Tóm tắt: Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La

Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.Nghiên cứu đánh giá cảnh quan cho mục đích phát triển nông lâm nghiệp và du lịch huyện Mộc Châu, tỉnh Sơn La.

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LE THI THU HOA RESEARCH ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE FOR AGRO-FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT AND TOURISM IN MOC CHAU DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE Major: Natural Geography Code: 9.44.02.17 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS IN GEOGRAPHY HANOI - 2022 THESIS COMPLETED AT HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION Scientific Instructor 1: Prof Doctor of Science Pham Hoang Hai Scientific Instructor 2: Assoc Prof Ph D Dang Duy Loi Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof.Dr Dao Dinh Cham Institute of Geography - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Luu The Anh Institute of Natural Resources and Environment Vietnam National University, Hanoi Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Ngoc Khanh Vietnam Geographic Society Thesis was defended before the grassroots council of Hanoi National University of Education The thesis can be found at: - National Library; - Library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Le Thi Thu Hoa (2016) Landscape assessment for tea tree development in Son La province Scientific journal of Vietnam National University Hanoi The Earth and environmental sciences Volume 32, No (2016), pages 57 - 67 Le Thi Thu Hoa (2016) Research on diversity of tourism resources in Moc Chau plateau - Proceedings of the 9th National Geographic Seminor, pp 409 - 504 Tran Hanh Nguyen - Le Thi Thu Hoa (2017) Son La hydropower reservoir - Potential waiting to be woke up Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism Travel Journal No 9, 2017 Le Thi Thu Hoa, Dieu Thi Van Anh, Nguyen Thu Nhung (2019) Climate Resources for Tourism: Case of Moc Chau Plateau, Vietnam (Institute of Asian Studies.Journal of Political and Social Science Volume 3, No.3, 2020) Le Thi Thu Hoa, Nguyen Ngoc Khanh, Nguyen Thu Nhung (2020) Tourism climate indicator (TCI) at MocChau district, SonLa Province (The 1st International Conference on Economics, Development and Sustainability “Global Changes and Sustainable Development in Asian Electronically Integrated Economies” EDESUS 2019 - Vietnam National University Hanoi) Le Thi Thu Hoa, Dieu Thi Van Anh, Bui Thi Hoa Man (2020) Assessment of the sustainability of Moc Chau homestay tourism products towards the cultural landscape approach Collection of reports from the national scientific conference "Management of natural resources, environment and sustainable development in the Northwest region of Vietnam" Natural and Technology Publishing House 2020, pp 553 - 567 Le Thi Thu Hoa, Pham Hoang Hai, Nguyen Thu Nhung (2021) The relationship between landscape function and tourism industry Example for Moc Chau area, Son La province.12th National Geographic Seminor SECTION I INTRODUCTION The reason for choosing the topic Moc Chau district belongs to a part of Moc Chau plateau, located at an altitude of over 1050 m above sea level, this place is characterized by highland monsoon climate, the law of high belt strongly governs the natural conditions of the district Moc Chau has a diverse landscape system, rich forest land resources, fresh climate, unique natural and human resources Based on those potentials, the economic sectors of agriculture, forestry and tourism of the district have a particularly important position in the economic structure, accounting for 93% of GDP structure (2021) However, besides the achieved results, the development of agriculture, forestry and tourism industries in Moc Chau still has many limitations such as fragmented and small development lack of science should adversely affect the environment and resources Agricultural production is also monoculture, forests are degraded, soil is eroded and washed away Tourism activities are also spontaneous and unsustainable Meanwhile, the lives of ethnic minorities in many places still face many difficulties, their livelihoods are not sustainable, and their incomes are not stable Moc Chau has a border with Laos, located in a position adjacent to Van Ho - the gateway of the Northwest region - A particularly important position in the region, ensuring the security and social stability of the locality has great significance Finding solutions for economic development based on resources has both theoretical and practical significance From the above reasons, the author has chosen the topic “Reseach assessment of landscape for agro – forertry development and tourism in Moc Chau district, Son La province” Research purpose of the topic The objective of the thesis is defined as "Establishing scientific bases for rational use of natural resources for sustainable development of agriculture, forestry and tourism on the basis of theoretical research on forming the landscape of Moc Chau district, Son La province” Research tasks of the topic To achieve the above goal, the thesis performs main tasks: (1) Building a theoretical basis, selecting research methods, assessing landscapes for the development of agriculture, forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district (2) Studying the characteristics, role of forming factors and characteristics of landscape differentiation, building a classification system and making landscape map of Moc Chau district (3) Analysis of characteristics of taxonomic units and landscape zoning in Moc Chau district, Son La province (4) Assessment of ecological adaptation of landscapes for agro-forestry development and tourism; from there, identify ecologically suitable areas for agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Moc Chau district (5) Spatial orientation for agricultural, forestry and tourism economic development at the landscape type and landscape sub-region level for Moc Chau district Research scope 4.1 Research territory: the research space of the thesis is limited within Moc Chau district with 15 administrative units, including 02 towns of Moc Chau and Moc Chau Farm, 13 communes: Chieng Hac, Chieng Khua , Chieng Son, Dong Sang, Hua Pang, Long Sap, Muong Sang, Na Muong, Tan Hop, Tan Lap, Ta Lai, Phieng Luong, Quy Huong 4.2 With the objectives and tasks set out, the thesis only limits the scope of research to the following issues: - Focus on studying landscape structures (vertical structures and horizontal bridges) and evaluate them for the development of agriculture, forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district - Assessing the main limits for types of agro-forestry production and tourism according to their compatibility with the territory's resources - Proposing priority spaces for the development of economic sectors and ecological economic models with the base unit being landscape type and landscape sub-region Documentary basis of the thesis - Scientific materials: including books and scientific articles on theory and application in the research areas of the thesis; research topics and projects in Moc Chau district, Son La province - Mapping materials: the map system is provided by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (topographic map), the Institute of Soil and Agrochemistry (Terroscopic Map); Son La Forest Protection and Development Fund (Forest Status Map), Son La Provincial Department of Natural Resources and Environment (administrative map, soil map) - Data, survey results, field investigation during the implementation of the thesis in the period 2016 2021 Defensive thesis - Thesis 1: Moc Chau district is located in the tropical monsoon landscape system of Vietnam and the sub-system of the highland monsoon has cold winters, the interaction between the factors forming the landscape, especially the law of high belts, is defined by the law defining the division of the mountainous territorial landscape at the district level into classes, subclasses, types and 175 types of landscapes - Thesis 2: The proposed agro-forestry and tourism development spaces in Moc Chau district (landscape units and landscape sub-regions) have a scientific basis based on the integration of research and evaluation results landscape assessment according to the integrated ecological approach and based on the main point of view of sustainability - Thesis 3: Moc Chau exists landscape sub-regions, each landscape sub-region has application in agriculture, forestry and forestry (with different possibilities for exploiting agriculture, forestry and tourism) The new Contribution of the comment - New point 1: Clarifying the specificity in structure and landscape analysis of Moc Chau district (1/50,000 scale) based on landscape ecology approach and human approach, creating a scientific basis for determination spatial orientation of agriculture and tourism development in Moc Chau district, Son La province - New Point 2: The start of the computer is being only number of air back up, only the nifaufromine number from that volume is the effect of the location of the table Research - New Point 3: Determine the priority space for development of agriculture and tourism for different types of landscapes and landscape sub-regions, information on research results, landscape assessment, and current use of the local community copper Scientific significance of the thesis 8.1 Scientific significance of the topic: The research results of the thesis on the territory of Moc Chau are typical of the law of differentiation of the humid monsoon tropical landscape according to the high belt at a large scale of 1:50,000 The thesis has developed the quantitative direction and application of information technology in geographical research in general and natural geography in particular 8.2 Practical significance of the topic: The research results of the thesis topic are valuable scientific references for managers to choose the direction of agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Moc Chau district Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusions and recommendations, references and appendices, the results of the thesis are presented in three chapters: Chapter 1: Theoretical basis and research