Ôn tập giữa kỳ XÃ HỘI HỌC Mid term review Sociology

Ôn tập giữa kỳ XÃ HỘI HỌC Mid term review Sociology. Ôn tập từ chương 1 đến chương 4 và trả lời một số câu hỏi và lời giải cho các case study. Một môn học trong ngành Quản lý công nghiệp chuyên ngành Quản trị Kinh doanh chương trình quốc tế. CHAP 1What is Sociology? Systematic study of social behavior in human groups. Focus on:•How relationships influence people’s attitudes and behavior•How societies develop and changeSociology is the scientific study of societies and social interactions. The field encompasses analysis of all levels of social life, from microlevel group and individual interactions to macrolevel trends describing entire demographics and societies. The sociological Imagination:•Awareness of relationship between an individual and the wider society •Ability to view our own society as an outsider would, rather than from perspective of our limited experiences and cultural biases.What is Sociological theory?Theory•Set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior•Effective theories should explain and predict....

CHAP What is Sociology? Systematic study of social behavior in human groups Focus on: • • How relationships influence people’s attitudes and behavior How societies develop and change Sociology is the scientific study of societies and social interactions The field encompasses analysis of all levels of social life, from micro-level group and individual interactions to macro-level trends describing entire demographics and societies The sociological Imagination: • • Awareness of relationship between an individual and the wider society Ability to view our own society as an outsider would, rather than from perspective of our limited experiences and cultural biases What is Sociological theory? Theory • • Set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior Effective theories should explain and predict Why study Sociology? • • • • • • To develop intensive research, analytic, and problem-solving skills To derive scientific insights from social interactions To understand our personal situation in society To grasp the factors weighing on our own and others’ decisions To inform predictions about future trends To develop the foundation to evaluate and help shape responsive governmental and organizational policy Major theoretical perspectives Functionalist Perspective (Macro or mid) Focus on the way each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated Latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process Conflict Perspective (macro) Conflict theory looks at society as a competition for limited resources Feminist Perspective -Views inequity in gender as central to all behavior and organization -Sometimes allied with conflict theory, the feminist perspective also focuses on microlevel relationships of everyday life, as interactionists Symbolic Interactionist Perspective (Micro) focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society Communication—the exchange of meaning through language and symbols—is believed to be the way in which people make sense of their social worlds Constructivism is an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be We develop social constructs based on interactions with others, and those constructs that last over time are those that have meanings which are widely agreed-upon or generally accepted by most within the society One situation that illustrates this is what you believe you’re to if you find a wallet in the street In the United States, turning the wallet in to local authorities would be considered the appropriate action, and to keep the wallet would be seen as deviant In contrast, many Eastern societies would consider it much more appropriate to keep the wallet and search for the owner yourself; turning it over to someone else, even the authorities, would be considered deviant behavior 1/ What you think C Wright Mills meant when he said that to be a sociologist, one had to develop a sociological imagination? C Wright Mills described sociological imagination as an awareness of the relationship between a person's behavior and experience and the wider culture that shaped the person's choices and perceptions In order to be a sociologist, we must a see our own and other people's behavior in relationship to history and social structure 2/ Describe a situation in which a choice you made was influenced by societal pressures When choosing what I wanted to after high school, deciding to attend a 4-year university was mainly because I had grown up with the societal pressure to so Everyone from my high school is encouraged to attend college and it is often looked down upon if you not so Although I am completely happy with my choice, it was one that was influenced by societal pressures 3/ What you make of Karl Marx's contributions to sociology? What perceptions of Marx have you been exposed to in your society, and how those perceptions influence your views? Karl Marx's contributions shed light upon the ideas of class struggles and Capitalism/ Communism I think that his Communist ideas are not unrealistic, and in fact might be better than the Capitalist society we live in today However, there is a difference between true Marxist Capitalism and extreme Capitalism views I think my views are influenced by the fact that Capitalism has so many flaws in today's society, and although I not think the US would ever switch to Communism, some ideas should be considered such as the equitable distribution of wealth, especially considering how many people are in poverty compared to the few who hold