Thực trạng stress ở cha mẹ của trẻ có rối loạn phổ tự kỷ

THUC TRANG STRESS O CHA ME CUA TRE CO ROI LOAN PHO TU KY Nguyen Thj Mai Hucfng TrUdng Dai hpc Sif pham Ha Ngi TOM TAT Stress da duae nhieu tde gid nudc vd ngodi nude nghien ciru vai cdc each tiep can khae tren nhtrng doi tuang khde Tuy nhien, nghien euu ve stress d cha me ciia tre co roi loan lu ky chua nhieu Viee nghien ciru stress a cha me cua Ire co roi loan tu ky vdi cdch tiep can mdi ndy a Viet Nam se mang lai y nghia ve mat ly ludn eiing nhu thue lien Nghien cuu ndy duac thuc hien tren 209 cha me cua tre co roi loan tu ky d Ha Noi (Viet Nam) Ve tong the, hdu het cha me mdu nghien cuu phdt hien co roi loan lu ky deu rai vdo trang thdi stress Stress bieu hien a mdc khd thudng xuyen Ird len eo ty le cao nhdt, sau Id khong thudng xuyen vd thdp nhdt Id mice hiem Stress bieu hien tren ldi cd ede mat thue the, cdm xiic, nhdn ihuc hdnh vi, bieu hien ro ret nhdt Id cdm xue va hdnh vi Nhirng ddu hieu xudt hien bien Irong cdc nhom bieu hien stress a cha me Ire roi loan phd tu ky la- (I) vi thuc the, ede ddu hieu thudng Id: hay quen, met moi, dau ddu, dau nita ddu; gidm hdng thu linh due; an khong ngon; (2) ve nhdn thirc, cdc ddu hieu thuang la: suy nghT qudn quanh, nhieu suy nghi lo du, tu ly^ gidi, mac cd vdi chinh minh; hay nghT ve nhung buon phien khong^ muon nghT ve linh trgng cua con; (3) vi cdm xiic, cdc ddu hieu thudng la: soc, buon vd chdn ndn, earn thdy CO iSi, cdu kinh vd ndi nong; (4) vi hdnh vi, cdc ddu hieu thudng la: kho quyet dinh, khong thi tap trung, khong thi kien nhdn, lam viec kem, phdn urig thdi qud Cdc kit qud phong vdn cung luang ddng vdi kit qud ve mdt dinh lugng doi vdi nhung ddu hieu xudt hien bien ndy Tu- khoa: Stress; Rdi loan phd lu ky, Stress a cha me cua tre eo roi loan luky Ngdy nhdn bdi: 16/12/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/3/2020 Dat van dc Stress la nhiJng phan ung cua co the truac nhirng yeu cau phai thay doi tir phia moi truang ben ngoai, cung nhu cac yeu to ca nhan ben Do la each CO tha dap ung vai b^t ky loai nhu chx hoac m6i de dpa nao Stress cang tro nen ph6 biin han nguoi phai d6i mat voi nhung thay doi chong mat cua cuoc song day thach thuc hien TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6'4 (253), - 2020 83 Phan irng stress la each eg the bao ve chiing ta Khi lam viec dung each, nd giup ngudi tap trung, tran day nang lugng va tinh tao Trong tinh hudng khan cap, stress cd the ciiu mang hoac cho chiing ta them sire manh de ty vp (Segal va cdng su, 2019) Nhung stress vugt qua ngugng se gay thiet hai ve the chat, cam xiic va tam ly cho ngudi (Gregory Fricchione, 2016) Tu ky hay rdi loan phd ty ky deu la nhiing thuat ngii ndi den mgt nhdm cac rdi loan phire tap sy phat trien ciia nao bp, dugc dac tryng bdi nhirng khd khan va thieu hut tuong tac xa hdi, giao tiep bang ldi va khdng ldi, cac banh vi, sd thich dinh hinh lap lai Vdi ban chat la khiem khuyet tugng tac xa hdi va rdi loan ve cam giac, tre rdi loan phd tu ky gap nhieu khd khan mpi ITnh vyc ciia cudc sdng, tir viec hpc ndi cho den giao tiep, ting xir, dieu chinh va the hien cam xuc, bgc tap cho den cudc sdng ddc lap va cdng viec ldn Ien, Nhirng khd khan d tre rdi loan phd tu ky, vi the, gay kha nhieu khd khan va stress cho gia dinh tre, dac biet la nhirng ngudi cham sdc true tiep (Clark va cdng sy, 2010) Nhtrng nghien cim ve cha me cd tu ky cho thiiy, hg cd nguy ca cao mac cac van de sue khde tam than (DeMyer, 1975; Koegel va cdng sy, 1992), cu the nhu lo au va tram cam (J Bromley va cdng sy, 2004; Hastings va Brgwn, 2002; Hastings, 2003) Dya tren phan tich ting hgp ket qua cua 23 nghien ciiu tren ddi tugng nay, Catalano va cgng sy (2018) da chi rang, cha me cua tre tu ky thudng bi stress d mirc cao so sanh vdi cha me cua tre phat triin binh thudng, cung nhu cha mc cua tre dugc chan doan vdi cac khuylt tat khac hoac so sanh vdi cha me ndi chung Dieu dac biet la me cua tre cd rdi loan phd tu ky dugc bao cao la cd mite stress cao han va nang lyc lam cha me thip ban so vdi nhirng ba me cua cac tre mic cac loai khuylt tat khac (BakerEriczen va cpng su, 2005; Baker va cdng sy, 2003; DeMyer, 1975; Dumas va cdngsu, 1991; Emerson, 2003; Hwang va Olsson, 2001; Moes