methods, assessment landscape pricing for agro-forestry development and tourism; Chapter 2: Elements that form the landscape of Moc Chau district, Son La province; Chapter 3: Landscape assessment serving the spatial orientation of agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Moc Chau district SECTION II RESEARCH CONTENT Chapter THEORETICAL BASIS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH AND ASSESSMENT OF LANDSCAPE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-FORESTRY AND TOURISM 1.1 Overview of research issues related to the topic 1.1.1 Overview of landscape research projects in the world School of Russian Scientists: It is the place where the earliest landscape science appeared, associated with the process of resource exploitation and territorial expansion, typically: Docuchaev (1883), Berg (1915), Ixatsenko (1964, 1969, 1985, 2008) , Drozdov (2006), Karakov (2008),…At first, landscape studies focused on simple natural issues and now, landscape science in Russia focuses on four main directions: ( 1) Pay attention to classification systems; (2) Gradual transition to the human landscape and application; (3) Environmental issues become the driving force of research; (4) Pay attention to sensitive areas such as mountainous areas and sea areas The school of landscape researches in Western Europe: Landscape science appeared later than Eastern European countries with a cultural and human-oriented landscape approach, typically: Paul Vidal de la Blache (1908), Carl Troll (1939), Antrop (2000), MEA (2003, 2005), Turner (2015), Today, landscape science in Western Europe has two major characteristics: (1) landscape research with extensive interdisciplinary nature to apply deal with environmental issues and climate change; (2) focused quantitative and qualitative research on ecosystem services and landscape functions combined with the application of computer science and technology and GIS Landscape Researches in North America and Australia: Landscape science is not popular with geographers from North America and Australia, although in the US the journal "Landscape Science" has been published for many years These countries pay attention to agricultural land assessment, forest inventory Some researches in Vietnam Previously, French geographers approached landscape research in the direction of focusing on single natural components Later, Vietnamese landscapers had a legacy to study at regional and national levels with high scientific value, typically: "Vietnam's natural geographical synthesis" (Le Xuan Phuong, 1958) "Vietnam's natural geography" (Vu Tu Lap, Nguyen Duc Chinh, 1963) gave a zoning diagram with the discovery that Hai Van Pass is the boundary of two main natural zones of our country (Wind tropical wind) seasonal and sub-equatorial) Currently, in landscape science in Vietnam, scientists have paid attention to attaching research to solving practical problems: (1) Linking basic research and applied research to protect nature and land environment country; (2) landscape application to forecast and prevent natural disasters, especially natural disasters in mountainous areas; (3) Exploiting the strengths of each geographical region (mountains, plains and islands); (4) landscape assessment has been applied to establish the type and space for the development of economic sectors 1.1.2 Research projects on the landscape of agro-forestry development - Landscape research for agricultural development began to develop strongly in Eastern and Western European countries from the late 80's While Eastern European countries focused on applying research on agricultural landscape design to adapt With the environment and climate change (Kiryushin, 1996), Western European countries focus on studying the application of landscape to the agricultural sector taking place in the context of agricultural land being degraded in both quantity and quality Climate change impacts all aspects of life (Matson et al., 1997; Landis, 2017) - Landscape research for forestry development takes place concurrently with applied landscape research for agriculture In Eastern European countries, landscape science is applied to clarify the dynamics of forest change in space and time, towards the conservation of forest ecosystem functions and services (A.N Gomtsev, 2001) In Western European countries that highly value forest vegetation biodiversity and forest ecosystem services, studies measure and confirm the role of forests in restoring ecosystem services and well-being human well-being (R.Sears et al., 2017; Perera et al., 2018) and studies focusing on applying modern methods, modeling forest values and market needs forest products (Toppine, 2010) In North America and Australia, scientists assess landscapes and habitats in order to capture ecological characteristics in order to maintain biodiversity, especially target species with great ecological value with the environment (Freemack et al., 1986); focus on classification and mapping of landscape ecology to manage forests and plan the rational use of forest resources (R.G Bailey, 1980; Albert, 1995) 1.1.3 Landscape studies for tourism development Landscape research for tourism development was noticed earlier in Europe As early as 1970, the theoretical system of determining the nature of the resort season under the influence of the rhythm of the landscape has been fully built (V.S Preobrazhensky, 1970) Up to the present time, research methods of landscape application for tourism have been paid more attention and towards technological applications in tourism landscape research In Vietnam, research and application of landscapes for the development of production types have developed strongly and widely for different levels, different territorial scales from national, regional, inter-regional, provincial, inter-regional, and inter-regional province, district, inter-district, commune 1.2 Theory on research, landscape assessment for agro-forestry and tourism development 1.2.1 About the landscape classification system and selection applied to Moc Chau district, Son La province In landscape research in general, especially to build a landscape map of each territory, the proposal of an appropriate landscape classification system has decisive and scientific significance very high However, because each landscape classification system is only suitable for a certain territory (researched area and rate), it must be especially suitable with the natural characteristics of that territory as well as suitable for the environment for research purposes and requirements Landscape map of Moc Chau district, Son La province, scale 1:50,000, including 06 levels: Landscape system; Sub-system CQ; Landscape class; Landscape subclass, Landscape type, Landscape type 1.2.2 Landscape zoning Is the division of territory into areas (units) with relative homogeneity in composition, properties and relationships among the forming factors, on the basis of those areas (units), selecting type of production in accordance with reasonable exploitation and protection measures For the study area, the landscape zoning map of 1/50,000 scale is classified according to 05 levels: Landscape area, landscape area, landscape zone group, landscape area and landscape sub-region 1.2.3 Landscape assessment Landscape assessment is the general assessment of natural wholes for a specific purpose such as: agriculture, forestry, fisheries, tourism (Nguyen Cao Huan, 2005) This is an important content, creating the necessary scientific basis to propose development orientations for a territory 1.2.4 Landscape structure and relationship with economic sectors Landscape is closely related to economic sectors through structure, function and dynamics Landscape structure and function determine development advantages, distribution of production types, landscape dynamics related to seasonality in the development of production types As follows: - The vertical structure of the landscape is a resource factor of the agricultural sector, determining the composition, structure and direction of specialization of the agricultural sector; is an ecological factor affecting the development and distribution of forest resources; decide on natural and humanistic tourism resources - The horizontal structure of the landscape shows the potential differentiation and development conditions of the agro-forestry sector by area; decide on industry advantages for each region, and orient to specialize in each locality's production type 1.2.5 Landscape dynamics It is most clearly shown in the law of rhythm (seasonal rhythm, day-night rhythm), thereby regulating the seasonality of agriculture and tourism, creating the growth rhythm of forest ecosystems as well as forest activities local production Landscape dynamics have two main origins: due to the effect of solar radiation and planetary factors leading to repetition of landscape states; Due to human impacts directly or indirectly change the landscape in different extents 1.2.6 Landscape function - Agricultural production is both a provider and a consumer of services and goods from landscapes and natural ecosystems Natural landscapes and ecosystems provide a diverse and necessary living environment and food source for animals that are natural enemies with agricultural pests; landscape and ecosystem help balance and fresh natural elements for the best development of agriculture; Landscape provides agriculture with quantity and quality of water; Landscape provides soil with characteristics of soil structure and fertility for agricultural production, - The service function of the landscape is closely related to the forest service function The forest vegetation itself receives goods and services from the landscape, from which the forest landscape creates other values and goods - Regulatory and conservation functions are very important to the tourism industry, ensuring the tourism industry takes place normally; The landscape provides a source of food and local specialties, creating the basis and resource for the development of the tourism industry; Cultural and ethnic objects associated with the humanities of the landscape constitute intangible resources for the tourism industry The landscape contains heritages, including cultural heritage, natural heritage, and synthetic heritage