdi khoang thdi gian choi nhu vay, da sd khach the choi vdi rnuc dieh giai tri Nhttng khach the ehoi ttt de'n tidng/ngay (18,6%) ed thd xdp vao dang bi ap luc bdi game va nhdm choi tren tieng/ngay (ehie'm 12,9%) nhieu kha nSng thupc nhdm nghipn game Diroi tieng r'*^-'~ '.;.0