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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAM THE VU THE MANAGEMENT OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF THERMAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AT UNIVERSITIES Major: Educational Management Major code: 9.14.01.14 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS Ha Noi - 2022 The thesis has been completed at GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Người hướng dẫn khoa học: Prof Dr Pham Tat Dong Dr Nguyễn Xuân Long Examiner 1: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Van Thuan Examiner 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Tinh Examiner 3: Prof Dr Nguyen Hoang Yen This doctoral thesis will be defended before the Panel of Examiners, at Graduate Academy Of Social Sciences at…… on…… 20 This doctoral thesis can be found at: National Library of Vietnam Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study In recent times, Vietnam have shifted along the line of industrialization and modernization Therefore, it is extremely important to train human resources, including qualified human resources in the field of thermal engineering and technology It can be said that the top task of universities is to incubate talents for society based on the applications of their practical professional competences, their abilities to solve real-life and emergent problems during the job This has posed both opportunities and challenges for universities that educate technology-majored students in general and thermal engineering and technology students in particular That is because, at present, although these universities have changed their education and training philosophies, such as creating oriented training activities to meet the output standards and professional capacity after graduation, teaching with practicality and high applicability has not actually met the requirements of the profession The majority of graduates are not able to independently complete what is assigned to them for quite a long time when they are engaged in performing duties at the company Studies have shown that the basic reason leading to this result is that students' practical learning at school is not effective Students have little opportunity to interact with practical career problems, so when they step into the job, they cannot adapt immediately, and cannot complete the assigned tasks Therefore, in order to better adapt to the economic and social development, as well as to the rapidly developing technology industries, thermal engineering and technology universities need to promptly deal with the outstanding problems in teaching activities, especially practical teaching activities Practical teaching is an activity that is increasingly emphasized in the today’s context of improving training quality, especially in universities Practical teaching in higher education increases the relevance of initial basic training to the requirements of the labor market It is also the link and the priority connection between training and students' employment Practical teaching brings new and specific knowledge to students at universities specializing in practice, technology, commerce, society, etc Practical teaching is considered an activity that exposes students to career situations to prepare them for their future career activities Practical teaching also plays a direct role in each student’s career individualization Thermal engineering and technology is a major with intensive training and research on heating and cooling engineering systems It applies science and technology to design and operate heating and cooling systems and equipment to serve the needs of human life as well as industrial production Therefore, training students in this major should pay special attention to practical teaching in order to ensure the quality goals of vocational training, to train quality and professional human resources with good skills and attitudes that satisfy businesses employing personnel of this field The management of pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities through CIPO approach including input management, process management, output management under the influence of contextual factors is very important in the current period Good implementation of these management contents will also lead to good implementation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities to meet job requirements and requirements of society in the current context Research on teaching management in general and practical teaching management at universities has had a number of research works, but research on practical teaching management of thermal engineering and technology at universities is still new and not many studies have been systematically and intensively deployed from the perspective of educational management science Stemming from the above reasons, we choose the topic "The management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities" as the topic of doctoral thesis in Educational Management Aims and objectives of the study 2.1 Aims To research the theory and reality of the practical teaching management of thermal engineering and technology at universities, thereby proposing solutions for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities, in order to form and develop professional capacity for students to meet social needs 2.2 Objectives 1) Provide an overview of domestic and foreign studies related to the management of pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 2) Build a theoretical basis for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 3) Survey, analyze and evaluate the current situation of the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at universities and factors affecting this management activity 4) Propose a number of solutions to manage pratical teaching of thermal engineering technology at universities, in order to form and develop professional capacity for students to meet social needs Test the necessity, feasibility of the proposed solutions, and test one solution in practice Subject and scope of the study 3.1 Subject of the study Management solutions for pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university 3.2 Scope of the study 3.2.1 Limitations of the scope of study: There are many approaches and scientific bases to determine the management contents