Cultural heritage is considered as “a gift from the past to the future” This is considered a special tourism resource, containing irreplaceable historical and cultural values 1.3 Research perspectives, methods and steps The thesis has used 04 main points of view (systemic point of view; territorial view; ecological economic point of view; sustainable development perspective) and 05 research methods (Method of collecting and processing numbers Data collection; Group of specific research methods of the landscape; Survey and field method; Remote sensing method; Diagram and chart method) to carry out research contents through steps: Construction theoretical basis and research methods; Studying the landscape features of Moc district; Landscape assessment for developing types of research Sub-conclusion of chapter Through the sources of materials collected from domestic and foreign studies on the research direction of the topic, it shows that landscape science has had a remarkable development from description to qualitative and quantitative; from a single science to a multidisciplinary science that is first-class compared to other sciences On the territory of Moc Chau, the direction of landscape research mainly stops at research topics in each specific field for specific application goals and has not yet clearly shown the research views of geography synthetic On the basis of an overview of research documents, the thesis has built a theoretical basis for the features of the landscape (structure, dynamics, function) From there, the analysis clarifies the relationship of the landscape with the agroforestry and tourism industries At the same time, the thesis has applied those theories to research for Moc Chau district Learn the basic knowledge and process of landscape assessment to compare - contrast the natural and resource potentials of the territory with the ecological needs of agro-forestry and tourism activities From there, assess the adaptability of each territorial unit to certain production areas CHAPTER 2: FACTORS THAT MAKE UP THE LANDSCAPE OF MOC CHAU DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE 2.1 The factors that make up the landscape of Moc Chau district and the relationship with economic sectors 2.1.1 Geographical location Moc Chau district is located in geographical coordinates 20° 51' 45"N - 21° 07' 00"B; 104° 36' 11"E - 105° 05' 00"E The East and Southeast of Moc Chau borders Van Ho district; The West and Northwest borders Yen Chau district; The North borders Phu Yen district, Bac Yen district; To the South and Southwest borders the Lao PDR With this location, Moc Chau becomes an important gateway connecting the Northwest provinces with Hanoi as well as the Red River Delta provinces through the national highway and waterways on the Da River At the same time, Moc Chau has a favorable position to connect with domestic and international tourism markets 2.1.2 Geology - the component that creates solid foundation and landscape nutrition in Moc Chau district Moc Chau district is the northern part of Moc Chau plateau In its development history, Son La territory about 500 million years ago was submerged by the sea advance The marine regime lasting hundreds of millions of years created conditions for the formation of the present limestone and shale sets The analysis results show that Moc Chau has all three groups of rocks: Sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous 2.1.3 Topography and geomorphological processes - Redistribution of solid matter and energy Based on the criteria of topographic classification according to phylogenetic origin and morphometric measurements of Dao Dinh Bac, the topography of Moc Chau can be divided into main types: Mountains and plateaus in which mountainous terrain is divided into main types: mountains and plateaus medium and low mountains, plateaus According to the origin of formation, Moc Chau topography is divided into main forms with specific geomorphological processes: General eroding topography; Topography of origin of erosion - accumulation; Terrain of cumulative origin 2.1.4 Climate - Factors that form the basis of humid heat Along with topography, climate is considered an important factor determining the landscape characteristics of Moc Chau district today Moc Chau district is characterized by a highland monsoon climate - the interwoven result of tropical monsoon nature (divided into two seasons: a rainy season and a dry season of the year) and the impact of mountainous terrain high (temperate cool all year round) - Climate is an important resource for tourism development in Moc Chau, applying the calculation of Meczecov's climate index shows that Moc Chau's climate is favorable for tourism development all year round, in which the most favorable month is May March and November are the two most beautiful months; June and August are less favorable due to heavy rain - Moc Chau district is likened to "Da Lat of the North" because of its seasonal advantage, capable of providing high-quality agricultural products to the Northern Delta and surrounding areas all year round Besides, the mild climate is also ideal conditions for developing a diversified structure of clean and unique agricultural products with plant species such as tea trees, subtropical fruit trees, off-season vegetables , flowers and livestock such as high quality dairy cows - The division of climate into high belts with the appearance of temperate belts has helped Moc Chau become the district with the most biodiversity in the North, with many endemic and rare species This part will be presented by the PhD student in the biological characteristics of Moc Chau.2.1.3 Topography and geomorphological processes – redistribution factors of solid matter and energy 2.1.5 Hydrology - Factors that form the moist foundation Moc Chau district has underdeveloped surface runoff The water source for daily life and production of Moc Chau district depends on the groundwater flow, which is drilled and explored for no more than 100m In addition to the Da River flowing through in the Northeast, there are also small streams flowing on the main surface such as Sap stream, Giang stream, Mon stream, Ang stream, Phieng stream and small streams and creeks Most of the streams in the district are short and steep 2.1.6 Soil - Factors that form the foundation of landscape nutrition Soil of Moc Chau district shows the characteristics of development on different topographical highlands Based on the factors arising from geomorphology and soil, referring to the soil classification system of the Institute of Agricultural Planning and Design (2004) shows that: in Moc Chau district, there are main soil groups and 17 soil types difference In which the group of red-yellow soil and the group of red-yellow soil in the mountains are the largest soil groups in the district 2.1.7 About natural vegetation types: The thesis is based on the phylogenetic perspective of Thai Van Trung (1978 - 2000), based on the field results of the study area, and interpreting Setinel remote sensing images to divide and test the types of vegetation types that are unapproachable in the field, too far, too difficult to divide the natural vegetation of Moc Chau district according to belts: (1) Wet tropical natural vegetation belt; (2) The second belt is a subtropical belt from 700-1600m; (3) Temperate belt with elevation >1600m In addition, in the area of Moc Chau district, there are types of artificial vegetation because this place is the residence of 10 different ethnic groups, with a long history of territorial exploitation Basically, the people here mainly produce agriculture, a large part of the people are still heavily dependent on forest resources Agricultural production is mainly swidden cultivation, wet rice cultivation and other agricultural crops such as fruit trees (Plum Hau, Longan, Avocado, Mango, Peach ), industrial plants such as Tea Since then, in Moc Chau also formed types of artificial vegetation including: planted forests; tea growing areas; long-term industrial crops, fruit trees; areas for growing rice and cash crops; plant communities in residential areas - For the forestry sector, the vegetation creates the foundation for the forestry sector to develop with all service activities from the forest such as activities of planting, harvesting, transporting, producing and processing forest products and provide forest-related environmental services About biodiversity: From 2013 to 2017, Dinh Thi Hoa and her colleagues conducted biodiversity research in Moc Chau district, especially in the area at Xuan Nha nature reserve The results showed that the vegetation of Moc Chau is very diverse - For the agricultural sector, the high-altitude natural mats play the role of regulating water for agricultural production in the lower basin For the area of Moc Chau district, the forest is a place to provide genetic resources for agricultural development in the direction of flowers, native vegetables and ornamental plants - For the tourism industry, the mountain and plateau landscape has a high diversity of types of ecosystems natural, semi-natural and cultivated (e.g forest, cliff, grassland, grassland and farming) traditional cooperation) is very convenient to develop tourism associated with ecology, tourism associated with nature 2.1.8 Human activities – Landscape changing factors According to the Son La Provincial Statistical Yearbook 2019, the total population of Moc Chau is 113,300 people with 10 ethnic groups including Kinh, Thai, Mong, Muong, Dao, Xinh Mun, Tay, Kho Mu, Giay and La Ha The landscape of Moc Chau is the result of the combined effects of the differentiation of natural conditions, the richness of different populations, cultures and farming systems In the highlands, people have burned upland fields, swidden cultivation, cut forests to get arable land and serve the needs of building houses, construction making the land eroded, washed away, Forest area has been reduced in both quantity and quality In the highlands and valleys between mountains, general economic activities such as transportation, construction of factories (tea production, milk processing ), cultivation of wet rice, cash crops and short-term industry, using chemical fertilizers to make the landscape degraded and