most of the nation's wealth 4/ Do you tend to place more value on qualitative or quantitative research? Why? Does it matter what topic you are studying? I tend to place more value on qualitative research because I like to examine the in depth reasonings on why people things and think certain ways Unless it is a topic that required statistical evidence, qualitative data provides more and deeper information Which theory you think better explains how societies operate—structural functionalism or conflict theory? Why? Structural functionalism best explains how society operates because it has all the people in the society working together to form their society Do you think the way people behave in social interactions is more like the behavior of animals or more like actors playing a role in a theatrical production? Why? The way people behave in social interactions is usually a combination of both "animal" behavior (nature) and "actors playing a role in a theatrical production" (nurture) However, in modern society especially, behavior in social interactions is mostly "like actors playing a role in a theatrical production" In other words, behavior in social interactions is determined more by social factors rather than biological or "animal" behavior/urges This is because depending on who we are interacting with, we adopt a different social persona For instance, your behavior and social interactions with your boyfriend or girlfriend will vary greatly compared to your behavior and social interactions with your teacher, employer or grandparent For different people you interact with, you put on a different social mask or persona like an actor playing a role in theater How you think taking a sociology course might affect your social interactions? • It teaches people ways to recognize how they fit into the world and how others perceive them • • • • • It raises awareness of how those classifications—such as economic and status levels, education, ethnicity, or sexual orientation—affect perceptions Sociology teaches people not to accept easy explanations It teaches them a way to organize their thinking so that they can ask better questions and formulate better answers It makes people more aware that there are many different kinds of people in the world who not necessarily think the way they It increases their willingness and ability to try to see the world from other people's perspectives What sort of career are you interested in? How could studying sociology help you in this career? Studying sociology can provide people with this wide knowledge and a skill set that can contribute to many workplaces, including • an understanding of social systems and large bureaucracies; • the ability to devise and carry out research projects to assess whether a program or policy is working; • the ability to collect, read, and analyze statistical information from polls or surveys; • the ability to recognize important differences in people’s social, cultural, and economic backgrounds; • skills in preparing reports and communicating complex ideas; and • the capacity for critical thinking about social issues and problems that confront modern society How Sociological Perspectives: Food Consumption A structural-functional approach to the topic of food consumption might be interested in the role of the agriculture industry within the nation’s economy and how this has changed from the early days of manual-labor farming to modern mechanized production Another examination might study the different functions that occur in food production: from farming and harvesting to flashy packaging and mass consumerism A conflict theorist might be interested in the power differentials present in the regulation of food, by exploring where people’s right to information intersects with corporations’ drive for profit and how the government mediates those interests Or a conflict theorist might be interested in the power and powerlessness experienced by local farmers versus large farming conglomerates, such as the documentary Food Inc depicts as resulting from Monsanto’s patenting of seed technology Another topic of study might be how nutrition varies between different social classes A sociologist viewing food consumption through a symbolic interactionist lens would be more interested in micro-level topics, such as the symbolic use of food in religious rituals (nghi thuc), or the role it plays in the social interaction of a family dinner This perspective might also study the interactions among group members who identify themselves based on their sharing a particular diet, such as vegetarians (people who don’t eat meat) or locavores (people who strive to eat locally produced food) Using the contemporary sociological theories, analyze the act of having meal as a social action (1) Functionalism Manifest functions: the purpose of eating with family members is to strengthen the relationship, make the family bond stronger; when having meals with new friends, you are getting know more people, expand the social network; the purpose of business meal is to show off the status of companies or people, indicate your rank in the company and in the society Latent functions: to help people memorize and make a landmark of important events in their lifetime; to learn about national cuisine and learn about other cultures (2) Conflict theory The rich and poor are different when looking at food While the rich have a lot of money so they will more likely waste food, the poor they don’t have enough to eat so they have to scavenge for food even from the trash can The Hindu Indian people protest