of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities However, in this study, we determined the the management contents of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities according to the CIPO model with these following main components: Input management; pratical teaching management (process management) and output management under the influence of contextual factors 3.3.2 Limitations of study areas: This study was conducted at universities with the major of thermal engineering and technology, including Hanoi University of Industry; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City; Vinh Long University of Technology and Education; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education 3.2.2 Limitations of research objects: There are a total of 411 participants, specifically as follows: educational administrators: 50 people; lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology: 100 people; students majoring in thermal engineering and technology: 261 people Out of 411 people mentioned above, we selected 30 people to conduct in-depth interviews, including educational managers; 10 lecturers; 15 students Due to limited time and conditions, this study did not conduct a quantitative survey on officials, civil servants, alumni and employees at units employing thermal engineering and technology human resources We only conducted in-depth interviews with 20 leaders, officials and employees of enterprises using labor in thermal engineering and technology; alumni of this field Research Methodology and Research Method 4.1 Research Methodology 1) Systematic approach: Practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities is the overall result of a combination of many inputs, hands-on teaching process and outputs and contexts It is the result of practical teaching activities of lecturers and practical learning of students It is also the result of the management of the management subjects from the Ministry of Education and Training, the governing ministries, the leaders of the school, the departments and faculties in the university and the teaching staff of the thermal engineering and technology falcuty The above factors are in a dialectical relationship with each other 2) CIPO approach: CIPO model include these following main components: Input management; hands-on teaching management (process management) and output management under the influence of context The CIPO approach allows the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology to be implemented under an effective system to integrate the best results to make the practical teaching activities most effective 3) Practical approach: This approach comes from the requirements of business practices, the need for human resources in the thermal engineering industry of enterprises, and the demand for human resources in the thermal engineering of the society Practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology must satisfy the human needs in today’s life in our country, which develops under the industrialization and modernization; market economy and international integration and requirements of the industrial revolution 4.0 4) Competency approach: Practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities must shift from content approach to goal approach, taking output as the goal to form essential professional competencies for learners so that after graduation they can perform their duties in their jobs that meet professional standards 5) Experiential approach: Practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities by experience approach is an approach for lecturers to design and implement practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology in order to maximize students' practical learning activities depending on the actual context, including time, location, material resources, Practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university according to the experiential approach should also be seen as orienting students to solve technical problems they face in the heat engineering and technology profession and creating workplace-like environments for students to experience solving practical problems thereby self-developing their abilities to practice according to the professional standards 4.2 Research methods To carry out this research, the thesis will use a synchronous coordination between the following quantitative and qualitative research methods: Method of studying documents and materials; Method of reference to experts; Method of investigating by questionnaire; Method of in-depth interview; Methods of product research; Method of summarizing educational experience; Method of testing; Methods of processing data by mathematical statistics In this section, the thesis will present specifically the method of studying documents and materials, the remaining research methods will be presented in detail in chapters and of the thesis New contributions of the thesis The thesis has reviewed domestic and international research works of the same research direction to build a clear and appropriate theoretical framework Specifically, based on the inheritance of different approaches with the main approach being the CIPO model, the thesis has identified a theoretical framework for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities in an appropriate and explicit way The thesis determines the management contents of the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities according to CIPO approach, which includes: Input factors; process factors and output factors affecting practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Besides, it also considers the impact of contextual factors affecting practical teaching process of thermal engineering technology at university The thesis has pointed out the current situation of the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities, allowing accurate identification on a general level and at specific points of this situation through input factors; process factors, output factors and contextual factors affecting the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities On that basis, the thesis has evaluated the advantages, limitations, and causes of limitations, creating an objective practical basis for proposing solutions for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Adhering to a number of principles, the thesis