Thái độ kỳ thị của phụ nữ bị bạo lực gia đình đối với vấn đề sức khỏe tinh thần

THAI D O KY THj CUA PHU N Q B! BAO LUC GIA DINH DOI V6l VAN DE SQC KHOE TINH THAN Bai Viet suf dung sd liSu khao sat cCia dS tai: Thai cua phu nCt bi bao li/c gia dinh doi vdi sure khoe tinh than: Nghien ciru tnrdng hgp d cac tinh mien nui phia Bac Vi6n Tam ly hpc chii tri, PGS.TS Do Ngoc Khanh lam chO nhidm PGS.TS Do Ngoc Khanh Trudng phdng Phong Tdm ly hgc ldm sdng, Vien Tdm ly hgc • TOM TAT Nghien cmt lim bieu thuc irang thai dp ky thi ciia 496 phu nu bi bgo luc gia dinh a Lao Cai Qudng Ninh va Hd Giang doi voi vdn de sue khoe tmh thdn Kel qud nghien ciru cho thdy, phu nir bi bao luc gia dinh co thai dp ky ihi doi vai vdn de sire khoe linh than a cd ba to" nhdn thuc cdm xiic vd hdnh vi Ty le phu nir bi bao luc gia dinh co thdi ky thi doi v&i vdn de sue khoe linh thdn la khd cao, han 50% so nguai cho rdng ngirdi co vdn de ve sire khoe tinh thdn la ngudi nguy hiem yeu duoi, khong lu kiem sodt dupe bdn thdn, cdn phdi Iranh ho, lir phu nu co cdm gidc tieu cue nhu lo ldng, sa hdi cdm thdy co dan Kel qud Id hp co hdnh vi ne tranh, khong muon lam ban lam ciing khong muon nhan ngudi co vein de ve sice khoe linh Ihdn vdo ldm cho ho Til' khoa: Thdi dp Thdi dp ky Ihi doi vdi sire khoe tinh than Sire khoe tinh thdn Ngdynhdnbdi n/ii/2Q\6; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi 25/2/2017 ABSTRACT This study investigates stigmatizing altitudes of 496 women victims of domestic violence in Lao Cai, Quang Ninh and Ha Giang toward menial health problems Results indicated that women victims of domestic violence have stigmatizing attitudes towards mental health problems in all three components, cognitive, emotional and behavioral The rale of women victims of domestic violence having stigmatizing altitudes toM'ards menial health issues is quite high, over 50% of respondents hold that people with menial health problems are dangerous, mentally weak unable lo control themselves, and they should be avoided People have negative feelings such as anxiety, fear, loneliness if they have problems wilh menial health Consequently, respondents lend lo keep distance from people with menial health illness, they ovoid befriending, co-working wilh and employing them Keywords: Atliludes Stigmalizing aUitudes towards mental health Mental health TAPCHiTAMLVHOC, S o ( l ) , 3-2017 Mddau Mirc dp bi bao luc cua ngudi phu nO anh hudng ddn sii'c khde tinh thSn eiia hp va mdt cae ydu to tac dpng den mdi tucmg quan chinh la thai dp cua ngudi phu ntt vd vSn dd bao lire va sire khde tinh than Da cd rat nhieu nghien cuu d ca va ngoai nude vd thai dp ndi ehung va thai dp ddi vdi nhiing ngudi ed vin di vi sue khde tinh than ndi rieng (Do K.N et.al., 2014) Nhidu nghien cira eho tbSy, khdng chi d Viet Nam, ma khjp nai tren the gidi, ngudi dan cdng ddng va tham ehi ca nhirng chuyen gia da dupe dao tao bai ban d nhung co sd sure khde tinh thSn ddu cd thai dp tieu cue ddi vdi nhtmg nguiri gap cac vSn dd vd sue khde tinh tbSn (Crowe A., 2015; Weissman, 2001; Brinn, 2000; Markowitz, 1998) Nhihig ngudi ed khd khan vd sue khde tinh than thudng dupe nhin nhan la nguy hiem va khdng the doan trude duac (Riskind va Wahl, 1992), rfa nhidu ngudi thip gia tri va ky thi nhirng ngudi bi benh tinh than (Freidl, Lang, Scherer, 2003; Wahl, 1999) Thai dp xa hdi tieu cue