against McDonald’s because in their religion, Hinduism see the cow as a God In some Asian markets, dog meat is sold as poultry meat while in other countries, eating dog meat is horrified and terrible (3) Symbolic interactionism At home, with your family members, you don’t care much about your manners, you grab food But when you eat with someone new or someone you want to gain their favor, you will be well-mannered Because of your purposes, you will have different interactions (4) Feminist theory If a woman cannot cook, they will be called clumsy, bad or irresponsible woman And they will be strongly criticized In contrast, men don’t feel pressured about learning how to cook or if they cook badly, most people will not criticize them - Mini exercise: the ways we dress and the ways we use clothes  Functionalist perspective: • Manifest functions of clothes: to cover the body parts that are deemed culturally sensitive and which parts of the body is seen as culturally sensitive, it depends on which country you live in; to show nationality or culture; to show where you come from • Latent functions of clothes: to identify social classes of the wearers For example, when we see a person wearing Louis Vuitton, Chanel, or Gucci clothes, we know that they are the rich • Dysfunctions of clothes: used as a tool to gain notoriety For example, some models wanted to become famous and gain the attention, so they wore ridiculous and offensive outfits  Conflict perspective: • In most Vietnamese high schools, female students are forced to wear Ao Dai as a uniform everyday by school’ administrators Many students claim that Ao Dai is very inconvenient during studying and physical activities at schools => The administrators have a big influence on what female students wear at schools  Feminist perspective: • Women are often judged negatively by society when wearing revealing outfits rather than men When they go out with revealing clothes, they are often labeled that their personalities are naughty, licentious or sexually provocative Because most people believe that a woman who is decent has to dress discreetly and politely Unlike women, if there is a man wearing a pair of shorts without any shirt walks on the street, people just think it is normal without any bad judgment about him  That is unfair to women Both men and women should be free to express themselves in their styles of clothes and heighten the contours of their bodies as long as it is appropriate  Interactionist perspective: • People will change the types of clothes and the ways they wear clothes when interacting with others If a girl is at home with her mother, she can wear comfortable clothes and even does not wear bras because she knows her mom will not evaluate her However, when she goes to school, she will wear uniform in a polite way because she knows her friends will look at her outfits and give evaluation When a woman wears a burkini (she from the Middle East) in France, police will request her to take off her burkini because they say she does not follow the French custom for women is to wear bikini or swim suit => unfair Australian government bans burqa in government buildings Chapter Quiz & Writing Exercise Writing: Give an example in your life where society/social background strongly affects your own behavior and attitude Answer: When coming to my friends’ houses, if I am invited to eat with the house owners, I will eat and drink naturally without refusing Because I was raised in social background where I learned that it is significantly impolite and disrespectful to refuse their invitation or to eat perfunctorily Family Functionalism: Families provide for one another’s physical, emotional, and social wellbeing Parents care for and socialize children Later in life, adult children often care for elderly parents sexual, reproductive, educational, and economic Parents teach their children manners and civility Conflict theory: the person with the most access to value resources held the most power As money is one of the most valuable resources, men who worked in paid labor outside of the home held more power than women who worked inside the home Symbolic Interactionism The family itself is a symbol To some, it is a father, mother, and children; to others, it is any union that involves respect and compassion MEDIA Functionalism  Commercial function: companies that wish to connect with consumers find television an irresistible platform to promote their goods and services  Entertainment Function: From online gaming to chatting with friends on Facebook, technology offers new and more exciting ways for people to entertain themselves  Inform the public of important news Conflict theory Powerful individuals and social institutions have a great deal of influence over which forms of technology are released, when and where they are released, and what kind of media is available for our consumption In other words, the people in charge of the media decide what the public is exposed to With hegemonic media, a culturally diverse society can be dominated by one race, gender, or class that manipulates the media to impose its worldview as a societal norm New media weakens the gatekeeper role in information distribution Popular sites such as YouTube and Facebook not only allow more people to freely share information but also engage in a form of self-policing Users are encouraged to report inappropriate behavior that moderators will then address Feminist Perspective Take a look at popular television shows, advertising campaigns, and online game sites In most, women are portrayed in a particular