simplified In addition, humans also have many positive impacts on the landscape such as planting forests, cultivating terraced fields, building agroforestry models, contributing to resource recovery and environmental protection 10 of development birth, (3) relative identity, (4) objective.Table 2.12 The system of PVCQ indicators applied to the PVCQ map of Moc Chau district NO Percentile level Landscape domain Landscape area Sub-regions Division criteria Signs: A collection of phylogenetically similar landscape areas, geological geomorphological structures, development history and structure of flora communities Classification: Is the result of crossing between a country and a zone Moc Chau landscape belongs to the Northwest and North Central region Signs: Homogeneity in phylogenetics, development in the direction of the effects of natural processes, quite uniform in heat-humidity regime, cyclic rhythm, creating relative unity of regional development dynamics Classification: Located in a group of regions and is distinguished by the combined impact of components of geomorphology and climate Classification: Moc Chau belongs to Son La - Moc Chau plateau landscape Signs: Having the same phylogenetic origin and relative homogeneity of the set of landscape-type units, the distribution is regular and typical for a combination of use measures Classification: Accordingly, the landscape of Moc Chau is divided into main subregions: + Low mountain sub-region of Da river - Tan Hop - Hua Pang (I) + Moc Chau farm highland sub-region (II) + Mid-mountain sub-region bordering Vietnam - Laos - Chieng Khua - Chieng Son (III) Accordingly, Moc Chau district is divided into main sub-regions: - Low mountain sub-region of Da river - Tan Hop - Hua Pang (sub-region I): composed mainly of limestone and shale, with 03 types of soil (red-yellow soil on acid magma, pale yellow soil on sandy rock) , yellowbrown soil on neutral basic igneous rocks) predominates The sub-region has a hot climate with little rain, the average temperature is 20 - 22°, the rainfall is < 1400mm, the cold season is short, only 3-4 months There are small streams flowing into the Da River such as Pang stream, Sao Tua stream, Bung stream, and Na Giang stream With such conditions, the main cover in the sub-region is grassland, shrubs, industrial crops, plantations and annual trees According to the analysis of landscape characteristics, the sub-region has two basic functions: regulation (flow into the Da River) and supply (residence space, production of industrial and edible crops) fruit) - Moc Chau farm highland sub-region (sub-region II): distributed in the center of Moc Chau district, on topographic elevation of 900 - 1100m, some places up to 1400m The sub-region has rich soil, most commonly redyellow soil on the mountain, loose, rich in humus and over 100m thick Although the river and stream system in the sub-region is underdeveloped, the climate here is temperate with an average temperature of 16°C - 20°C, annual average rainfall of 1400mm - 1600mm, the length of the cold season has increased to - 1600mm months This is also the most densely populated area of the district, so agricultural production activities take place strongly (planting grass, tea and fruit trees) With the characteristics as analyzed above, the highland sub-region of Moc Chau farm has 03 outstanding functions: supply function (providing resources for agricultural production), production function (production of agricultural products) agricultural values) and cultural functions (providing cultural values, historical sites, temples, beautiful landscapes, educational centers with high aesthetics and culture, etc.) - Sub-region of medium mountainous border between Vietnam Laos - Chieng Khua - Chieng Son (sub-region III): distributed on the highest terrain of Moc Chau district, including high mountain ranges at the border with elevation > 1300m, slope large, soil with a lot of humus (Hs, Fs) is easily washed away Unlike the climate in sub-region I, the temperature in this sub-region has decreased deeply, there are months with average 11 temperature < 16°, length of cold season has increased, there are areas with cold season > months, rainfall common average >1600mm However, this is also the area with the largest forest area and the largest biodiversity in the district - part of the buffer zone of Xuan Nha Nature Reserve Forest protection and biodiversity here should be taken into account when exploiting the territory The most important function of the sub-region is biodiversity conservation and production protection 2.3 Moc Chau district landscape dynamics and functions 2.3.1 The seasonal rhythm of the landscape (the rhythmic dynamics of the landscape) The seasonal rhythm of the landscape (also known as the seasonal rhythmicity) reflects the change in the state of the landscape without changing the structure, in which the temperature and humidity regime plays a dominant role, is the dynamic basis force of natural seasonal processes The seasonality of the climate has affected other components of the landscape, especially the hydrological regime and the growth of plants Seasonal rhythm regulates seasonality in agricultural production, farming schedules, and tourism activities This is also the law of natural processes, seasonal natural hazards (erosion, landslides) soil, pipe flood, flash flood, ) The temperature-humidity correlation index of Xelianhinov (Vu Tu Lap modified for the tropics) was used by the researcher to determine the seasonal rhythm of the landscape in Moc Chau district The results show that: (1) The dry season lasts for months (from December to February next year), very hot, easy to cause forest fires and lack of water for production; (2) The rainy season lasts for months (from March to November), with a lot of rain, and focuses on flooding agricultural land, affecting tourism activities The rhythmicity of the landscape has dominated the agricultural production and tourism seasons in Moc Chau Here, rice and maize are the two main crops, each year producing crop (rice sown from September to November is harvested, maize is harvested from April to July) The seasonal rhythm of the climate also changes the aesthetic value of the landscape creating seasons for tourism activities of the district According to research, the peak tourist season in Moc Chau starts from November and lasts until March next year, which coincides with blooming flowers that should attract tourists, specifically: October, November (wild flowers) anemone, cauliflower, orange season); December (canola flower), January and February (apricot blossom, plum blossom), March (white ban flower), April (triangle flower) 2.3.2 Dynamic processes and natural hazards The dynamics of the landscape, which are very evident, are natural disasters that greatly affect agriculture and community life in Moc Chau As a mountainous and highland district, Moc Chau's landscape is very sensitive to the change of the environment, prone to fluctuations before natural disasters According to the results of the field survey from 2016 to 2020, based on the research results of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2018), it is shown that in Moc Chau district, there is a very high risk of landslides at the landscape units of the province Tan Hop commune; high risk of landslides in landscape units in Chieng Hac, Chieng Khua, Na Muong, Qui Huong, Ta Lai and Tan Lap communes; average risk of landslides at landscape units in Chieng Son, Dong Sang, Hua Pang, Long Sap, Muong Sang, Phieng Luong, TT communes Moc Chau and AI Moc Chau According to an investigation by the organization Human and Nature (Pannature), the rainy season in Moc Chau has come 1015 days later than the usual rhythm, changing the planting season and the way of planting In addition, climate change has caused new diseases to appear on crops In recent years, floods and soil erosion have also increased, washing away crops, losing an area of agricultural land in the district The seasonality in production was broken and people were passive in production, and new diseases appeared, which increased the precariousness in agricultural production 2.3.3 Landscape function Landscape of Moc Chau district has 04 main functions as follows: (1) Regulatory function: The landscape of Moc Chau district has the function of regulating climate, land, epidemics, water sources, and air conditioning for downstream regions (Red River Delta and surrounding areas; seasonally regulating and filtering water, pollination, seed dispersal, and pest regulation in mountainous and highland landscapes 105, 108, 117 belonging to Chieng Son, Long Sap, Dong Sang communes 12 (2) Function of supply: Landscape of Moc Chau district has the function of providing a variety of foods, rich in nutrients, especially indigenous foods; supply fresh water for domestic use, production and irrigation for the delta, timber and energy sources, and stabilize alluvium for the Red River Delta; It is home to diverse ecosystems providing genetic resources for agricultural production, pharmaceuticals, jewelry, ornamental plants, and specialty agricultural products The supply function of landscape of Moc Chau district is distributed in landscape units No 9, 10, 19, 38, 58, 62, 63, 64 concentrated in communes in the highland sub-region of Moc Chau farm (3) Habitat function (habitat): The landscape of Moc Chau district is a place of high biodiversity, maintaining the life cycle of migratory species, and rare and endemic species that have been recognized for conservation Conservation functions are mainly distributed in units 5, 7, 12 in the buffer zone of Xuan Nha Nature Reserve (4) Cultural function: Landscape of Moc Chau district contains heritages and relics associated with cultural traditions and history of resistance war against French colonialism and American empire Landscape values of Moc Chau district have great significance in terms of education and entertainment, containing in themselves the cultural heritages and aesthetic values of a plateau with the most potential in Northwest Vietnam Cultural functions of landscape of Moc Chau district are distributed on landscape units No 2,4,5,95, 46,49, 67, 51, 96 concentrated in communes and towns such as rural towns school, Moc Chau