ddi vdi nhirng ngudi bi rdi loan tinh than xual phat tir sir nhan thire sai lech ve van de sue khde tinh than (Corrigan va Penn, 1999) Nghien cuu cua Gold (1992) ve thai dp eiia ngudi Vict Nam ddi vdi benh tinh thiin dii phat hien rang '^Ngirdi Viet khd ky thi ddi vdi benh tinh thdn vd su ky thi ndy ldm hgn che hdnh vi tim kiem su tra giiip vd dich vu chua tri, tic ddn den viec hgn che dich vu sue khde tinh thdn'^ Cac nghien euu cho thay, thai dp lieu cue ciia nhirng ngudi xung quanh hay ngudi than ddi vdi nhifng ngudi gap van de sire khde tinh thin cd anh hudng xiiu den ngudi benh Ky thi la rao can ddi vdi nhung ngudi can tri lieu benh tinh than, dae bict la nhung ngudi di bi tdn thuang nhu phu nir bi bao hanh (Ojeda va McGuire 2006: Gary, 2005) Nd cd thd lam cho ngudi benh bi xa hdi xa lanh, giam CO hdi viec lam ca hdi tim kidm su cham sdc y Id (Smith, 2002: Link va Phelan, 2001 2006; Stuart 2006; Paris, 1996; Corrigan va Penn, 1999; Klin va Lcmish, 2008, din theo Courtney McQuoid, 2010), ddng thdi trai nghiem su xa lanh xa hpi ciia ban be, gia dinh va ngudi quen (Wahl, 1999) Su ky thi cung cd Ihc lam cho nhirng trieu chung benh tdi te di lam lang nguy co xuat hien cac benh thuc Ihe (Chapman et.al 2005)_hay gay cac trieu chirng khae lien quan den cac benh tinh than nhu lo au va Irjm cam (Link et.al 1989) Sir k> Ihi ciia cdng ddng ddi vdi benh tinh thiin lam ban chd hidu bidt ciia cac vien cdng ddng vd benh linh ihSn Su ky thi cua eae nha chuyen mdn khdng chi anb hudng den ngudi cd vim dd vd sue khdc tinh thiin, nd cdn anh hudng den thai dp cua cac chuyen gia Irong ITnh vuc T'hai dp lieu cue \di benh tinh ihan cua cac nha chuyen mdn cd thd lam sinh cam giac tuyet 22 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, S6 (216), 3-2017 vong va cam thSy tri lieu khong co k6t qua (Cohen, 1990); cam thay khong muon cung cSp dich vu cho ngucri benh (Cohen, 1990; Minkoff, 1987) Tuy nhien, su ky thi d6i voi benh tinh ihhn khong phdi luon din 6%n hau qua tieu cue Doi vi sir k^' thi ma nguai benh cung c6 th€ tra nen manh me hon Thanh vien co quan luat phap CO dinh kiSn vai ngucri co benh tinh than, co the ngan chan tien trg cap cho dich vu sue khoe tinh than, song dieu lai giiip lam tang kha nang song dpc lap va miic tieu khoi benh cua benh nhan (Skitka va Teflock, 1992, 1993) Nghien ciiu thai ciia phu nO bi bao luc gia dinh (nhom phu nu co nguy CO cao ve van dh sue khoe tinh than) d6i voi v^n de sue khoe tinh thiin nham tim nhiJng bien phap thay doi thai cua phu nft, thiic day ho tim kiem su h6 trg co nhu cau de giam thieu vkn dh thuang tat Trong nghien cuu nay, chiing toi thdng nhat each hieu mot s6 khai niem cu the nhu sau: Siic khoe tinh thdn To chuc Y te The gioi (WHO) mo ta sue khoe nhu "mgt trang thai hanh phuc hoan toan ve mat the chat, tinh than va xa hgi va khong chi don thuan la su vang mat ciia benh tat hay yeu duoi" va them rang tinh trang hanh phiic cua mgt ca nhan la kha nang doi voi cac cang thang binh thuang cugc song, lam viec va dong gop cho egng dong hieu qua Mgt thuat ngG lien quan thuong dugc sir dung la vdn de sire khoe tinh than hay benh tinh thdn Thuat ngu dugc dimg de chi chung cho tat ca cac roi loan tinh than, la nhiing dieu kien siic khoe dac trung bai su thay doi suy nghT tam trang hoac hanh vi (hoac mgt so dieu kien ciia chiing) ket hgp voi su dau kho vc tinh than hoac