set of parameters and tend to have a uniform look that society recognizes as attractive Most are thin, white or light-skinned, beautiful, and young Health and Medicine Functionalism: provides health care and related services to the provision of inpatient and outpatient care, such as diagnostic or therapeutic services, laboratory services, medicinal drugs, and other health services Conflict theory: When health is a commodity, the poor are more likely to experience illness caused by poor diet, to live and work in unhealthy environments It is not only the poor who suffer from the conflict between dominant and subordinate groups For many years now, homosexual couples have been denied spousal benefits, either in the form of health insurance or in terms of medical responsibility Feminist theory: Almost two-thirds of the world’s 862 million illiterate people are women Symbolic: low standardized test scores or poor performance in a particular class often lead to a student who is labeled as a low achiever, certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications GOVERNMENT Functionalism the government has four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations Conflict: in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014, where people protested the local government’s handling of a controversial shooting by the police Symbolic: Images that represent the power and authority of the United States include the White House, the eagle, and the American flag Education Functionalism: A manifest function of education, for example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career, and finding a good job that utilizes that education, learning the rules and norms of the society as a whole Latent functions of your college years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even finding a spouse or partner Another latent function of education is creating a hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained Latent functions can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are called dysfunctions In education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy (tron hoc), dropping out, not graduating, and not finding suitable employment Buy fake degree through a diploma mill Conflict: Students of low socioeconomic status are generally not afforded the same opportunities as students of higher status, no matter how great their academic ability or desire to learn They also lack a computer and printer at home, which most of his classmates have, so they have to rely on the public library or school system for access to technology This is a difficult match with education systems that adhere to a traditional curriculum that is more easily understood and completed by students of higher social classes Feminist Theory CHAP 3: CULTURE i What is culture? The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects and behavior It is a key concept to the sociological perspective- it influence people’s beliefs and behaviors • The profound impact of culture becomes most evident when we examine behaviors that are biological in nature • Material culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people Nonmaterial culture, in contrast, consists of the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society EX: Clothing, hairstyles, and jewelry are part of material culture, but the appropriateness of wearing certain clothing for specific events reflects nonmaterial culture A school building belongs to material culture, but the teaching methods and educational standards are part of education’s nonmaterial culture ii The elements of culture (1) Language Written and spoken language, non-verbal communication, symbols (2) Norms and values Formal norms- Established standards of behavior Formal norms are considered the most important in any society EX: Laws, employee manuals, college entrance exam requirements, and “no running”signs at swimming pools Ex: if you are a child, you should obey your parents Informal norms- Standards of behavior that are considered less important but still influence how we behave Ex: if you are a boy, you should not grow long hair “Kiss your Aunt Edna” or “Use your napkin” Customers line up to order their food and leave when they are done Mores (mor-ays) are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group Violating them can have serious consequences EX: The mores of the U.S school system require that a student’s writing be in the student’s own words or use special forms for crediting other writers Writing another person’s words as if they are one’s own has a name—plagiarism violating this norm => expulsion (truc xuat) Folkways direct appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture They indicate whether to shake hands or kiss on the cheek when greeting another person They specify whether to wear a tie and blazer or a T-shirt and sandals to an event In Canada, women can smile and say hello to men on the street In Egypt, that’s not acceptable Values involves judgments of what is: good or bad/ desirable or undesirable Ex: education, love, Marital monogamy, Cultural diversity and equal opportunities for all people Sanctions are a form of social control, a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms, are penalties for conduct that violates social norms Cultural sanctions such as earning a negative label—lazy, no-good bum—or to legal sanctions, such as traffic tickets, fines, or imprisonment EX: Norms Formal Informal Sanctions Positive Salary bonus Testimonial dinner Medal Diploma Smile Compliment Cheers Negative Demotion Firing from a job Jail