town, Chieng Hac commune Sub-conclusion of chapter In chapter 2, the study has analyzed the characteristics of the components that make up the landscape Besides, find out the relationship between the vertical and horizontal components through the percentile system and the relationship of the components with economic sectors In particular, it has clarified the relationship between human cultural factors, production practices distributed according to high altitudes and characteristics in agricultural production, forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district After classifying the landscape into levels (System, sub-system, landscape class, landscape subclass, landscape type, landscape type), the researcher created a landscape map that clearly saw the characteristics morphological point of the landscape The connection between types of landscapes in space has been clarified The thesis is also based on the criteria of zoning and dividing the area of Moc Chau district into landscape sub-regions (sub-landscape sub-region Da river - Tan Hop - Hua Pang low mountain region, Moc Chau farm highland sub-region , sub-regional mid-mountain mountains bordering Vietnam - Laos - Chieng Khua Chieng Son) and at the same time analyze the resources of each sub-region, creating a basis for building and developing the territorial economy in parallel with the protection of the biological environment sustainability In terms of dynamics and performance, the landscape has created the characteristics of the rhythmic dynamics of the landscape Regarding ecological succession, it also shows that Moc Chau district is sensitive to soil erosion and extreme weather phenomena such as fog, hoarfrost, severe cold This requires the practice of appropriate exploitation and protection measures Calculating the total drought index K to measure the temperature-humidity correlation creates the basis for seasonality for agro-forestry production and tourism The tourism climate index (TCI) of Moc Chau district is also calculated, creating a scientific basis for studying tourism activities CHAPTER 3: LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT FOR SPATIAL ORIENTATION OF AGRO-FORESTRY AND 13 TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MOC CHAU DISTRICT 3.1 Principles, objects and objectives of landscape assessment for Moc Chau district Landscape assessment for the development of agriculture - forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district should be based on two factors: - Characteristics and ecological needs of economic sectors - The characteristics of landscape units are the object of the evaluation process 3.2 Assessment of landscape ecological adaptation of Moc Chau district for agricultural development 3.2.1 Reasons for choosing types and crops to evaluate for agriculture in Moc Chau district Taro: Taro is considered a smart food that meets four main requirements: (1) Has outstanding high nutritional value and can be a source of essential micronutrients, protein and energy for humans; (2) Low input requirements, resistant to climate change, environmentally friendly, reducing erosion; (3) Being a native plant, readily adapting to local climatic conditions, easy to cultivate, can be grown on open ground, easily intercropped or rotated with staple crops, and can easily adoption of integrated crop production systems; (4) Multi-use and for economic potential Mombasa Ghine grass (Large-leaved lemongrass grass) for animal husbandry Moc Chau district is considered the "paradise of dairy cows in Vietnam", the total herd of cows of Moc Chau is about 20,000 heads, for delicious dairy products (fresh milk, milk cake, fresh yogurt) which are famous all over the world country Grass farming offers many environmental benefits, such as soil protection and erosion control, improved fertility, and the reduction or elimination of unstable short-term agriculture 3.2.2 Ecological conditions of different types of agriculture and crops Taro plants prefer temperatures of 200C - 240C, giving reasonable yields in shaded conditions, not picky about soil but giving high yields in flat terrain Mombasa Ghine grass can live on many different types of soil, but it is best in alluvial and humus-rich soils, pH = Tolerates mildly saline soils and does not tolerate prolonged moist soils Suitable temperature is from 19 to 220C Grows well in areas with rainfall from 800 to 1,800mm/year 3.2.3 The system of criteria, indicators and agricultural assessment ladders for Moc Chau district In order for the assessment process to be objective, the assessment must be based on a clear and strict system of criteria and assessment criteria This system is built on the following bases: (1)Ecological needs of specific types of agricultural production and crops; (2) Research results on ecological potential of the distric Table 3.1 System of criteria for assessing ecological adaptation for taro plants in Moc Chau district Criteria group Weight points points point Slope 0.3 30 - 80 80 - 150 150 - 200 Terrain type 0.17 High plateau Valley Mountain Soil type 0.2 Hs, Hv, Hq, Ha Fk, Fu, Fs, Fe, Fv, Fl PH 0,09 5.5 - 6.5 4-5 Temperature 0.11 > 200C 160 - 200C < 16 Amount of rain 0.13 > 1600 1400 - 1600 < 1400 Limiting factor (1) TX forest, (2) Limestone mountains, (3) slope < 30 and > 200, (4) land Py, D, Rdv (5) water surface Consistency index CR reached 0.07 < 0.1 14 Table 3.2 Criteria system for assessing ecological adaptation for Mombasa Guinea grass for breeding purposes in Moc Chau district Criteria Weight Terrain type Soil type 0.22 0.22 Well suited points Plateau Hs, Hq, Hv, Ha Cover layer 0.22 Grasslands, shrubs Temperature 0.08 200C - 220C suited points Low mountains Fe, Fv Fk, Fu, Fs, Plantation forest Old tree 160C - 200C Less suited point Medium mountain Fa, Fq, Fl Mixed 22 Amount of rain DD cold season 0.12 > 1600 1400 - 1600 < 1400 0.14 < months - months > months (1)Valley (2)Evergreen forest; (3) limestone mountains (4) water surface (5) Land D, Py, Limiting factor Rv, Rdv; (6) slope >200, (7) water surface Consistency index CR reached 0.01 < 0.1 (satisfactory) Table 3.3 Hierarchy of ecological adaptation levels for different types of agriculture in Moc Chau district Assessment purpose Rating score Point distance Less suited suited Well suited Taro tree 0,18 0,19 – 0,37 0,37 - 0,46 0,46 - 0,64 Guinea grass 0,07 0,46 - 0,53 0,53 - 0,6 0, - 0,67 3.1.3 Landscape assessment results for the agricultural sector 3.1.3.1 Taro tree The thesis has assessed 138 types of landscapes for taro From there, remove 37 types of landscapes that are completely unfavorable for taro plants to grow, which are units of limestone mountains, water surface, steep slopes, and soil that is not suitable for plant growth The evaluation results are as follows: - The degree of well suited includes types of landscapes with an area of 2319 hectares (accounting for 2.16% of the natural area), focusing entirely on the farm town of Moc Chau All these units are porous, nutrientrich Hs and Hv soil, with a slope of - 15 degrees, which is ideal for taro plants to grow and develop - The degree of suited includes 33 types of landscapes with an area of 20867 ha, accounting for 19.47% (the district's natural area) In addition to Moc Chau farm, Muong Sang, Tan Lap and Chieng Khua communes have the potential to develop taro In these areas, the soil is porous and rich in nutrients, but the drawback is that the topography is higher than that of the well-suited area - The degree of less suited of taro in Moc Chau district occupies a large area, accounting for 98 types of landscapes, with a total area of 58243 (accounting for 54.34% of the natural area) Chieng Hac, Chieng Son, Long Sap and Hua Pang communes are areas where it is difficult to put taro into cultivation These are landscapes with steep slopes and low humus soils that are not suitable for the growth and development of this plant 3.1.3.2 Landscape assessment results for Mombasa Guinea grass development Based on the ecological conditions for grass growing, the thesis has removed 65 unsuitable landscape units and assessed 110 landscape units for grass development in Moc Chau district The results are as follows: - The degree of well suited includes 28 types of landscapes with an area of 20,097 hectares, accounting for 19.6% of the district's area This area is distributed mainly in the central plateau, this is an area with fertile soil, thick layers, abundant rainfall, so it is favorable for grass to grow These types of landscapes are concentrated in the farm center, Chieng Hac - The degree of suited for grass cultivation covers an area of about 37,098 hectares, including 68 landscape types These are areas with less fertile soil, higher slopes, so it is not suitable for the ecological conditions of Guinea grass - The degree of less suited includes 14 landscape types with a total area of 7542.7 (7.03% of the natural 15 area), these are hot climate areas, rugged terrain in communes along the border and along the Da River such as Hua Pang, Quy Huong, Na Muong, etc 3.3 SUITED ASSESSMENT MOC CHAU DISTRICT LANDSCAPE FOR FORESTRY 3.3.1 Basis for selecting types of forestry and forestry plants for assessment Moc Chau is a mountainous and plateau area in the Northwest of Vietnam, the forest ecosystem here has the function of supplying and regulating water for the Da and Ma rivers, protecting the Red River Delta and Ha Noi capital In fact, most of the district's topography is steep, relatively complex, on a geological base of mainly limestone and shale In the condition of climate with distinct seasons, a long dry season, a large concentration of rain in a short time, Moc Chau has many potential risks of erosion, landslides, etc.The development and increase of forest area to strengthen regulation and protection functions in Moc Chau is very important 3.3.2 Ecological conditions of Son Tra tree Son Tra grows best at an altitude of 1200 - 1400m, with a slope of 15 - 250; The soil has medium fleshy composition, has a thick layer, and is slightly acidic (pH 5.5 - 6.5) However, Son Tra has special requirements for temperature, during the year there must be a period of low temperature for the plant to differentiate flower buds and require high brightness during the growth process 3.3.3 The system of