the chat va/hoac chuc nang bj suy giam Co cac dang van de sue khoe tinh than khac bien nhat la tram cam va roi loan lo au, mpt so it bien han la tam than phan liet va roi loan luong cue (Kitchener va cpng sir 2002) Thdi dp vd thdi dp doi vdi sdc khde tinh than Co nhieu dinh nghia khac ve thai dp Thai dp ciia mpt ca nhan ddi vdi mpt khach the nao la: "T hien hudng hanh dgng nhan thuc lu duy, la cam nhan ciia ngudi dd vdi khach the lien quan f)d la su sin sang phan ung" (Newcomb T.M 1958); '"La mat bieu hien ba ngoai cua y nghTa tinh cam ddi vdi hay vice gi thdng qua net mat cii chi hanh dpng" (Nguyen Kh5c Vicn 1995); "La su tich luy ihdng tin vd mdt ddi tugng, ea nhan, tinh hudng hoac TAP CHI TAM L ? HOC, Sd (216), - trai nghiem dd tir bdc Id khuynh hudng hanh ddng theo each tich cue hoac tieu cue ddi vai mpt sd ddi tuang" (Eagly A.H va Chaiken S., 2007) Didm Chung eua eac tac gia la xem thai dp nhu thien hudng hanh ddng dua vao su tich luy thdng tin vd ddi tupng qua nh?n thire, tu va tinh cam Vi vay, nghien ciru nay, chung tdi thdng nhat rang, thai dp la phan ung tich cue hay tieu cue eua mdt ngudi hay nhieu ngudi ddi vdi mdt ddi tupng nao dd, thi hien qua suy nghT, cam xiic hay hanh vi cua ngudi hay nhdm ngudi Thai dp ddi vdi vAn dd sire khde tinh than la phan irng cd the la tich cue hay tieu cue (ky thi) dupe thd hien qua suy nghi, cam xuc hay hanh vi cua ca nhan hay mdt nhdm ngudi ddi vdi nhiing cd vin de ve sue khde tinh than hay thuat ngir nhirng vSn dd vd sire khde tinh than ndi chung Phu-ffng phap va khach the nghien cuu Khdch thi Khaeh thd tham gia nghien cdu gdm 496 phu nii bj bao lire gia dinh dupe sang Ipc tir 622 phu nir da kdt hdn, tudi trung binh la 40,75 (thap nhat la 18 va cao nhat la 75) d cac huyen midn nui cua Quang Ninh (Hoanh Bd Van Ddn), Lao Cai (Cam Dudng, Lao Chai) va Ha Giang (Hoang Su Phi) Lien quan ddn trinh dp hpc vin, cd 7,3% sd khach thd cd trinh dp trung cap trd len, 39,1% sd phu nir cd trinh dp trung hpc phii thdng, 37% sd ngudi eo Irinh dp trung hpc ca sd, 10.7% sd phu nil chi hpe hdt tidu hpe va 5,8% sd khach the khdng bict chu Trong mSu ehpn ed 12.2% sd phu nir d nha lam ndi trp 7,6% sd phu nir da v6 huu 12.2% sd phu nir budn ban tu do, 28.3% sd phu nu lam edng an luang cdn lai 39.6% sd phu nir lam nghe ndng Thang Trong nghien ciru thang Y kien ve benh tinh than (Opinion about Mental Illness (OMl) scale) Cohen va Stuening (1962) phat trien, sau dd Taylor (1981) sira ddi dii dupe sir dung de khao sal thuc lien T^bang md la mpl trucmg hap phu nir tiin Lan 30 tudi vdi eae bieu hien tram cam T~hang cd lat ca 39 menh dc dd mpl sd menh de the hien y kien hoac dimg hoac sai lien quan tdi nguyen nhan Irieu chii'ng tram cam ciia nhan vai mpl sd menh dc md ta hiinh \ i gia dinh mang linh tich cue hoac lieu cue cua khach the nghit;n ciru ddi vdi nhim vai va cam xiic ciia ngudi Ira Idi niiu bp d vao hoan canh ciia nhan vat T'hai dp ciia ngudi tra idi dupe danh gia Iheo thang likert tir dii:in den 24 TAPCHITAMLVHOC, Sd3 (216), -2017 didm (1 - hoan toan khdng ddng y, - hoan toan ddng y) vdi cac y kien dupe neu (Antonak va Livneh, 1988) Thang dupe phan tieu thang Tieu thang thai dp bieu hien qua nhan thirc dupe dat ten la "dieu tieng xdu cd nhdn" ed he sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh la 0,70 Tieu thang thai dp bieu hien qua hanh vi dupe gpi la "hdnh