sentence Expulsion Frown Humiliation (lm nhuc) Belittling (coi thuong) iii Cultural Variation Subculture A smaller culture within a larger culture with distinctive ways of thinking feeling, and acting Ex: The H’Mong ethnic people in Ha Giang Province, VN Counterculture A subculture whose norms and values directly oppose those of the larger culture Ex: “Nhac vang” in viet nam during the 1980s and 1990s, as opposed to the official government propaganda music Culture shock Feeling disoriented, uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture Ex: a Vn person might be shocked to eat with her hand when traveling in India Cultural Universals are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies One example of a cultural universal is the family unit: every human society recognizes a family structure that regulates sexual reproduction and the care of children In many Asian cultures, for example, family members from all generations commonly live together in one household In the United States, by contrast, individuals are expected to leave home and live independently for a period before forming a family unit that consists of parents and their offspring Other cultural universals include customs like funeral rites, weddings, and celebrations of births, Athletic sports, medicine, sexual restriction… Ethnocentrism The tendency to judge another culture by the standards of our own, and the belief that our own culture is superior to another culture For example, Americans tend to say that people from England drive on the “wrong” side of the road, rather than on the “other” side Someone from a country where dog meat is standard fare might find it off-putting to see a dog in a French restaurant—not on the menu, but as a pet and patron’s companion Cultural Relativism the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture Xenocentrism is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own An exchange student who goes home after a semester abroad or a sociologist who returns from the field may find it difficult to associate with the values of their own culture after having experienced what they deem a more upright or nobler way of living Globalization: Worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements and financial markets through trades and the exchange of ideas Ex: food: KFC, Starbucks; Factories: industrial zone, chain store; Entertainment: Hollywood movies, Kpop Exercise Cows eat Grass => Relationship & connection (Asian people or easterner) Cow and chicken are animals => category, systemic classification: because in the western thinking, cows and chickens are both animals, they think of the object as categories, classify them in two types Asian: choose g1 of flowers because Overall resemblances (su going nhau) and General similarities as round petals, single leaf and simple pistil/ stamen Western: choose g2 because Strict rule: straight stem (no overall resemblances) Exercise of CUTURAL DIFFERENCES Chinese: Eat strange animals, eat cooked or raw; Food must be abundant in party; guess should not eat up British: No consuming of strange animals; Few meats are eaten raw; Not wasting food Exercise Cinderella: Question Recognizing norms and values: American teacher:  “Therefore, you must be punctual…in trouble.” => Norm: we should be punctual in meetings and social gatherings => Value: Conduct/ Manner  “Also, look around, all of you…scared of you” => Norm: We should be clean when going out => Value: Cleanliness/ Beauty  “Girls, you need…that he faints” => Norm: Girls/ women should pay extra attention to their look => Value: Appearance/ Beauty  “Do you understand? They’re not evil…love their own.” =>Norm: We should sympathize with everyone and not judge them too fast without knowing the reasons behind =>Value: Sympathy  “So children, no matter where you are…many friends.” =>Norm: We should have many friends => Value: Friendship Chinese teacher:  “Greetings classmates”; “Greeee-tiiiinngs…(elongated vowels)” =>Norm: We should politely greet everyone you meet =>Value: Respect  “Did everybody study in advance?” =>Norm: We should study the lesson at home in advance =>Value: Studiousness  “This segment has very descriptions…check the next class” =>Norm: We should a job many times and be careful about small detail =>Value: Cautiousness  “Why are you sleeping…you need to understand these principles of life!!!” =>Norm: We should to understand principles of life =>Value: Success Question Cultural universals from these two stories: • Education: Education is popular around the world, but in each country, there are differences in educating people Both American and Chinese teachers have the responsibility for educate students, but the ways each teacher use to transfer the lesson- story of Cinderella are different While American teacher encourages students find the “correct answer” and makes the lesson more interesting by finding life lessons in the story, the Chinese teacher teaches all requirements for an exam such as segments, themes, author, publishing date…and use the authority of a teacher in order to force students to learn by heart that information Chinese teacher just focuses on the academic skills while American teacher focuses more on practical skills • Life lessons: Life lessons are common around the world and taught and believed in Both American and Chinese teachers teach their students life lessons and both teachers believe that those lessons will help their students succeed in life However, there are differences between Chinese teacher’s life lessons and American teacher’s American teacher teach