DIEN&M TAI SAN TRI TUE VA VAN D£ THUC DAY DONG LlTC SANG TAD Nguyen Hufu C^n Vi§n Khoa hoc Scf hCJu tri tu^ Tai s i n tri tue (TSTT) la thanli qua nang liic sang tao cua ngUdi, mpt nliifng yeu to quyet djnh nang lUc npi sinli cua nen kinh te De phat trien TSTT, gop phan phat trien kinh te ben vQng, can phai xay diing va thUc hien hieu q u i ck chinh sach vT mo va vi mo ve thuc day dpng life sang tao (DLST) Dpng lUc chi thUc sU dUdc phat huy neu doanh nghiep no lUc sii dung cong cu quan trj TSTT va cac cd quan xay dUng va thiic thi chinh sach phoi hdp chat che de dUa cac chinh sach vao cupc song mpt each can cd, thiTc thu TSTT - m uong nhuhg ¥eu t6 quyet innh nen kinh te Su eanh tranh thue ehat khong p h i i la canh tranh noi iUte n^n kinh te Co nhieu quan niem khae ve noi life nen kinh t^ nhang deu thdng nh^t mdt diem ehung: noi liic la cd scf eija phat trien kinh te mot each ben viJng Khdng the eo nen kinh te ben vQng ehi chu y^u dUa vao ngudn lUc ben ngoai, phu thuoc vao ben ngoai hoae ehl difa vao ban tai nguyen san ed, ban lao dong gia re ehat IUdng eupe song khong dUde nang cao Thuc tien eho thay rang, lam gia tang ndi liJe la eon dudng d i n tdi phat trien kinh te ben vOng nhat nhieu yeu to eau npi luc: nguon nhan lUe ehat IUdng eao, kha nang sang tao khoa hpe va edng nghe (KH&CN), d i i trQ quoe gia (dac biet la dU trO ngoai hoi), ket cau tang kinh te - xa hpi Trong eac y^u to dd, y^u td ve eon ngudi (trinh dp, kinh nghiem, ky nang), dae biet la kh& nang sang tao, la y^u td quyet dinh Su phat trien cua eae yeu to khac ed ban la phu thuoc vao yeu to nang It/e sang tao cua eon ngudi Trong boi canh canh tranh kinh te dien thUdng xuyen va gay gat tren quy md toan cau, TSTT dupe eoi la mdt yeu to quan trpng quyet dinh idi the canh tranh xet c i tren binh dien doanh nghiep eung nhu ve tai san hOu hinh, tai s i n tai chfnh ma la canh tranh ve TSTT Trong do, TSTT lai chfnh la san pham eua nang luc sang tao NhQng nen kinh te Idn, nam giO dja vj ehi phoi ve ehfnh trj, kinh te, van hda ddi v6i cae quoe gia, khu vue khae thudng la nhQng nen kinh te phat trien ehu yeu dUa vae su manh ve TSTT Vi the, de tao va tri Idi the eanh tranh, de dat den trang thai binh dang hoae Uu thang quan he kinh te quoe te, de phat trien kinh te ben vUng, nhieu qudc gia da lUa trpng danh gia nang luc sang tao va kha nang canh tranh ve kinh te eija mot dat nUdc la sd IUdng ddn dang ky sang ehe cua nUdc Ghi tieu cung phan anh mu'c ehii trpng tdi viee gin gitJ va phat trien gia trj TSTT, dac biet la sang che eOa doanh nghiep Theo sd lieu thong ke eua To chUc Sd hQu trf tue thg gidi (WIPO), nam 2013, % ddn d&ng ky sang che tren the gidi thupc ve eac nude Trung Quoe, Hoa Ky, IMhat Ban, Han Quoe, Lien hiep ehau Au eung dong thdi la eae nude, khu vUe ed toe dp tang trudng kinh te cao va on djnh nhat tren the gidi (bang 1) Bang Top 10 nUdc dan dau ve tong sodOn dSng ky sang che Irong nUdc va quoc te ntJdc ASEAN (nam 2013) so sanh NUdc Trung Quoc HoaKy Nhat Ban Han Qudc DUc Xep hang NUdc Phap Anh Thuy Sy Nga Ha Lan ehgn eon dudng