vixa Idnh xa hgi' cd he sd Alpha cua Cronbaeh la 0,78 Tidu thang thai dp bieu hien qua cam xuc dupe gpi la "mirc cdm xiic" cd he sd Alpha eiia Cronbaeh la 0,75 Dua vao diem trung binh eua eae tieu thang do, thai dp d tirng khia canh bieu hien dupe chia muc dp: Muc dp thap img vdi cac trudng hpp cd diem trung binh tir den 2, mire dp trung binh vdi diem trung binh tir 2,01 den va mirc dp cao la nhung trudng hpp cd diem trung binh tren 3 Ket qua nghien cu'u thu'c tien Thai dp ky thi cua phu nil bi bao lire gia dinh ddi vdi eac van dc sire khde tinh than dupe the hien qua eac chieu canh khac nhau, bao gdm nhan thire tieu cue ve ngudi benh, cam xiie tieu cue neu d vao dia vi ngudi benh va hanh vi xa lanh ngudi benh Phan dudi day trinh bay ket qua eu the 3.1 Thdi ky thi eda phu nd- bi bgo Itic gia dinh ddi vdi sii-c khde tinh thdn the hien a thdnh Id nhan thirc Ket qua nghien ciru eho thay, ed han mpt nua sd khach the ed thai dp ky thi thdng qua each nhin nhan tieu eye ve nhung ngudi cd van dii sue khde linh than Nguiri cd van dc vc su'c khdc linh than (cu the la ngudi bj tram cam) dupe nhin nhan la yeu dudi (50,4% sd phu nir) hp cd the thoat khdi van de dd neu hp mudn (neu hp van bi tram cam cd nghia la hp da khdng mudn cd gang vupt qua (64.5% sd phu nu') va hp yeu dudi den muc khdng tu kidm soat dupe cam xuc cua minh (64,6% sd ngudi tra Idi)) Kct qua phii hpp vdi kdt qua nghien cuu tren the gidi rang, ngudi cd van de vc siic khde tinh than dupe coi la kem chuc nang yeu dudi (Fife va Wright 2000) Khdng chi nhin nhan nhung ngudi cd van dc' sire khde linh than la ca nhan yeu dudi nhirng ngudi Iham gia nghien cuu cdn cho rang hp la ngudi nguy hidm (52.0%) la nhirng ngudi thudng khdng doan trude dupe (52,1%) va cjn phai tranh hp (33,5%) Day la nhung nhan djnh sai lech va lieu cue vd nhirng ngudi cd vin dd sire khdc linh than Thuc chat, nhirng ngudi bi tram cam khdng hd nguy hidm vii khd doan hp can cd dd gan giii va giup hp KSl qua cung hoan loan phii hpp viVi cac nghien ciru di trude cho rang, thai dp ky thj ddi vdi nhirng neuiri cd van dd vd sire khdc tinh than la niem tin rang, ngudi benh ed hanh vi bao luc, lii TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (216), - 2017 25 ngudi nguy hidm (Cogiran et.al., 2001; Crisp, 2000) Cd le nhieu phu nil bj bao luc gia dinh nhan thdc sai lech ve benh tinh thin hp khdng hidu ro nguyen nhan gay benh, hp xem benh la dj thudng Vi vay, hp dd cd thai dp sp hai nhiing ngudi co vin de ve sire khde tinh than Bdng I: Thdi dg cita phu nic bi bgg luc gig dinh doi vai sire khde tinh thdn thi hien a khia canh nhdn thicc Mii'c danh xia(%) Nhirng ngu-oi co van dc sijc khoe tinh than Hoan toan khong diing Khong dung Bling Hoan toan diing DTB Co [lie thoat khoi neu ho muon 20,3 15,2 37,6 26,9 2,71 La bieu hien ciia ca nhan yeu duoi 23,3 26,3 35,S 14,6 2,42 Bi 6m ve thirc the* 24,2 22,6 41,1 12,1 2,41 La ngirai nguy hiem 23,8 24,2 36,5 15,5 2,44 Nen tranh 35,0 32J 20,1 12,8 2,11 Thuang khong doan truo'c duo'c 27,2 22.0 33,3 17,5 2,44 Se chang noi vai 38,0 36,2 15,2 10,6 1,98 Khong kiem soat diroc cam xuc ciia minh 16,1 19,3 50,1 14,5 2,63 Toan thang DTB 0' muc thap chicm 25,7%; Muc trung binh: 64,5%; Miic cao: 9,8% 2,39 Ghi chir Cdc menh de en dau * duoc imh diem ngicoc Mpl sd nghien cii'u ciia tac gia nude ngoai vd Viet Nam cQng ung hd kdt qua nghien cuu vira trinh