students about pragmatic life lessons such as the importance of proper conducts and the value of sympathy and social relationships While Chinese teacher direct students to live their lives according to idealistic principles of life: to have a successful life, students have to pay attention in class, get good marks, go to good university, get good job, etc If not, they will not be successful in life Priority The village’s value system Resources Efficiency Community Life Filial duty Your value system Life Filial duty Community Efficiency Resources Cultural universals Morality Filial duty Community way of life Village culture Vietnamese culture You have to kill your mother=> in the village people thinking that is morality Killing your mother means ensuring the fair treatment to everyone You are acting as a responsible person for the community Your responsibility in this case as a child is to let your parents die The tradition to let your parents die is a way of life Morality in VN culture is never to kill your mother The duty in Vietnamese culture is totally opposite The tradition to keep your od parents live with you is a way of life (1) How you think your culture would exist if there were no such thing as a social “norm”? Do you think chaos would ensue or relative peace could be kept? Explain I think that if there were no such things as norms the world would still be livable and relatively peace Norms is simply a label on what is right, I believe that somehow norms are just natural, and they would begin to form sooner then later There will be a need for structure, so that things can be functional and won't get out of control Rules would form and expectations of behavior and actions will arise Therefore once again leading to norms, I believe that they are inevitable (2) Consider a current social trend that you have witnessed A social trend that I have witnessed would be poverty Many people I know are living within poverty level The method I would choose to analyze this issue would be conflict theory I would start off by saying that many of these people are in debt because they sometimes purchase things they can't afford They this because they are trying to fit in that is the greatest norm of American Society They can't afford to sometimes pay their bills, they struggle to put food on the table sometimes even clothes themselves Even transportation becomes an issue when there's no money for gas I believe that the reason for these differences is lack of education and resources or the knowledge of resources Many of these people live in areas that don't promote education and many of these people also work a job in which they pay minimum wage They also live in this never ending cycle, where instead of going to school sometimes you think your only option is to start working to help out the family There are also many of unplanned pregnancies in these racial groups There is also a very big gradient of power over them, these races tend to be sought out to be the dangerous They are subjected to being inferior, because they are sometimes deemed to be criminals just because of who they are The reason why I chose conflict theory was because I actually believe that race and sex play a role on how society views you and how you can succeed in society I also chose it because it highlighted my main point of how certain races are more prone to being in poverty It has been statistically proven with studies and through census Theoretical Perspectives on Culture Functionalists view society as a system in which all parts work—or function—together to create society as a whole In this way, societies need culture to exist Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society’s needs, culture exists to meet its members’ basic needs Functionalists also study culture in terms of values Conflict theorists view social structure as inherently unequal, based on power differentials related to issues like class, gender, race, and age For a conflict theorist, culture is seen as reinforcing issues of "privilege" for certain groups based upon race, sex, class, and so on Women strive for equality in a male-dominated society Senior citizens struggle to protect their rights, their health care, and their independence from a younger generation of lawmakers Advocacy groups such as the ACLU work to protect the rights of all races and ethnicities in the United States Gay and lesbian couples have been denied the right to marry in some states Racism and bigotry are very much alive today Although cultural diversity is supposedly valued in the United States, many people still frown upon interracial marriages Same-sex marriages are banned in most states, and polygamy—common in some cultures—is unthinkable to most Americans CHAP Social Interaction and Reality Our response to someone’s behavior is based on meaning we attach to his or her actions Reality is shaped by our perceptions, evaluations and definitions Elements of Social Structure: (1) Social statuses -Definition: Social status refers to any of the socially defined positions within a large group or society Ex: a student in the context of school… A person often holds more than one status simultaneously Types of status -Ascribed and Achieved status: Ascribed status: status one is born with, naturally own it Ex: daughter, 22 years old, female, Nhu, sister o Achieved status: status one earns The status you have to sth to get it Ex: being a student (have to pass the high school exams, ), roommate, friend o Some statuses are ascribed—those you not select, such as son, elderly person, or female Others, called