thiie day DLST va phat trien TSTT Moi quan he thuan giOa nang lue s i n g tao, su thue day BLST, so lupng TSTT eua qude gia va tdc tang trUdng kinh te cung nhu nhUng vf du dUdi day phan nao minh chUng cho thUc te dd IVlpt nhUng chi tieu quan Xep hang g 10 NUdc Singapore Malaysia Thai Lan Indonesia Viet Nam Xep hang 28 40 36 50 54 fiflac du sd lupng ddn dang ky sang ehe cua mdt quoe gia cdn phu thupc vao nhieu yeu td khae ngoai nang luc sang tao eua edng dan nUde do, nhu quy md nen kinh te (GDP), trinh dp p h i t trien (dan so, mife dau tu cho nghien cUu va phat trien ), nhung qua sd lieu neu tren So 11 nam 2015 KHOAHOC S O N G NGHE iVietNa DIEN DAN KH&CN thue su ft 01 so vdi thu nh§p, dong thdi eung chidm ty trpng nhd, khdng tUdng xUng so vdi tong dau tU tU ngan saeh nha nude eho nghidn cifu va phat trien, phii ehang ly can ban eua thue trang neu tren la ehung ta ehUa khdi diy va thue day manh me DLST cua ngUdi Vi§t Nam bdi canh canh tranh kinh te cang gay gat, qua trinh hpi nhap kinh te eang sau rpng? Neu thuc su nhu vay, thi ean phai xem xet ky ludng hdn bin ch^t va ed ehd thue day DLST, dac bidt la N§ng lue sang tao edn dUdc phan khudn kho hoat dpng quin trj TSTT anh qua Chi s6 doi mdi sang tao toan d ea tam vT md va vi md, dong thdi edu (Gll)dd WIPOvamotsdtochUe seat them ehfnh sach cija nude ta ve khae danh gia, xgp hang (bang 2) van de thdi gian qua eo the nhan thay rang, nang lUe sang tao cua eae nUdc tren the gidi CO su phan nhom rd ret, dd nhdm dan dau khong chi la nhiJng nen kinh te phat then nhu Hoa Ky, Nhat Bin, DUc, Anh ma eo sU trdi day eua mdt sd nen kinh te chau A, diln hinh la Trung Dude, Han Qude; dd nhdm eae nude dang phat trien khae nhu Malaysia, Thai Lan, Indonesia va Viet Nam eon d khoang eieh kha xa so vdi nhom d^n d^u khoing thdi gian dai, Bing GII cua mot so m/dc NUdc Xep h a n g tren the gidi nam 2014 Ni/dc X€p hang NUdc Xep hang T h u y Sy Dan Mach T r u n g Quoc Anh Luxembourg Malaysia 33 Thuy D i l n Hong Kong ID Thai Lan 48 PhSn Lan Viet Nam 71 H a Lan DUc 13 AnD6 76 HoaKy Han Qu6c 16 Indonesia 87 Singapore Nhat BSn 21 Ket qua xep hang ve nang lUc doi mdi sing tao neu tren eung cho thay nhom eac nude dang phat trien nhU Malaysia, Thai Lan, Indonesia, Viet Nam van eon each xa so vdi nhdm nUde phit trien va cong nghiep mdi Mpt so nude ehau A dUdc coi la tam gUdng no luc ddi mdi sang tao nhu Singapore, Han Qudc, Nhat Ban eung la nhOng nude ed nen kinh te tang trudng 6n djnh dUa chu yeu vao su dong gdp cua TSTT, ehU khdng phai la dUa vao quy mo dan so Van de dupe dat la vi nhUng nUdc dang phat tnen nhu Viet Nam, vdi nguon nhan lUc dUdc danh gia la ed cd cau dan so vang, khdng ehi can eu ma thong minh, sang tao, thdi gian dai van ehua thi bift pha de tr6 mdt nhOng nudc eo nang lue sang tao manh khu vUc? Ngoai nhOng han che eo hOu nhu dau tu cija doanh nghiep nude eho 52 KHOAHOC \ L k »NfiHeilEVlPr 29 DIST TSTT V8 Cd Che thuc div Nhu da neu tren, de eai thien npi lUc nen kinh te thi viee quan trpng la kiem soat va dieu hudng dupe su phat trien eija TSTT, tUc la phai