bay RuUedge cho ring, thai dp ky thi cua ngudi Viet Nam ddi vdi ngudi cd van dc sire khde tinh thin dupe thd hien qua vide dan nhan cho ngudi benh Ngudi Vict Nam thucmg gpi ngudi cd vin dd vd sire khdc tinh than (ke ea nhung ngudi chi cd vin dd rdi loan lo au hoac trim cam, ma khdng phai bj tam than phan licl) hoac ngudi cd hanh vi ky la (banh vi khdng bidn) la "dien" Hp cho rang, nhirng ca nhan khdng dupe phep sdng cdng dong ma phai bi nhdt Irong nha thuang dien Chinh vi nhirng nhan thuc sai lech ve benh tinh than nen ngudi Viet Nam chip nhan trim cam cd dan sp hai nhung lai khdng chap nhan "cd vin dd ve sire khde tinh thin" (!) Viet Nam "trim cam va 26 TAP CHiTAM LV HOC, Sd3 (216), - 2017 sde khde tinh thfin khdng ddng nghia" (Rutledge, 1992, tt 103) Nghidn ciiu cua Lin va Masude ciing cho thiy, ngudi Vidt Nam cd kien ve bdnh tinh thaii nen hp ed xu hudng bao cao cac than phien vd co the, the chat ban la cae van de vd tinh thin Nhidu nguoi khdng phan biet dupe su khac biet giila eac mdi quan tam ve tam ly va thd chat (Lin va Masuda, 1983) Cac nghien cuu da ehi rang, ban than thuat ngii "benh tinh than" c6 tae dpng tieu cue mpt each tu dpng den niem tin va thai dp ddi vdi cac ca nhan cd benh tinh than Chinh ban than thuat ngii da lam cho ngudi bj bdnh dupe coi la nguy hiem ddi vdi ban than hp va ddi vdi nhiing ngudi khae (Corrigan Warpinski va Gracia, 2004; Price, 2005) Thai dp tieu cue nhu vay ed mpt tac dpng dang ke den eac khuyet tat lien quan den benh tinh than Dd so sanh vdi kct qua nghien euu mirc dp ky thi ddi vdi van de sire khdc tinh than d eae nude khac tren the gidi diing ciing thang do, chiing tdi nhan thay, phu nir bi bao hanh d mpl sd vimg mien niii phia Bae nude ta cd mire dp ky thi cao ban rat nhicu so vdi khaeh the d mdt sd nude Theo kct qua nghien ciru ciia Livington va cdng su (2013) ty le nhirng ngudi danh gia nhirng ngudi ed van de sue khde tinh than mang dieu lidng xau d muc dp thap la 65,r/o, danh gia muc trung binh la 31,9% va danh gia mirc dp cao la 3,0%> Trong kel qua nghien ciru cua chiing tdi cho thay, chi cd 25,7%) sd phu nil bi bao lire danh gia nhirng ngudi cd van de sire khde tinh than mang dieu tieng xau d mue dp thap, 64,5%) sd phu nii danh gia d mire dp trung binh va 9.8% so phu nir danh gia d mirc dp cao T'dm lai, d khia canh nhan thirc, thai dp ky thi cua phu nir bj bao luc gia dinh ddi vdi van dc sue khde tinh than nghien ciru d mire dp Irung binh, luy nhien cao ban so vdi mau nghien ciru d nude khiic, 3.2 Thai bieu hien d' thdnh td cdm xuc Kel qua nghien ciru cho thay, thai dp ky Ihj cua ngudi phu nil bj bao lire gia dinh d cac vimg mien nui phia Bac ddi vdi van dc sire khdc tinh thin cdn the bien rat ro d Ihanh td cam xiic Cam giac budn vii cd don chicm ty le cao nhat Kct qua phan anh gian tiep thai dp ky ihj cua nhirng nguiri xung quanh qua hanh vi xa lanh him cho nan nhan cam thay don ddc Tuy nhien kel qua cung cho chung la Ibiy rang, ngudi phu nil bj bao lire da thi; hien sir ihiu cam vdi nhirng ngudi gap cac van dc vc sue khdc linh than, hp hidu d hoan canh dd se ciim thay nhu the niio TAPCHITAM LVHOC, Sd3 (216), - 27 Bdng 2: Thdi ciia phu nu hi bgo luc ddi v&i sice khde tinh thdn bleu hien a khia cgnh cdm xuc Neu CO van dc sire khoe tinh than MiJc dong V (%) Hoan toan Khong Dung khong dung dijnf^ Hoan toan dung DTB 2,10 Toi cam thay xau ho 29,8 41,0 