achieved statuses, are obtained by choice, such as a high school dropout, self-made millionaire, or nurse -Master Status: Status that dominates others and determines person’s general position in society Societies deal with inconsistencies by agreeing that certain status (2) Social Roles -Definition: sets of expectations for people who occupy a given status Significant component of social structure -Notable features of Social roles: Role conflict: occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person A person can experience role conflict when one or more roles are contradictory A parent who also has a full-time career can experience role conflict on a daily basis When there is a deadline at the office but a sick child needs to be picked up from school • Role strain: difficulties that arise when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations If too much is required of a single role, individuals can experience role strain Consider the duties of a parent: cooking, cleaning, driving, problem-solving, acting as a source of moral guidance—the list goes on • Role exit: process of disengagement from a role that is central to one’s identity in order to establish a new role and identity • (3) Groups Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with other each other on a regular basis (4) Social Institutions (Midterm): Dinh che xa hoi Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs A social institution consists of a group of people who have come together for a common purpose A group agree to follow that institution and have own rules and codes of conduct Ex: Institution of economy; family Religions: These are groups of people that have similar beliefs in the existence of God Ex: Hindu/ Buddhist/ Christian organizations  Symbols: the Christian cross, Wheel of Dharma  Codes of conduct: go to the church every Sunday, adhere 10 commandments such as you shall not murder, you shall not steal  Value system: Religious values are ethical principles founded in religious traditions, texts and beliefs Government is manifestation of social institutions Political institutions influence the process of government, such as political parties Examples are: Democracy, Conservative, Green party  They have their own regulations: if you want to be Chu tich UBND, you have to become a party member, go to lower rank to higher rank; you have to be selected  Symbol: flags, Hammer and sickle  Value system: Community - a group of people in the same area and under the same government Examples are: Boroughs, Bur , Castle towns, Cities, Company towns, Hamlet, Metropolis Community is also a group of people that share common attitudes or interests Examples are: Communes, Convent, Gated community, LGBT community Educational Institutions teach skills and knowledge to individuals Examples are Colleges, Community colleges Graduate school, Junior colleges, School districts Ethnic or Cultural Groups are social institutions that include a group of extended family groups related by a distant, common ancestry Examples are: African Americans, Asian, Canadian, Hispanic, Navajo, Pacific Islanders Family as a socially recognized group (usually joined by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption) that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit of society  Symbol: Wedding rings, wedding banquet Market institutions cover the industry that buys and sells goods Examples are: Banks, Businesses, Corporations, Credit unions Economic institutions provide basic physical subsistence for society and meet needs for food, shelter, clothing and other necessities of life  Rules of conduct: the buyer pay money for the vendor to take the product from the vendor and after that the transaction ends  Value system based on money  The symbol: the money, the bills Mass media shapes communication and opinions Examples are: Books, Cassettes, CDs, DVDs, Internet Healthcare Organizations that provides health care and related services to the provision of inpatient and outpatient care, such as diagnostic or therapeutic services, laboratory services, medicinal drugs, and other health services  Rules of conduct: general principles of a doctor such as be honest, trustworthy and committed to patient care all the times; Make the care of the patient your primary concern…  Symbol: Caduceus, red cross 1.What are the social statuses of the mother in this story? Ascribed statuses Female Achieved statuses Single-Mother Divorced woman Client Resigned woman Raye Johnson (a pseudonym) Columnist contributor 2/ Between a mother provide the love or provide discipline to correct them She (dan co) => Role strain Whether a mother should hire boot camp company => role strain; whether she take the responsibility of taking care of children or need the outside help Role conflict: role is a successful financial employee >< a mother, she has to quit to raise her children Role conflict: to be a good mother: keep a secret with daughter’s friends >< an honest adult She lied  ... perspectives What sort of career are you interested in? How could studying sociology help you in this career? Studying sociology can provide people with this wide knowledge and a skill set that... and expectations who interact with other each other on a regular basis (4) Social Institutions (Midterm): Dinh che xa hoi Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior centered on basic social needs... different social mask or persona like an actor playing a role in theater How you think taking a sociology course might affect your social interactions? • It teaches people ways to recognize how