has proposed solutions to manage practical teaching activities of thermal engineering and technology at the university, following the approaches identified in the theoretical framework, and at the same time aiming to promote strengths, overcome inadequacies and weaknesses discovered from the current situation The thesis has tested 01 solution in practice The results show that the solution when applied in practice is initially shown to be feasible and effective These are valuable insights both theoretically and practically Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis The thesis has systematized and deepened the management theory of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university, thereby contributing to the improvement and development of the management theory of practical teaching in general and the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university in particular The thesis has proposed solutions for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university, closely following the CIPO approach, and the research results of the current situation are valuable insights in practice, which can be effectively transferred and applied in thermal engineering and technology- training universities in our country today, especially in the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology to meet current requirements Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, recommendations, references, appendix, the thesis has chapters Chapter OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PRACTICAL TEACHING AT THE UNIVERSITY 1.1 Research directions on practical teaching at universities Practical teaching at the university is a research direction that has attracted the attention of many researchers in the world as well as in Vietnam Research on practical teaching at universities is also quite diverse, with different research approaches and across different disciplines such as medicine, pedagogy, engineering, and research studies on general theoretical and practical issues of practical teaching at universities In the research direction on the general theoretical and practical issues of practical teaching, authors such as Tyler, Christine Adu-Yeboah1 and Christopher Yaw Kwaah, William E Blank have carried out elaborate and methodical studies and presented convincing research results on practical teaching at universities Some scientists focus on researching theoretical and practical problems of practical teaching for specific professions such as medicine, pedagogy, engineering, etc Specifically, many authors have researched on the theoretical and practical issues of practice teaching for medicine, such as Nguyen Duc Hinh and Le Thu Hoa; Vu Thi Loan, Besides, theoretical and practical studies on practical teaching for pedagogy have also been focused on There have been quite a few studies going in this direction, including Roger Gower, Diane Phillips and Steve Walter; Apdulinna O.A; Michel Develay; Tran Anh Tuan; Dang Thanh Hung; Vo Thi Xuan,… Theoretical and practical studies on practical teaching for engineering are one of the research directions that have received the attention of scientists from the very beginning, and up to the present time Currently, research on this issue is still a research direction that attracts a lot of attention from scientists This further affirms the role and importance of practical teaching at vocational schools, especially the ones with technical disciplines, which aim at the common goal of ensuring that students graduating from school must meet the requirements and tasks of the job positions In this direction, there are many authors such as: Wei Zhang; Nguyen Truong Giang; Bui Van Hong; Nguyen Trung Kien; Pham Thi Nhien, Nguyen Van Cuong, Nguyen Thi Binh Minh, Khuc Dinh Nam, 1.2 Research directions on the management of practical teaching activities at universities Research studies on the management of practical teaching at universities have been studied by many scientists In particular, the research on this issue is focused mainly on the general theory and practice of the practicalo teaching management at vocational colleges and the management of practical teaching activities for medical professions, nursing, schools with training in engineering, technology, pedagogy, etc The following authors can be cited: RS Schuler; Vladimir Gasskov; Barrie G Dale, Ton van der Wiele and Jos van Iwaarden; Felestin and Mochamad Bruri Triyono; Jacqueline S Goldberg, Bryan R Cole, etc Some Vietnamese authors have also published their research on this issue, such as: Tran Khanh Duc; Pham Thanh Nghi; Tran Kiem,… The research on the management of practical teaching at universities of technical education, pedagogy and technical training is also focused Some of the following authors can be mentioned: Nguyen Ngoc Hung; Do Thi Thanh Toan; Nguyen Trung Thanh, Summary: Research studies on practical teaching at universities and the management of practical teaching at universities have gained the attention and focus of researchers This proves the importance, urgency and effective practical application of studies on this issue Research studies on practical teaching have discussed a lot about the role and importance of hands-on teaching in the training effectiveness of schools and is an important component of the school's overall quality Studies have also shown that hands- on teaching is an important basis for students to practice, familiarize themselves with and adapt to the profession they are trained in Therefore, vocational universities need to promote the improvement of the qualifications and motivation of practical teaching for lecturers, help the lecturers to study and innovate practical teaching methods, etc Studies on practical teaching at universities have presented an overview of practical teaching at universities Studies in this direction have intensively researched the theory, current situation and proposed measures to improve the effectiveness of practical teaching at universities The research on practical teaching management at the university has been studied quite comprehensively, with many different scientific approaches In particular, these studies delve into the study of theory and practice on practical teaching management at universities, thereby proposing measures/solutions to improve the effectiveness of practical teaching management at