criteria, indicators and assessment hierarchy To select criteria for assessing production and protection forests based on the ecological criteria of forest trees, the thesis relied on Decree 156/2018/ND-CP detailing a number of articles of the Forest Law to take the quota and remove the landscape units that are not in the regulation The factors affecting different forest types and ecological conditions of different crops are weighted according to the AHP hierarchical method Table 3.8 System of criteria and indicators for landscape assessment for protection forest development in Moc Chau district Criteria Weight Location 0.2 Terrain type 0.16 Slope Amount of rain Temperature 0.14 0.18 0.08 Well suited points Bordering Medium mountains Valleys > 25 > 1600 , > 22 suited points Condenser tank High plateau Less suited point Far from rivers and streams Low mountains 20 - 25 15 - 20 1400 - 1600 < 1400 16 - 22 < 16 Mixed forest, Vegetation 0.24 Evergreen closed forest Grasslands, shrubs plantation forest Limiting factor (1) Slope < 15; (2) Limestone mountains; (3) Water surface Consistency index CR reached 0.09 < 0.1 (satisfactory) Table 3.9 System of criteria and indicators for landscape assessment for production forest development in Moc Chau district Criteria Slope Terrain type Soil Floor of soil Temperature Amount of rain Weight 0.21 0.21 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.13 Plants 0.15 Limiting factor points points point 15 - 25 25 - 30 > 30 Medium mountains Low mountains Plateau Hs, Hv, Hq, Ha, Fd, Fq, Fk, Fs, Fu, Fe D, Py, Fl > 100 m 70 - 100 30 - 50 0 > 20 C 16 - 20 C < 16 > 1600 1400 - 1600 < 1400 Evergreen forest Plantation forest Grasslands, shrubs Mixed forest (1)Valley, (2) slope 80 and >25 (3) Limestone mountains; (4) water surface (5) Perennials, annuals 16 Consistency index CR reached 0.02 < 0.1 (satisfactory) Table 3.10 Hierarchy of assessment criteria for Son Tra tree in Moc Chau district Criteria Weight points Altitude 0,29 1200 - 1400 Slope mechanical components PH 0,23 30 – 150 points 900 – 1200 1400 – 1600 150 – 250 0,12 Medium Mild- Medium 0,14 3.5 – 4.5 point < 900 >1600 > 250 Heavy 4.6 - 5.5 > 5.5 Mixed forest, plantation Agricultural Shading degree 0,22 Grasslands, shrubs forest Ecosystem Limiting factor (1)Water surface; (2) Evergreen forest (3) Land D, Py, Rv; (4) limestone mountains Consistency index CR reached 0.05 < 0.1 (satisfactory) Table 3.11 Hierarchy of ecological suited levels for different types of forestry in Moc Chau district Assessment purpose Point distance Protection Forest Production forest 0,07 0,08 Less suited 0,14 - 0,21 0,16 - 0,24 Son Tra tree 0,09 0,27 - 0,36 Rating score suited 0,22 - 0,29 0,24 - 0,33 Well suited 0,29 - 0,36 0,33 - 0,41 0,36 - 0,45 0,45 - 0,54 3.3.4 Assessment results for forestry 3.3.4.1 Protection Forest According to the provisions of Decree 156/2018/ND-CP on types of protection forests, the thesis has eliminated 114 types and included 61 types of landscapes Most of the landscape units eliminated are slopes below 150 Specific results of priority classification and distribution by district and commune are as follows: The very priority category includes types of landscape with an area of 4285.2ha, accounting for 3.99% of the district's natural area, within the boundaries of communes: Chieng Son, Chieng Khua, Dong Sang and Long Sap in the sub-region of medium mountains bordering Vietnam - Laos Priority category includes 17 landscape types, covering an area of 14011 (13.1% of the district's natural area Communes suitable for protection forest development include Quy Huong, Truong Son, Chieng Hac, and Na Muong This position's characteristic is steep slope, located near the reservoirs but less rainfall, less humus soil The less-priority category includes 41 types of landscapes, covering an area of 24,850 hectares These are areas with steep slopes but not located near stream and border basins 3.3.4.2 Production forest Eliminating limiting factors for production forests, the thesis assesses 74 types of landscapes The eliminated landscape units are regular forest, water surface, rocky mountain The assessment results are as follows: Well suited classification has 19 types of landscape, accounting for 14% of the territory, about 15,061 Concentrated in communes in the sub-region of medium mountain Chieng Khau,Chieng Son bordering Vietnam Laos The medium suited classification has 45 types of landscapes, distributed in the communes of Long Sap, Chieng Khua, Chieng Son, Tan Hop, Hua Pang, etc accounting for 40.3% of the natural area of the whole territory, accounting for 43,166 There are 11 types of landscapes that are not suited for the development of production forests, distributed mainly in Moc Chau Farm Town, Tan Hop, and Tan Lap This is an area with degrees, the land is less suitable for this type of forest 3.2.4.3 Son Tra tree Based on ecological conditions of Son Tra tree and natural conditions of the territory, the thesis eliminates 43 types of landscapes (these are areas with evergreen forests, water surface, limestone mountains and other 17 unsuitable soil types for ecological conditions of the tree), conducted an assessment of 132 types of landscapes, the specific results are as follows: The well suited degree reached 13670 ha, accounting for about 12.8% of the natural area, distributed in Moc Chau farm town, Chieng Khua, Chieng Son, Tan Lap These are units with moderate elevation, soil with suitable pH and TPCG for Son Tra tree to grow and develop The suited degree includes 49 types of landscapes with an area of 30699.9 of natural area in the whole district, distributed in many low-mountain sub-regions along the Da River such as Tan Lap - Hua Pang The less suited degree includes 41 types of landscapes, with an area of 31738.4 The limitation of these landscape units is that they have large slopes and high belts that are not suitable for Son Tra to grow and thrive 3.4 LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN MOC CHAU DISTRICT 3.4.1 The reason for choosing the type of tourism to assess For resort tourism: Compared to areas such as Sapa, Tam Dao, Ba Na, Da Lat, etc Moc Chau is not inferior in terms of climate conditions With the above conditions, it can be said that Moc Chau area compared to neighboring areas in the Northwest corridor along National Highway (including Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien Bien provinces) is the place with the most ideal conditions in the Northwest region to develop resort tourism For sightseeing tourism: Although the district is not large, it gathers a lot of natural and human resources Based on this actual feature of the locality, the Ph.D student found that choosing the type of sightseeing tourism is appropriate and necessary 3.4.2 Criteria and assessment scale of landscape for tourism 3.4.2.1 Assessment criteria and rating scale Table 3.18 Hierarchy of criteria to assess the type of resort tourism in Moc Chau district Criteria Weight Well suited points suited points Less suited point > 22 < 16 >1600 >15 Temperature 0.24 20 - 22 16 – 20 Amount of rain Slope 0.2 0.13 Vegetative cover 0.12 1600 > 15° CIR= 0.01 0.195 >0,23 3.4.3 Result of assessment 3.4.3.1 Results of assessing the convenience level for this type of resort in Moc Chau district Applying the assessment criteria and weights to 175 landscape units for resort tourism in Moc Chau district gives the following results: In terms of space, the most favorable areas to develop this type of tourism include 53 types of landscapes, accounting for 39.75% of the district's area, mainly in the plateau sub-region The favorable level accounts for 98 types of landscapes, covering nearly 50% of the district's area, concentrated in most of the districts in the plateau sub-region and along the Da river valley There are 24 landscape units that are less favorable for resort activities, these are areas with a lot of rain, far from traffic and steep slopes Communes of the border sub-region such as Chieng Khua, Dong Sang, and Muong Sang belong to most of this area 3.4.3.2 The results of the assessment of the degree of convenience for the type of sightseeing tourism The thesis evaluates 175 landscape units for sightseeing tourism development in Moc Chau district with the following results: Very favorable degree includes 14 types of landscapes, accounting for 6.9% of the territory area These are landscape units containing natural and human resources, with good traffic accessibility, low rainfall, and mild temperatures The favorable degree includes 115 types of landscapes, accounting for 64.9% of the district's area These are units with relatively convenient transportation The less favorable degree includes 46 types of landscapes, this is an area with unfavorable roads, heavy rainfall and high temperature, which can affect the emotions and psychology of visitors 3.5 SPATIAL ORIENTATION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO- FORESTRY, TOURISM AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ECOLOGICAL ECONOMIC MODELS FOR MOC CHAU DISTRICT Stack the objects in pairs and compare them according to their possible importance for the development of agroforestry and tourism as follows: 3.5.1 Priority space for development of agro-forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district 3.5.1 Orientation point of view Spatial orientation for the development of economic sectors ensures the harmonization of natural, economic and environmental goals 3.5.2 Orientation base Based on the orientation of agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Moc Chau district, it is necessary to closely follow the guidelines of the Party and State, and the local socio-economic development plan in an overall 19 and detailed scope 3.5.3 Orientation on spatial distribution of agriculture, forestry and tourism development in Moc Chau district 3.5.3.1 Priority space for agricultural development The priority space for planting grass belongs to landscape units (107, 115, 118, 119, 121, 126, 142, 160) with an area of 7482.89 hectares distributed throughout the sub-region of the Moc Chau farm plateau This data is reduced compared to the original area to give priority to protection forests and production forests Particular priority is given to combining with ecological