18,2 11,0 Toi se thay tire gian 32,4 36,9 16,3 13,4 2,10 Toi cam thay buon va co doc 18,6 25,9 35,4 20,1 2,57 Toi se cam thay tuyet vpng 29,9 29,5 25,2 15,4 2,26 Tram cam va lo au la ciiti benh dang xau ho va bi beu xau Toan thang DTB ff miJc thap chicm 48,7%; Mirc trung binh: 40,7%; Mirc cao: 10,6% 41.5 46.6 6.7 5,2 1,76 2,15 Cam giac tuyet vpng cung dupe ghi nhan d hon mdt nua sd phu nir dupe khao sat Tren thue te nhiing ngudi cd van dc ve sue khde tinh thin d Viet Nam bi mang dieu tieng xau dich vu cham sdc sire khde tinh thin khdng dupe phd bien chi tap tmng d mpt sd benh vicn Idn vii hau bet chi dupe dimg thudc dich vu chain sdc lam ly thieu hul Vi vay, d cac linh midn mil, ngu'di dan khdng tidp can dupe thdng tin va djch vu cham sdc, dan den cam giac tuyet vpng ed benh Cam giiic uic gian vii xau hd hinh dung minh cd vin dd vd sire khde linh than cimg dupe lim thay nhdm khach the Cd 29.7% sd phu nir Ciim thay liic gian va 29.2% sd phu nir cam thay xau hd ndu hp hoac ngudi nha hp cd van de vc sire khde linh thin Tham chi cd ban l/IO sd phu nil coi trim cam v,i lo au la can benh dang xau hd va bi beu xiu Kdt qua cung khdng khac vdi phai hien lir nghien ciru cua Gold nam 1992 vd thai dp lieu cue ddi vdi benh linh than cua nguiri Viel Nam Gold cho ring "vin dd linh thin bj ngudi Vicl Nam coi la mdt vet nha Idn - dd khd cd thd thao luan nhirng vin dc^nay miikhdng danh Ihirc cam giac xiu hd" He qua la nan nhan khdng tim kiem su hd trp Nghien ciru cimg chi ring, ngudi Viet Nam it tim kidm su giiip Irong cac ca sd lam siing ban ciic nirdc khac (Gold 1992) 3.3 Thdi ky thi Ihi hien d to hdnh vi (khoang cdch xu hdi) Kel qua nghien cuu cho ihiy cd han 1/3 sd phu nu' bi bao lire gia dinh cd hiinh li xa lanh ddi vdi nhirng ngudi cd van di vi sue khdc linh thin Cu 2X TAP CHl TAM lyHOC, Sd (216), - 2017 thd, 35,7% sd ngudi duac hdi khdng muon nhan ngudi ed van de siic khde tinh thin vao lam vide eho minh 28,9%) sd ngudi dupe hdi khdng mudn ket ban va 29,3% sd ngudi dupe hdi khdng mudn lam eiing vdi nhiing ngudi cd van de ve sire khde tinh thin Bdng 3: Ty le phu nic bi bgo hdnh cd hdnh vi xa Idnh doi vai nhimg ngudi cd vdn de ve sice khde tinh thdn Neu co van dc sire khoe tinh than, toi sc Mire dong v (%) DTB Hoan toan khong dung Khong dung Dung Hoan toan diing Khong nhan vao lam 29,9 34,4 20,0 15,7 Khong muon lam cimg 33,0 37,7 15,3 14,0 2,10 Khong mu6n kct ban Toan thang DTB 6- mirc thap: 60,6%; Mire trung binh: 27,2%; Mii-e eao: 12,2%) 30,1 41,0 14,8 14,1 2,13 2,21 2,14 Tra Icri phong van sau mpt phu nii chia se: "Lam ma nhdn nhimg nguai CO vdn de ve sue khoe tinh thdn vao lam viec dirac, hp khdng ldm duac ddu, hpyeu dudi vd bdt ihudng ldm'' hoac chia se ciia nguai khac: "Khong muon lam cung vdi ngudi cd vdn de ve sire khoe linh ihdn ddu hp nguy hiem ldm " Nhu vay, thai ky thi cua nguai dan ve van dc sue khoe tinh than da lam han che ca hoi lam viec ciia nguai benh, tham chi lam cho hp hi co lap vc xahpi Kct luan Thai dp ky thi ciia phu nu bj bao luc gia dinh doi vol nguai co vin db sue khoe tinh Ihiin duac the hien ca mat nhan thuc, cam xuc va hanh vi Phu nu bi bao luc a cae vung mien nui phia Bac cho riing nhijng nguai co vhn de vc sue khoe tinh than la nguai yeu duoi khong the ty can bkng cam xiic ciia minh, hp la nhung nguoi nguy hiem kho doan truac c^n phai each ly khoi xa hoi Ty le phu nu- bao