universities The research results have provided a number of necessary documents and a specialized approach for the implementation of the topic of this thesis This is the premise for the author to inherit and develop to complete the thesis "The management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities" Chapter THEORETICAL BASIS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF THERMAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY 2.1 Theoretical issues of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 2.1.1 The falcuty of thermal engineering and technology at universities 2.1.1.1 The concept of thermal engineering and technology at the university Thermal engineering and technology is a discipline that studies heating and cooling engineering systems, which applies science and technology to design and operate heating- cooling systems and equipment, serving the needs of everyday human life as well as industrial production 2.1.1.2 Objectives of training human resources in thermal engineering and technology at university After completing the program, learners will have the basic knowledge for comprehensive development; capable of solving problems related to calculation, design, installation, operation, maintenance, repair and troubleshooting of equipment and systems of the thermal engineering industry Besides, learners will have high practical skills and other technical skills to take on the job of a thermal engineer 2.2.1.3 Output standards for thermal engineering and technology at university Graduates have the following competencies: a) Select and apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering and technology in the field of thermal engineering; b) Identify, analyze and solve technical problems in the field of thermal engineering; c) Design systems, build technological processes in the field of thermal engineering; d) Design and implement experiments as well as the ability to analyze, interpret data and manipulate experimental results; e) Apply methods and use equipment, tools and application softwares in the field of thermal engineering; f) Understand the impact of engineering solutions in the field of thermal engineering in a social and global context; g) Present technical documents and drawings; apply appropriate technical documents and communicate in foreign languages; h) Work independently, work in a team as well as lead a team to complete the work; i) Have knowledge of contemporary issues, understand policies, economic issues and laws of the country; j) Recognize the need for self-study and self-direction; k) Have knowledge of professional and ethical responsibilities; l) Be healthy enough to work and develop 2.1.2 Practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 2.1.2.1 Some tool concepts - The concept of teaching Dạy học trình tương tác người dạy với người học đối tượng (nội dung) học tập Trong giáo viên giữ vai trị người hướng dẫn, tổ chức, điều khiển, điều chỉnh; học sinh người chủ động, tích cực tự tổ chức, tự học nhằm thực có hiệu mục tiêu hoạt động dạy học xác định - The concept of practice Thực hành hoạt động chủ thể nhằm vận dụng hiểu biết vào thực ti n để củng cố kiến thức, h nh thành phát triển kỹ năng, kỹ xảo cần thiết - The concept of practical teaching Dạy học thực hành trường đại học tr nh sư phạm giảng viên tổ chức với mục đích dạy người học củng cố, vận dụng kiến thức h nh thành kĩ năng, kĩ xảo thực hoạt động nghề góp phần hình thành phát triển lực thực nghề sinh viên - The concept of practical teaching in thermal engineering and technology Dạy học thực hành ngành công nghệ kỹ thuật nhiệt trường đại học tr nh sư phạm giảng viên tổ chức với mục đích dạy người học củng cố, vận dụng kiến thức h nh thành kĩ năng, kĩ xảo thực hoạt động nghề công nghệ kỹ thuật nhiệt, góp phần hình thành phát triển lực thực nghề công nghệ kỹ thuật nhiệt sinh viên 2.1.2.2 Components of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university 1) Objectives of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university The objectives of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university include: - Consolidate what students have learned - Consolidate vocational skills in Thermal Engineering and Technology 2) Contents of the practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at the university The content of the practical teaching program in thermal engineering and technology is the practical part of the overall training program of the bachelor's degree program in thermal engineering and technology issued by the educational institution; This is reflected in training objectives, content, overall training process, teaching and learning methods, form of capacity assessment and testing, assessment of results and output standards of learners according to each subject and module (for programs with modules) and the entire program of practical teaching in thermal engineering and technology 3) Methods of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Methods of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology are now very diverse However, the methods of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology usually include: methods of doing practice; Methods of review; method of independent working 4) Practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at the university For engineering in general and thermal engineering in particular, practice is an indispensable content, and is always closely linked with theory Because the theory is the theoretical basis - the information that guides how to specific operations Practice is the way to apply theory to practice Theory is abstract and difficult to understand, but practice is very clear and specific, helping students to master the theory better Therefore, the general trend of vocational colleges is to refine the theory and focus on practice, with the time for practical teaching accounting for a third to a half of the training program Therefore, practical teaching of engineering in general and thermal engineering and technology in particular plays an extremely important role Practical teaching instructors need to carefully prepare all the content in three stages: the stage of preparation, the stage of teaching, and the stage of concluding practical teaching 5) Practical learning of thermal engineering technology at the university For students of thermal engineering and