thiet lap dupe he thong quan trj TSTT tren ea binh dien vi md va vT md Trudc het, mae du doi tupng quan tn la TSTT, nhung thue ehat viec quan trj lai la viee dieu ehinh m6i quan he giOa eon ngudi mpt he thong td ehUe nhat dinh, la each thUe tae dpng cua chij the quan trj doi vdi ngudi khae nham dat mue tieu da xac djnh vdi hieu qua eao nhat, dd muc tieu quan trpng thudng la lpi feh kinh te TSTT la ket qua eua mpi hoat dpng sang tao, thudng dUde tao tren nen tang nhOng qua trf tue da CO va bdi nhi^u ngudi Vi vay, muon tao nhieu TSTT, thi hoat dpng sang tao phai dUde day manh So 11 nam 2015 eot loi la thue dly DLST cua eon ngudi Hanh vi cua ngudi dUdc di6u chinh bSi cd che dieu khiln (tae dpng ngoai lai) hoac tU dieu khien (tac ddng npi tai), nhQng tac dpng gay ehuoi \6 tam ly, tao nhu cau hoae sUe ep, lam sinh Udc mu6n (ddng ed thuc day) va ehuyen tr^ng thai thdi thuc (ddng lue) d l hanh dpng Trong trUdng hdp hanh dpng tao ket qua thda man tr^ng thai thdi thue dd thi dpng lUc se giim hoac bj triet tieu, edn neu ket qua khong thda man thi trang thai dd van tiep dien, ddng lUe vSn tiep tuc thuc day ngUdi hanh dpng den nao thda man mdi ddng lai Nhu v^y, DLST la tong hdp eae yeu td tae ddng, true tiep di^u ehinh hanh vi cCia eon ngUdi De vide quan trj TSTT cd hieu lue va hieu qua, ehu the quin trj phai dieu ehinh hanh vi cija ngudi sang tao theo mue tieu da xac dmh bang eac phUdng phap quin trj khac nhau, thUc ch& la nham tao DLST ed tinh hudng dfch Trong quin trj TSTT DLST dUde c^u bdi ba yeu to ed bin: ddng cd, muc tieu va ap luc eua mdi trUdng Moi quan he dpng ed va ddng lUc l i moi quan he thuan, dpng ed cing Idn thi dpng lue eang manh va ngUde lai Do dd, de tang BLST, phai lam tang ddng ed, tCfe la tang nhu cau hoae sUc ep ca nhan bang ed ehe ndi sinh (tU giae) hoac ngoai sinh (bat bude) DLST edn dupe tao bdi mue tiiu va ed mdi quan he chat che, hOu ed, khdng the taeh rdi vdi mue tieu Ddng lue cang Idn mUe dp dung dan ci!ia muc tidu cang Idn va/hoac hy vpng dat mue tidu eang Idn Vide tri mue tieu lam cho ket qua ludn d trang thii khdng thda man eung gdp phan tri BLST Ddng thdi, ap lue moi trudng la yeu td quan trpng, cd the tao nhu eau hoac sUe ep, tU dd hinh ddng cd va ddng luc Su eanh tranh sang tao giUa cac ea nhan, ap luc eua tap the la nhOng yeu td tao nen ddng lue mdt each tu giae ehfnh bin than ngudi sang tao NhOng quy dinh hanh ehfnh, mdnh lenh, hanh vi kilm tra/giam sat eua ehCi thi quin trj, hay nhOng chuan mUc gia tn hanh vi (dao dUc nghe nghiep) la nhOng ydu td tao nen ddng lUe mdt each cudng bUe ddi vdi ngudi sang tao Ve ean ban, DLST chi dUde tri ben vOng phu hpp vdi Idi ich eija ngUdi sang tao de hinh ap lUe mdi trUdng, tao dpng lUe mot each tU giie ho$e bat bude, nang eao hidu lue va hieu qua quin trj Tdm lai, de ed ehfnh sach thue day DLST thieh hdp, can xac djnh ro rang cac yeu td e^u ddng lue, mdi quan he giOa DLST vdi myc tidu quin tn va phUdng phap quan trj TSTT, cung nhu ed ehe hinh va tri DLST nham dat dUdc myc Ddi vdi doanh nghiep, muc tidu tieu vi md va vT md tifng