economic models to diversify the landscape and increase economic and environmental benefits for the district The priority space for the development of taro plants is the landscapes number 111, 112, 113, 129, 130 with an area of 248.4 ha, distributed entirely in sub-region II of the Moc Chau farm town This area is much lower than the area assessed for suitability because taro is a shade-loving plant, which can be easily combined with ecological economic models with two or more economic types 3.5.3.2 Priority space for forestry development The priority space for protection forest development is landscape units No 1, 8, 7, 42 in Chieng Khua and Chieng Son communes This is an area with a steep slope, an important position for protection, and is the most suitable for prioritizing the development of this type of forest The priority space for production forests is given priority for development in 10 types of landscapes in sub-regions II and III with area of 10,775.86 hectares, accounting for 10.5% of the territory area, belonging to Chieng Khua communes, Moc Chau farm town, and Tan Lap - Priority space for Son Tra trees is prioritized for development in types of landscapes with numbers 8, 18, 48, 53, 41, 40, 39 3.5.3.3 Priority space for tourism development - The type of resort tourism can be developed in landscape units No 59, 86, 146, 155, 173, 175, the total proposed area of 1761.8 is reduced by 87.8% compared to the well suited area The basic reason is that resort tourism is easy to combine with other economic types to form an effective ecological economic model, especially the plan - Sightseeing tourism has a space that coincides with most of the resort tourism area and forest garden models to achieve high economic efficiency, so this type when stacking suited areas has not existed anymore 3.5.3.4 Diversify the landscape functions of Moc Chau district and prioritize the development of integrated ecological economy In addition to the development spaces of specific production industries, the evaluation results show that there are 36 types of landscapes that simultaneously develop many economic types, bringing many values on the same area is multifunctional landscape These landscape units are also the priority space for general economic development and ecological economic models Of the 11 ecological economic models in Moc Chau (table 3.11), the four most dominant models are: Son tra - Co guinea; DL sightseeing - resort; Resort resort - guinea pig; production forest - Son Tra; Son Tra - sightseeing tour Table 3.29 Proposing priority space to develop ecological economic model in Moc Chau district No Name of priority space Guinea grass - Resort tourism Guinea grass - Sightseeing tourism - Resort tourism Taro - Resort tourism Production forest – Son Tra - Guinea grass Production forest - Son Tra Son Tra - Guinea grass - Sightseeing tourism Son Tra - Sightseeing tourism Distribution Area (ha) 133,134 112, 161 130 6, 42, 105 49, 50 2165,9 995,7 659,7 187,5 1256,9 374,2 1329,1 Ratio (%) 2.02 0.93 0.61 0.17 1.17 0.34 1.24 20 2, 19, 20, 106, 109, 110, 6545,5 6.11 111, 120, 125, 128, 132 Son Tra - Sightseeing tourism - Resort tourism 95 1014,1 0.94 10 Son Tra - Resort tourism 113, 145, 147 836,3 0.78 62, 63, 75, 76, 94, 100, Sightseeing tourism - Resort tourism 4819,6 4.49 11 140, 152, 174 Of the 11 ecological economic models in Moc Chau, the most dominant models are: Son tra - Guinea grass; sightseeing tourism - resort tourism; Resort tourism - guinea grass; production forest - Son Tra; Son Tra sightseeing tourism 3.5.4 Spatial orientation gives priority to the development of functional sub-regions Based on the results of spatial orientation prioritizing development of agro-forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district, comparing with landscape function according to sub-regions, the thesis synthesizes and orients the priority space for development of agro-forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district Moc Chau farm plateau sub-region is still the most powerful and multi-functional sub-region (13 types of production In this sub-region, the protection function is small, the production function is most dominant, especially tourism, animal farming and production forests; (2) The border sub-region of Vietnam Laos - Chieng Khua Chieng Son is the most important sub-region in terms of watershed protection This is also the sub-region that show the outstanding advantages of forestry (the area that can develop the largest forestry) and agro-forestry models have more advantages than tourism agroforestry models; (3) Tan Hop - Hua Pang sub-region is the least functional (6 types of economics), the advantages of production forest and animal husbandry are more prominent Sub-conclusion of chapter Landscape is the basic territorial unit - the basic object of the study and planning of the territory Therefore, it is necessary to conduct landscape assessment for planning work The process of assessing the landscape of Moc Chau district has obtained the following specific results: The thesis has approached the documents of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the World (FAO), the International Agro-Forestry Organization (ICRAP), the World Tourism Organization (FAO) to select suitable agroforestry types suitable with the study area, ensuring the sustainability of the ecological environment, responding to climate change and environmental hazards Simultaneously diversifying livelihoods and income sources for indigenous people Overall and objectively assessed 175 types of landscapes of the sub-regions for types of production including: for agricultural purposes (taro, Mombasa gine grass), forestry (including protection forest, product forest) production and Son Tra) and tourism (resort tourism and sightseeing) according to a specific system of criteria and indicators The criteria are developed based on the correlation between the ecological needs of the production types and the ecological potential of the territory Since then, the main product has been formed which is an adaptive ranking of landscape units for each specific purpose Through the results of landscape assessment, the author has found that it is very common for the same landscape unit to perform many different functions On these units it is possible to establish ecological economic models Therefore, the author used GIS to overlay map layers in combination with analytical hierarchical method (AHP) to determine and calculate the ratio of multifunctional landscape zoning in the research territory Since then, 11 ecological economic models have been established (in which the two most dominant models are Son Tra and Grass; model of sightseeing and resort tourism) for the study area Create a basis for organizing the territory according to the flavor and combination of functions, helping to reduce seasonality in production, diversify income sources for people, reduce dependence on forests and improve the ecological environment of the sub-region Based on the results of landscape assessment and multi-functional landscape zoning rate, and based on the Government's socio-economic development master plan, Moc Chau district, the thesis has proposed specific orientation and rational arrangement of agro-forestry production and tourism space according to landscape units, landscape sub-regions and modeled by maps Son Tra - Guinea grass 21 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION With the use of integrated geographical approach, the thesis has researched to clarify landscape features and assess the potential of each territorial unit for the purpose of spatial organization of agro-forestry production and tourism in Moc Chau district On that basis, establish a scientific basis and solutions for the development of three main economic sectors of Moc Chau: agriculture - forestry and tourism The specific results are as follows: On the direction of landscape research for agro-forestry development and mountainous tourism On the basis of inheriting the perspectives and methodologies of landscape research in the world and in Vietnam, the thesis has summarized and drawn theoretically necessary contents in landscape research, analyzed the relationship between the two countries dialectical relationship between landscape studies and organizational planning of agro-forestry and tourism sectors for mountainous areas In particular, the thesis has found a basis for selecting assessment types Characteristics of landscape forming factors and resources for development of agriculture - forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district Applying perspectives and methods of landscape research, the topic has found typical features of the landscape of Moc Chau district, reflecting the differentiation of nature in space and time The results have clarified the strengths and limitations of the study area with the development of agriculture - forestry, - tourism The new point of the thesis in this part is the quantification of the drought index (K), the tourism climate index (TCI) of Moc Chau district; shed light on the relationship between nature, humanity as well as the resources of Moc Chau to develop agriculture - forestry and tourism for the district Characteristics of the landscape classification system of Moc Chau district Located in the tropical monsoon landscape system of Southeast Asia; sub-system of tropical monsoon highland landscape with cold winters Under the combined effect, the landscape of Moc Chau district has its own characteristics of differentiation, which is governed by both the laws of the region and the highland At the scale of 1:50,000, the thesis has classified the landscape of Moc Chau district including: landscape classes, subclasses, types and 175 types of landscapes These results clearly show the natural conditions and natural resources of Moc Chau, as well as the impact of humans on the landscape of the district Through the landscape map of Moc Chau district, and at the same time selectively inheriting the zoning results of the authors in the world and in the country, the project has built a landscape zoning system and landscape zoning map Moc Chau district authority Accordingly, Moc Chau district in the Northwest and North Central region, the Northwest landscape