va cdng sy, 1992; Rodrigue va cdng su, 1990; Sanders va Morgan, 1997; Wolf va cdng sy, 1989) Nghien ciru cua Walsh va cpng sy (2013) cho thiy, hanh vi cd vin dl d tre la mdt nhtrng trd ngai ldn nhat ddi vdi chit lupng sing cua gia dinh va cd lien he chat vdi stress cua bd me Cac trieu chirng tu ky d tre em cang nghiem trpng, mirc stress cua cha me cang ldn (Dunn va cdng sy, 2001) Do dd su cang thang viec nudi day cai ciia cha me cd hi anh hudng vdi' rdi loan phi ty ky dudng nhu cd nguy co cao han ddi vdi chit lugng cudc sons tam ly va site khde ctia cha me, Chinh vi tbi, nhu ciu cham sdc siic khde tam thin cua cha me khdng dupc dap img cd nguy co dang kl ddi vdi siic khde tam ly, the chat va xa hdi ciia cha me cua tre roi loan phd ty ky va gay nguy hilm cho boat ddng thich nghi cua gia dinh cung nhu kha nang ciia tre rli loan nhd ty ky (Catalano va cdng sy, 2018) 84 TAP CHi TAM Vi HOC, S6 (253), 2020 Tai Viet Nam, rdi loan phd ty ky chi thyc sy dugc quan tam khgang 20 nam trd lai day Do vay, cac nghien ciru cd quy md ldn, chuyen sau vl tu ky cdn kha khiem tdn Dac biet nghien ciiu vc tam trang ciia cha me cd hi ty ky chua dugc quan lam dung miic Van dl tam trang cua cha me cd bj ty ky chi dugc nghien ciru Idng ghep vag nhtrng nghien cuu vl thai do, nhan thiic cua gia dinh va xa hdi ve tre tu ky; vl vin dl giao due hda nhap cho tre ty ky, tre rdi Igan phd ty ky giin nhu chi nhan dupc sy ho trg chinh ttr gia dinh, cu the la bd mc, dng ba hoac c4c ca nhan, td chiic xa hdi tir thien dudi nhiing hinh thuc khac (Tran Van Cdng va Ngd Xuan Diep, 2017) Cd ihl ndi, cha mc cua tre ty ky la ddi tugng cd nguy co mac rdi loan stress cao nhit sd nhtrng ngudi cham sdc tre bdi tinh yeu thuang ciing nhu ky vgng, mgng mdi ma hp dat vao cai ciia minh Tai Viet Nam, nhtrng nam gan day cting cd nhieu nghien ciru ve vai trd cua hd trg xa hdi ddi vdi vice giup giam thieu nhtrng khd khan ma gia dinh ire rdi loan phd ty ky dang gap phai Nghien ciru cua Nguyen Thj Hoang Yin va cpng sy thyc bien tai Vict Nam vii Ire tu ky cho ibSy, cac yeu td ciia cdng ddng, ky nang tu van cpng ddng anh hudng den sy phat trien ciia tre em, Su phdi hgp giira giao vien, cha me va cac lyc lupng khac tham gia vao cdng tac can ihicp sdm va giao due tre rdi loan phd tu ky la yeu td quan trpng tao nen su cdng ctia boat dpng Ddng thdi, viec ldi cudn cac vicn cpng ddng tham gia hd trp tre; phdi hgp giua gia dinh va cpng ddng de tim bien phap giup dd tre rdi loan phd ty ky tien bd (Nguyen Ihi Hoang Yen, 2015), Nghien ciru ciia Nguyin Thj Trang (2015) ve van dc xay dung md hinh hd trg tre ty ky va gia dinh da chi ylu tl cin quan lam Dd la: tre dupc hd trg tri lieu tai gia dinh, gia dinh dugc iu vin hd trg va ket ndi ngudn luc, truyen thdng cpng ddng Diiu dac biet ma nghien ciru chi la 82,6% phu_ huynh tra ldi ring minh thudng xuyen dupc cac giao vien tu van hoac hudng din each day tai nha va cd 79,3% phu huynh cd tham gia vao qua trinh tri lieu cho (Nguyin Thi Trang, 2015) Nghien cim cda Trin Van Cdngva cdng sy (2017) da chi ring, chuyen vien can thiep din nha khdng chi hd trg ire ma cdn hudng dan cho ca cha me ciia tre rdi loan phd tu ky, thing nhit dugc each tiip can va irng xu vdi tre cac tinh hudng gia dinh, vay cac van dc hanh vi.ciia tre dugc it nhieu tac ddng va thay ddi Cd thi thiy, nhiing nghien ciru vl sire khde tam thin stress cua cha me cd ty ky vin cdn ban chi Vi Ihl, nghien ciru nham phan anh thyc trang stress ciia cha mc cd ty ky dl tir ggi y cho cac boat ddng cham sdc sire khde tinh thin, hudng din nang cao chit lugng sdng cho hg TAP CHl TAM Lf HOC, Sd (253), - 2020 85 Phuffng phap nghien cuu 2.1 Mau nghien cu-u Mau nghien cuu la nhirng nguai dap iing cac dieu kien sau: (1) Co mac roi loan tu ky a dp tuoi mam non va tieu hpc; (2) Con dang duoc can thiep tai cac trung tam can thiep sam va giao due hoa nhap; (3) Tu nguy?n tham gia nghien cuu va ky van ban cam ket; (4) Co du kha nang doc va hieu bang hoi Tong cpng co 209 cha/me dong y tham gia va tra loi bang hoi Trong nghien cuu nay, mau dugc co dang duac can thiep tai co so a Ha Noi, Bac Ninh va Ninh Binh Bdng 1: Ddc diem mdu nghien ciru I So lirffna Ty le % ^am 54 25,8 Nir 152 72,7 Dac diem STT Giai tinh irinh hgc van Tuoi