thdi ky quin trj cudi eiJng thudng la gia t^ng nh^tdjnh gia trj TSTT de tdi da hda Idi ich kinh te va d l dat dUdc myc tieu dd can Chinh sach ihiic flay DLST va phat tri^n phii cd DLST; DLST manh lai lam Tsn tang nang d^t mue tieu nhanh Trong thdi gian qua, da ed nhilu ehdng Trong bdi cinh dd, DLST va ehfnh saeh trdn binh didn vT md dUdc muc tieu eOa doanh nghiep la hai yeu ban hanh nham thuc dly DLST va td gan bd ehat ehe vdi nhau, khdng phat triln TSTT Muc tidu quan trj thi tich rdi quan trj, dd TSTT trdn binh dien cd ban la mue tieu cd vai tro dinh hudng ddng gdp phin tang trudng kinh te D l dat luc Mat khae, DLST va mue tidu cd dUde myc tieu dd, DLST TSTT dUde ning ehuyin hda eho vi thue day b^ng nhieu phUdng phap va trung tam eua quin trj la ngudi, CO ehe khae nhau, dd dac bidt ma ngudi lai vUa la muc tieu, eoi trpng phUdng phap kinh te va tinh vUa la ddng lUc eua qui trinh quin than, dUdc the che hda dudi nhieu trj Qua trinh chuyin hda ehi didn hinh thife phap ly da dang Mdt vdi dieu kien mue tieu dat la ddng nhQng djnh hudng Idn ve phat tnen dan, dd he thdng quan trj ehij kinh te cua Bang la bio dam quyen yeu van hanh theo eo che tu giae, tU tu sang tao cua edng dan; eoi quin, giim bdt ehi phi d l thue hien ngudi la dpng luc manh me phat huy muc tieu, tang nang dat muc tidu mpi nang lUc sang tao cua nhan dan; cija to ehife va tang hidu qui quan ehu trpng dao tao, bdi dudng, phat trj Nguyen tac ehuyen hda nhU trdn huy mpi tiem nang va sifc sing tao cung hoan toan phti hdp vdi viee eua dpi ngtj tri thUe; hinh ddng quin ly TSTT trdn binh didn vT md bd ed che, chfnh saeh khuyen khieh sang tao, trpng dung nhan tai Quan DLST la yeu td quylt djnh dilm phit trien kinh te cua Ding phUdng phap quin tn, suy eho cung eijng khang dinh vide nang cao nang la quyet dmh viee lUa chpn, sCf dung lue va tao cd ehe de phat huy manh each thUe tae ddng ei^a ehu the quin me mpi kha nang sang tao; eoi trj d l dieu ehinh hanh vi eda ngUdi giao due nang lUe sang tao; gan ket sang tae nham bio dim su dieu phdi ehat ehe phat triln ngudn nhan lue hoat ddng td chUc dat muc tieu vdi phat then va Qng dyng KH&CN; da xic dinh vdi hidu qua cao nh& phat triln nhanh thi trudng KH&CN; Mat khae, phUdng phap quin tn khuyen khich cac hoat ddng KH&CN TSTT l?i la edng eu de tao DLST theo cd che thj trUdng; thUe hanh Moi phUdng phap quin trj tde ddng ddn chil, tdn trpng va phat huy tu v^o nhUng loai nhu edu cy thi cua tu tudng hoat dpng nghien ngUdi sang tao, dd thudng dUdc cUu, sang tao cua tri thUe; tap trung lua ehpn, sD dung ket hop vdi phat triln va khai thac TSTT Mdt nhQng mye tieu eu thi quan dilm phat tnen KH&CN cua Dang den nam 2020 la tang nhanh sd IUdng cac cdng trinh dUde cdng bd qude te va sd IUdng cac sang ehe dUde bid hp nude va nude ngoai; mdt nhQng nhipm vy va giii phap dUde dat la ngoai vide thue hidn ehfnh saeh trpng dyng, dai ngd, tdn vinh dpi ngu can bd KH&CN cdn phai tao mdi trUdng thuan Idi, dieu kien vat chat de dpi ngij dd phat triln bang tai nang va dupe hudng Idi ich xUng dang vdi gia trj lao ddng sang