area, the group of limestone landscape areas extending from Phong Tho Lai Chau to Thanh Hoa, the landscape area of Moc Chau plateau is divided into sub-region: Da - Tan Hop - Hua Pang river low mountain sub-region (I); Moc Chau farm highland sub-region (II); Mid-mountain sub-region bordering Vietnam - Laos - Chieng Khua - Chieng Son (III) About the results of landscape assessment for the development of agriculture, forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district Combining the results of landscape classification and zoning in Moc Chau district, the thesis conducts landscape assessment on three levels (very suitable, suitable and less suitable) for the purpose of developing agriculture and forestry sectors industry and tourism; identify ecological needs and select criteria, hierarchical criteria, determine weights, limiting factors and assessment methods for types of uses for the following purposes: taro, guine, forest protection, production forest, Son Tra tree, sightseeing tourism, resort tourism The results of the evaluation are presented in the component evaluation tables, and from there the topic conducts a general assessment for economic sectors Regarding the proposed space for prioritizing production types and space for developing multi-functional ecological economic models Based on the results of landscape assessment, the current development status and planning of the district, 22 the policy of the State and the current status of the use of the territory, the thesis has obtained the scientific basis to propose the orientation of the appropriate use of the land management for each landscape unit, and building an orientation map to use the landscape for production purposes Specifically: The priority space for agricultural development (Ghine and Taro grass) has 7,731.29 hectares in landscape units (accounting for 7.21% of the district's area) distributed mainly in the Moc Chau farm sub-region; priority space for forestry development of 32 types of landscapes 4,312.6 (accounting for 17% of the district's area) distributed mainly in the border sub-region of Vietnam - Laos - Chieng Khua - Chieng Son For the purpose of tourism development, Moc Chau district is a district with many potentials with rich and unique natural and humanistic tourism resources Priority space for tourism development 1.64% of the district's area belongs to landscape units, mainly in the sub-region of Farm town and Tan Hop - Hua Pang sub-region, where there are many relics, agricultural ecosystems attractive industry and favorable climate for tourists The assessment also shows that Moc Chau has the potential to develop both types: resort tourism and sightseeing tourism However, in order for tourism products to become attractive, it is necessary to combine both types in the exploitation process In particular, based on the research results on the diversity of landscape functions, the thesis has given development orientations for 11 eco-economic models (agroforestry models and agroforestry models) tourism) in order to maximize economic efficiency on the same territory, prevent soil erosion, improve On the direction of landscape research for the development of agro-forestry and mountainous tourism On the basis of inheriting the perspectives and methodologies of landscape research in the world and in Vietnam, the thesis has summarized and drawn the theoretically necessary contents in landscape research, analyzed the Dialectical relationship between landscape studies and organizational planning of agro-forestry and tourism for mountainous areas On the characteristics of landscape forming factors and resources for development of agro-forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district The results have clarified the strengths and limitations of the research area with the development of agroforestry - tourism The new point of the thesis in this part is the quantification of the drought indicator (K), the tourism climate indicator (TCI) of Moc Chau district; clarify the relationship between nature, humanity as well as the resources of Moc Chau to develop agro-forestry and tourism for the district On the features of the landscape classification system in Moc Chau district Located in the tropical monsoon landscape system of Southeast Asia; sub-system of tropical monsoon highland landscape with cold winters Under the combined effect, the landscape of Moc Chau district has its own characteristics of differentiation, which is governed by both the laws of the region and the high belt At the scale of 1:100.000, the thesis has classified the landscape of Moc Chau district, including: landscape classes, subclasses, landscape types and 175 landscape types These results have shown very clearly the natural conditions and natural resources of Moc Chau, as well as the impact of people on the landscape of the district Through the landscape map of Moc Chau district, and at the same time selectively inheriting the zoning results of the authors in the world and in the country, the thesis has built a landscape zoning system and landscape zoning map of Moc Chau district according to which Moc Chau district belongs to the Northwest and North Central region, the Northwest landscape area, the group of limestone landscape areas extending from Phong Tho Lai Chau to Thanh Hoa, the landscape area of Moc Chau plateau is divided into sub-region: Da river - Tan Hop - Hua Pang low mountain sub-region (I); Moc Chau farm plateau sub-region (II); Mid-mountain border sub-region of Vietnam Laos - Chieng Khua - Chieng Son (III) On the results of landscape assessment for the development of agro-forestry and tourism in Moc Chau district Combining the results of classification and zoning of the landscape in Moc Chau district, the thesis assesses types of uses for the following purposes: taro, guine grass, protection forest, production forest, Son Tra, sightseeing tourism, resort tourism The assessment results are presented in the component assessment tables, and 23 from there, the topic conducts a general assessment for economic sectors On the proposal of priority space for production types and space for developing multifunctional ecological economic models The priority space for agricultural development (Guinea grass and taro) has 7731.29 hectares in landscape units (accounting for 7.21% of the district's natural area) distributed mainly in the Moc Chau farm subregion; The priority space for forestry development belongs to 32 types of landscapes with the area of 4312.6 (accounting for 17% of the district's natural area) distributed mainly in the Viet Lao - Chieng Khua - Chieng Son border sub-region Priority space for tourism development of 1.64% of the district's area belongs to landscape units, mainly in the sub-region of Moc Chau farm town and Tan Hop Hua Pang sub-region In particular, based on the research results on the diversity of landscape functions, the thesis has given development orientations for 11 eco-economic models (Agroforestry models and agroforestry-tourism models) in order to maximize economic efficiency on the same territory, prevent soil erosion, improve the sub-territorial climate, and aim to create sustainable livelihoods for people The total area of these models is 19810.3, accounting for 18.48% of the district's natural area The assessment of landscape sub-regions also shows that: Moc Chau plateau sub-region is the most multifunctional sub-region (can develop 13 types and economic models of all kinds); The Vietnam-Laos- Chieng Khua Chieng Son border sub-region plays the most important protective role in the district Economic development of the sub-region should be steadfast with the goal of forest protection and forestry development sub-territorial climate, aiming to create sustainable livelihoods for people The total area of these models is 19,810.3 accounting for 18.48% of the natural area of the district The assessment of landscape sub-regions also shows that: Moc Chau highland sub-region is the most multifunctional sub-region (can develop 13 types and economic models of all kinds); The Vietnam-Laos border sub-region Chieng Khua - Chieng Son plays the most important protective role in the district Economic development of the sub-region should be consistent with the goals of forest protection and forestry development RECOMMENDATIONS In the coming time, it is necessary to pay attention to basic research on a smaller scale in order to have an exact scientific basis for the development of economic sectors With the current situation in Moc Chau, agro-forestry is considered the most appropriate and effective orientation It is important for the locality to integrate agroforestry models into local agricultural development policies Through the research of tourism climate indicator and assessment of tourism types, it can be seen that Moc Chau has a lot of potential for resort tourism development It should be noted that this type of tourism becomes a competitive advantage and "Moc Chau tourism brand" to attract domestic and foreign tourists Sightseeing tourism needs to be linked with resort tourism to make Moc Chau tourism products more complete and attractive The conservation along with the promotion of the monuments, landmarks and landscapes of the district should be paid attention in many forms The functional landscape sub-region of Moc Chau farm plateau is the most important and multi-functional economic sub-region in the district Besides, the Vietnam-Laos - Truong Son - Chieng Khua border sub-region is also a sub-region that can develop 10 types and models of eco-economy, but the role of watershed protection still plays the most important role in the development strategies of the communes here ... 2.10: Landscape classification system in Moc Chau district, Son La province NO Classification level Landscape system Landscape subsystem Landscape class (03 landscape classes) Landscape subclass... requirements Landscape map of Moc Chau district, Son La province, scale 1:50,000, including 06 levels: Landscape system; Sub-system CQ; Landscape class; Landscape subclass, Landscape type, Landscape... Chau district After classifying the landscape into levels (System, sub-system, landscape class, landscape subclass, landscape type, landscape type), the researcher created a landscape map that