technology, practical learning is a very important task Practical learning will help students enjoy their learning, improve their love of science, and promote their creativity and curiosity to learn Practice elucidates the relationship between things, explains the nature of the processes occurring in professional practice Practice has the effect of developing thinking, educating the worldview of dialectical materialism, strengthening students' belief in science It also helps students form new human virtues: scientific work, prudence, orderliness, neatness Therefore, for practical learning to be effective, students need to perform practical learning contents in the following phases: - Preparatory phase for practical learning of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology - The practical phase for practical learning of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology - The final phase for practical learning of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology 6) Facilities, equipment and finance for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Educational facilities and equipment is a system of various physical means, utensils, tools, machines, teaching aids and techniques used in teaching, learning and other educational activities to achieve educational purposes Facilities and equipment include construction works (classrooms, classrooms, etc.), playgrounds, training grounds, specialized equipment, teaching equipment of subjects, and audiovisual media 7) Evaluation in practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university The practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities can use two assessment methods (1) Evaluation of progress; (2) Summary evaluation There are a total of 411 respondents for questionaires, specifically as follows: educational administrators: 50 people; lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology: 100 people; students majoring in thermal engineering and technology: 261 people Out of 411 people mentioned above, we selected 30 people to conduct in-depth interviews, including educational managers; 10 lecturers; 15 students 3.1.2 Research design To study the current situation of the practical teaching management of thermal engineering and technology at university, this thesis follows these following phases: Preparatory phase; Phase of trial survey and official survey; Phase of data processing, data analysis, thesis writing 3.1.3 Research methods The main research methods are: Method of investigating by questionnaire; Method of in-depth interview; Methods of product research; Methods of processing data by mathematical statistics 3.2 Current situation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Research on the Current situation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university consider aspects such as: Current situation of realizing the goals of practical teaching; Current situation of implementing practical teaching program content; Current situation of organizing methods for pratical teaching; Current situation of lecturers’ practical teaching of thermal engineering technology; Current situation of students' performance; Current situation of using facilities, equipment and finance for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities The results of the study are summarized in the following table: Table 3.1: Overall assessment of current situation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology No Content Current situation of realizing the goals of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Current situation of implementing practical teaching program content Current situation of organizing methods for pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Current situation of lecturers’ practical teaching of thermal engineering technology Current situation of students' performance Current situation of using facilities, equipment and finance for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Overall average score AS SD 3.77 0.810 3.81 0.901 3.77 0.931 3.56 0.983 3.67 0.957 3.63 0.928 3.70 0.918 The overall assessment on the current situation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university is quite good with average score (AS) of 3.70; standard deviation (SD) = 0.918 Among the considered contents related to practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities, the highest rated content is "Current situation of implementing practical teaching program content in thermal engineering and technology at university", with AS = 3.81, which is at good level Following that is the "Current situation of realizing the goals of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university ", and " Current situation of organizing methods for pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university”, with AS = 3.77 The remaining contents have a lower average score than the above contents but still have a good level of performance, with the AS ranging from 3.56 to 3.67 3.3 Current situation of practical teaching management of thermal engineering and technology at university 3.3.1 Current situation of managing input factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Table 3.2: Overall assessment of the current situation of managing input factors for practical teaching No Content AS SD Current situation of input management for students studying 3.29 0.941 thermal engineering and technology at university Current situation of input management for lecturers teaching 4.05 0.818 thermal engineering and technology at university Current situation of program management for practical 3.55 0.840 teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Current situation of the management of facilities, teaching 3.40 0.963 equipment and finance for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Overall average score 3.57 0.890 The overall assessment of managing input factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities achieved a good level with the overall average rating = 3.57; SD = 0.890 However, this average score is close to the average level, showing that the management of input factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology is still limited Among the four contents considered in managing input factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities, the highest rated content is “Current situation of input