cao rang, hp co cam xiic tieu cue ndu gap vSn dc vi3 sue khoe tinh than cung kha cao Ban than hp sc khong nhan nhung nguoi co van de vc sue khoe tinh than vao lam vice, hp cung khong mu6n lam viec ciing hav ket ban vai nhung nguoi nhu vay Cac kel qua gpi y rSng can phai lam vii TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So (216), - 29 nhiSu dd CO thi giam thai dp thiiu than thien va mang tinh phan biet d6i xii doi vcfi ngirdi co v i n de vh siic khoe tinh than Tai lieu tham khao Alvidrez J., Ethnic variations in Mental health attitude and service use among lowimcome African American, Latina and European American youth woman Community Mental Health Joumal, Vol 35, No 6, December 1999 Antonak and Livneh, The measurement of attitudes toward people with disabilities: Methods, psychometrics and scales Spring-field, IL: Thomas, 1988 Atkinson D.R & Gim R H., Asian - American cultural identity and attitudes toward mental health services, Joumal of Counseling Psychology, 36, pp 209 - 212, 1989 Cohen, Stigma is in the eye of the beholder: A hospital outreach program for treating homeless mentally ill people Bulletin of the menniger clinic, 54, pp 255 - 258, 1990 Courtney McQuoid, Young Women's Perceptions of and Attitudes towards Mental Health and Mental Illness: A Qualitative Interview Study, Luan an tien sT, 2010 Corrigan P.W., Markowitz F.E., Watson A.C., Structural levels of menial illness stigma and discrimination, Schizophr Bull 30 (3), pp 481 - 491, 2004 Corrigan P.W & Penn D.L., Lessons from social psychology ondi.scr editing stigma, American Psychologists 54 (9) pp 726 - 776, 1999 Crisp A.H., Gelder M.G., Rix S., Melzer H.I., Rowlands O.J., Stigmatization people wilh mental illness The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, pp - , 2000 of Crowe A., Allilude of Mental health professionals toward mental illness: A deeper understanding Journal of'Mental Health Courselling, 37, 1, Jan 2015 10 De Mcndonca Lima C.A., Levav 1., Jacobsson L & Rutz W., Stigma and discrimination against older people with mental disorders in Europe, International Joumal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18, pp 679 - 682, 2003 11 Do K.N, Bahr Weiss, Amie Pollack, Cultural Beliefs, Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health Functioning Among Vietnamese Women, In International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, Vol 2, No 3, pp 149 -163, 2013 12 Eagly A.H & Chaiken S , The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude Social Cognition, Vol 25, No 5, pp 582 - 602, 2007 13 Gary F.A Stigma Barrier to mental health care among elhnicminorities Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 26 (10), pp 979 - 999, 2005 14 Gold S,J., Cross-cultural medicine a decade later Mental health and illness in Vietnamese refugees, The Western Journal of Medicine, 157, pp 290 - 294, 1992 30 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, 86 3(216), - 15 Jones E.E., Farina A., Hastorf A.H., Markus H., Miller D.T & Scott R.A., The dimensions of stigma: Vie psychology of marked relationships New York: W.H Freeman Company, 1984 16 Freidl M., Lang T & Scherer M., How psychiatric patients perceive the public's stereotype of mental illness Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, pp 269 - 275, 2003 17 Leaf P.J., Bruce M.L., Tischer G.L & Holzer C.E.IIL, The relationship between demographic factors and attitudes toward mental-health services, Joumal of Community Psychology, 15, pp 275 - 284, 1987 18 Link B.G & Phelan J.C., Conceptualizing stigma Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp - , 0 19 Link et.al., Real in their consequences- A sociological approach to understanding the association betvi'een psychotic symptom and violence, American Sociological Review, 64 (2),pp - 2 , 1999 20 Link B.G & Phelan J.C, Stigma and ils public health implications Lancet, 367, pp 528 - 529, 2006 21 Lin K and Masuda M., Bridging cultures- Southeast Asian efugees in America Social work with Southeast A.sian refugees, Los Angeles, CA: Asian American Community Mental Health Training Center, 1983 22 Minkoff, Resistance of mental health professionals to working wilh the chronically menially ill In A.T Mcyerson's, Barriers to treating the chronically mentally ill (pp - 20), New Directions in Mental Health Service, No 33, San Francisco CA: Jossey - Bass, 1987 23 Newcomb T.M., Allilude development as fund ion of reference groups In E.E Maccoby, T.M Newcomb & E.L Harley, Readings in social psychology, (3'"'^ Ed.), New York: Holt, Reneliart & Winston 1958 24 Ojeda V.D & McGuire T.G Gender and raciai/elhnic differences in use of outpatient menial health and sub.stance use services by depressed adults Psychiatric Quarterly, 77(3) pp 211 -222,2006, 25 Paris K.A., Attitudes toward mental health services Development of a scale, Norman OK: University of Oklahoma [Disscrtation|, 1996, 26 Skitka & Tcllock, Allocaiiong searce resource A contingency model of distributive justice Joumal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, pp 491 - 522 1992 27 Skitka & Tctlock, Providing public a.s.si.stance cognitive and motivational processes underlying liberal and conservative policy preferences, Joumal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 pp 1.205-1.223, 1993, 28 Smith M Stigma Advances in Psychiatric Ireatmenl, 8, pp 317 - 325 2002 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, 56 3(216), 3-2017 29 Stuart H., Mental illness and employment discrimination Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 19 (5), pp 522 - 526, 2006 30 Riskind J.H & Wahl O.F., Moving makes it worse: The role of rapid movement in fear of psychiatric patients, Joumal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, pp 349 - 364, 1992 31 Wahl O.F & Roth R., Television images of mental illness Results of a metropolitan Washington media watch, Joumal of Broadcasting, 26, pp 599 - 605, 1982 32 Wahl O.F., Mental health consumers ' experience of stigma Schizophrenia Bulletin 25, pp 467-478, 1999 ^~ TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, So (216), - ... vim dd vd sue khdc tinh thiin, nd cdn anh hudng den thai dp cua cac chuyen gia Irong ITnh vuc T'hai dp lieu cue di benh tinh ihan cua cac nha chuyen mdn cd thd lam sinh cam giac tuyet 22 TAP... (2013) ty le nhirng ngudi danh gia nhirng ngudi ed van de sue khde tinh than mang dieu lidng xau d muc dp thap la 65,r/o, danh gia muc trung binh la 31,9% va danh gia mirc dp cao la 3,0%> Trong... nil bi bao lire danh gia nhirng ngudi cd van de sire khde tinh than mang dieu tieng xau d mue dp thap, 64,5%) sd phu nii danh gia d mire dp trung binh va 9.8% so phu nir danh gia d mirc dp cao T'dm