tao eda minh Nha nUde ehij trUdng dly manh edng tac nghien eQu khoa hpc va chuyen giao edng nghe, ddi mdi cd che, chinh saeh sif dyng va trpng dung can bd KH&CN theo hudng tao ddng life va Idi feh thiet thuc de giii phdng va phat huy sUc sang tao cija can bd khoa hoc, bao dam Idi ich chinh dang eda eae tic gia sang chd Hang loat ehfnh saeh khic cua Nha nude eu the hda dudng Idi, chd trUdng neu tren eung da dUdc ban hanh, nhu ehfnh saeh dai ngd, khen thudng ddi vdi tie gia cac cdng trinh dUdc cdng bd qudc te, cac sang che dUdc bio hd va ngoai nude; bio dim cac quyen eua ea nhan hoat ddng KH&CN, uu dai va thu hut viec sd dung nhan lue va nhan tai KHSCN, eac bidn phap thuc day hoat dpng sing kiln, khuyen khfch phong trao thi dua lao ddng sang tao Qua nhQng chfnh saeh da de cdp ve van de thuc day DLST tU dd phit triln TSTT cija dat nude, cd the nhan xet rang ve ly thuylt ehung ta da ed diJ edng eu vT md cin thiet d l tao va tri DLST, tU vide dat mye tieu quin trj, ap lue mdi trudng (tao dung truyin thdng, gia trj va van hda kinh doanh, mdi trudng canh tranh, k l ea eanh tranh dang ky bao hd sang che va canh tranh gianh Idi the kinh doanh) den vide sir dung cae phUdng phip kinh te va tinh than dudi nhieu hinh IhQc khae (khuyen khich dau tU, Uu dai thue va 53 so 11 nam 2015 l!!2S|lGHiViet NBI DIEN DAN tin dyng, dai ngd va khen thudng, trpngdungvatdn vinh ) Tuy nhidn, thuc te eho thay de dat mot nhQng muc tidu vd phat triln kinh te den 2020 eua nude ta la gia tri san pham edng nghd cao va san pham Ung dung edng nghe cao dat khoing 45% GDP, tdc dp ddi mdi edng nghe tren 20%/nam, sd IUdng sang chi dang ky bao hd tang lan so vdi giai doan 2011-2015 (tUc la tang it nhat khoing 22%), thi dudng nhu nhQng chinh sach neu tren van chua du de tao don bay thuc sU ddi vdi DLST va phat then TSTT cua moi ea nhan, the hien chinh saeh vi md ve quan trj TSTT cua doanh nghiep Tinh trang chung cua hau het eae doanh nghiep Viet Nam den la ehua ehu y dung mQc den viee tao dung, khai thac va phit then TSTT; ed rat it doanh nghiep xay dung va thuc hipn ehien lUde quan tn TSTT eua minh, tham chf ehien lUde khdng hien dien npi dung chien lUde kinh doanh Dieu dd dUdc coi la mdt nhQng nguyen nhan quan khien eho kha nang canh tranh va phat trien cua ddanh nghiep Viet Nam bj han che, DLST ciia ngudi lao ddng khdng dUdc khdi gpi va phat huy dung mUe Tuy nhien, nhu eau va vai trd eua quin trj TSTT ehi hien hQu doanh nghiep thuc sU cd ngudn lue TSTT, neu khdng ed hoac cd ft thi vide quin trj khdng ed nhieu tac dung Muon doanh nghiep tao nhieu TSTT, no lue hdn nQa ddi mdi sang tao, thi nhOng chinh saeh vT md neu tren phai dUde then khai thUc thu eude sdng, ma trudc het pliai giai quylt eho dupc mdi quan he giQa vide sang tao TSTT va Idi feh true tiep tUviee sang tao, quan trpng la Idi feh kinh te ChQng nao viee tao TSTT edn cd gia tri thUdng mai, ed nang khai thac hoae thUdng mai hda vi duoc thi trudng chap nhan, tU dd cdn tao Idi ich kinh te true tiep cho ngudi sang tao d l tai dau tu trf tue, ehUng dd ddng ed va DLST cdn 54 Ku*u