wind energy nguyen hoang viet final 18102

Wind Energy Nguyen Hoang Viet Lab Nano-Particulate Material Processing University of Ulsan Ancient Resource Meets 21st Century Wind Turbines Power for a House or City Wind Energy Outline History and Context  Advantages  Design  Siting  Disadvantages  Economics  Future  History and Context Wind Energy History  A.D   ~ 400 A.D    Thomas Edison commissions first commercial electric generating stations in NYC and London 1900   Multiblade turbines for water pumping made and marketed in U.S 1882   Golden era of windmills in western Europe – 50,000 9,000 in Holland; 10,000 in England; 18,000 in Germany 1850’s   Wind driven Buddhist prayer wheels 1200 to 1850   Hero of Alexandria uses a wind machine to power an organ Competition from alternative energy sources reduces windmill population to fewer than 10,000 1850 – 1930  Heyday of the small multiblade turbines in the US midwast   As many as 6,000,000 units installed 1936+  US Rural Electrification Administration extends the grid to most formerly isolated rural sites  Grid electricity rapidly displaces multiblade turbine uses Worldwide Growth in Wind Energy MW 70,000 60,000 50,000 Rest of the World 40,000 India Denmark 30,000 USA Spain 20,000 Germany 10,000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Fastest Growing Energy Wind Energy is the Fastest Growing Energy Source inSource the World!! in the World This is strange because… Global Growth by Energy Source, Annual Average,1990-98 30 Wind Solar PV Geothermal Nat Gas Hydro Oil 25 25.7 20 15 16.8 10 Coal 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.2 Nuclear 0.6 Source: REPP, Worldwatch 1998/99 10 Energy Delivery Lake Benton II Lake Benton & Storm Lake Power July 7, 2003 180000 Storm Lake Combined 160000 140000 120000 (kW) 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 (HH:MM) 61 23:00 22:00 21:00 20:00 19:00 18:00 17:00 16:00 15:00 14:00 13:00 12:00 11:00 10:00 9:00 8:00 7:00 6:00 5:00 4:00 3:00 2:00 1:00 0:00 Wind Economics 62 Wind Farm Design Economics  Key Design Parameters   Mean wind speed at hub height Capacity factor Start with 100%  Subtract time when wind speed less than optimum  Subtract time due to scheduled maintenance  Subtract time due to unscheduled maintenance  Subtract production losses   Dirty blades, shut down due to high winds  Typically 33% at a Class wind site 63 Wind Farm Financing  Financing  Interest rate  LIBOR  Terms + 150 basis points Loan term  Up to 15 years 64 Cost of Energy Components  Cost (¢/kWh) = (Capital Recovery Cost + O&M) / kWh/year    Capital Recovery = Debt and Equity Cost O&M Cost = Turbine design, operating environment kWh/year = Wind Resource 65 Cost of Energy Trend 1979: 40 cents/kWh 2000: - cents/kWh • Increased Turbine Size • R&D Advances • Manufacturing Improvements NSP 107 MW Lake Benton wind farm cents/kWh (unsubsidized) 2004: – 4.5 cents/kWh 66 Construction Cost Elements Financing & Legal Fees 3% Development Activity 4% Interconnect/ Subsation 4% Interest During Construction 4% Towers (tubular steel) 10% Design & Engineering 2% Land Transportation 2% Turbines, FOB USA 49% Construction 22% 67 Future Trends 68 Expectations for Future Growth 20,000 total turbines installed by 2010  6% of electricity supply by 2020  100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020 69 Future Cost Reductions  Financing Strategies  Manufacturing Economy of Scale  Better Sites and “Tuning” Turbines for Site Conditions  Technology Improvements 70 Future Tech Developments  Application Specific Turbines      Offshore Limited land/resource areas Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource Cold climates 71 The Future of Wind - Offshore •1.5 - MW per turbine •60-120 m hub height •5 km from shore, 30 m deep ideal •Gravity foundation, pole, or tripod formation •Shaft can act as artificial reef •Drawbacks- T&D losses (underground cables lead to shore) and visual eye sore 72 Wind Energy Storage  Pumped hydroelectric         Georgetown facility – Completed 1967 Two reservoirs separated by 1000 vertical feet Pump water uphill at night or when wind energy production exceeds demand Flow water downhill through hydroelectric turbines during the day or when wind energy production is less than demand About 70 - 80% round trip efficiency Raises cost of wind energy by 25% Difficult to find, obtain government approval and build new facilities Compressed Air Energy Storage  Using wind power to compress air in underground storage caverns    Salt domes, empty natural gas reservoirs Costly, inefficient Hydrogen storage      Use wind power to electrolyze water into hydrogen Store hydrogen for use later in fuel cells 50% losses in energy from wind to hydrogen and hydrogen to electricity 25% round trip efficiency Raises cost of wind energy by 4X 73 U.S Wind Energy Challenges  Best wind sites distant from    Wind variability   Debate on how much backup generation is required NIMBY component   Can mitigate if forecasting improves Non-firm power   population centers major grid connections Cape Wind project met with strong resistance by Cape Cod residents Limited offshore sites  Sea floor drops off rapidly on east and west coasts   North Sea essentially a large lake Intermittent federal tax incentives 74 Many Thanks for your attention! 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American Wind Energy Association 11 US Wind Energy Capacity 12 Installed Wind Turbines 13 Colorado Wind Energy Projects 14 New Projects in Colorado 15 Ponnequin – 30 MW •Operate with wind speeds... ft) 26 Wind Energy Natural Characteristics  Wind Speed    Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity 2X the wind speed... electricity 27 Wind Energy Natural Characteristics  Height   Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity V2 = (H2/H1)V1 28 Wind Energy