management for lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology at university”, with DTB = 4.04, which is at the good level, close to very good level The rest are rated at an average level, with the average score ranging from 3.29 to 3.25 3.3.2 The current situation of managing elements in the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology at universities Table 3.3: Level of implementing the management of elements in the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology No Content AS SD Current situation of managing the organization of pratical 3.79 0.913 teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Current situation of managing practical teaching of lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology 1.1 Current situation of managing lecturers doing practical 3.46 0.973 teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university 1.2 Current situation of managing the class preparation of lecturers doing practical teaching of thermal engineering 3.29 0.954 and technology at university 1.3 Current situation of lecturers’ classroom management in doing practical teaching of thermal engineering and 3.50 0.979 technology at university 1.4 Current situation of managing the lecturers’ implementation of regulations on testing and evaluating the results of practical 3.26 0.958 studies in thermal engineering and technology at the university Overall average score 3.37 0.966 Current situation of managing practical learning activities of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology 2.1 Current situation of managing the preparation and practice of students majoring in thermal engineering and 3.71 0.931 technology at university 2.2 Current situation of managing the practical learning of students majoring in thermal engineering technology at 3.41 0.991 university Overall average score 3.56 0.961 Overall average score of the whole scale 3.57 0.946 The overall assessment of the current situation of managing elements in the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology at universities is quite good with the overall average score = 3.57; SD= 0.946 However, this average is close to the average level, showing that the management of elements in the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology at universities still has certain limitations Among the three contents considered under the management of factors in the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology at universities, the highest rated content is " Current situation of managing the organization of pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities”, with AS = 3.79, which is at a good level, close to very good level Following that is the management content "T Current situation of managing practical learning activities of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology", with AS = 3.56 However, there is one management content that is assessed to be at the average level of performance, which is “Current situation of managing practical teaching of lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology”, witht the AS = 3.37; SD = 0.966 3.3.3 Current situation of managing output factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities The survey results on the overall assessment of managing output factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities are shown in the following data table: Table 3.4: Overall assessment of the current situation of managing output factors No Content Current situation of testing and evaluating the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology lecturers Current situation of managing the student feedbacks on practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university Overall average score AS SD 3.52 0.916 3.27 0.774 3.40 0.845 The overall assessment of managing output factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities is quite good with the average score = 3.40; SD = 0.845, which is at the good level However, this average is close to the average level, showing that the management of output factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities is still limited The data summarized in the above table also shows that there is a statistically significant difference when considering the level of performance between the two management contents in the above table Specifically, the content "testing and evaluating the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology lecturers " is done with a good level, having the average score of 3.52, but the content "Managing the student feedbacks on practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university” reaches only an average level of performance, with an average score of 3.27 3.3.4 Current situation of managing contextual factors affecting practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Table 3.29: Current situation of managing contextual factors affecting practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Rating level % No SD Poor Weak Average Fair Good AS Content Mechanisms and 13.0 58.0 24.9 4.1 3.1 0.71 policies Educational 20.5 49.2 24.2 6.0 3.0 0.89 development trends The political, economic, cultural and social situation of the locality Overall average score 10.5 21.0 37.0 27.5 4.0 2.7 2.9 1.16 0.91 The survey results on the current situation of managing contextual factors affecting practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities are assessed at an average level, with the overall average score = 2.9 and SD = 0.91 All aspects have average performance levels, with an average score ranging from 2.7 to 3.1 The results of this study show that the management subjects have focused on implementing this management content, but the level of implementation has not been good 3.5 The current situation of factors affecting the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 3.5.1 Factors related to management subjects The current situation of factors affecting the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities is at fairly influential level, with average score = 3.84 and SD = 0.962 This shows that the factors related to management subjects greatly affect the management of pratical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities The factor "Quality and professional management capacity of the leader of the thermal engineering and technology professional team" affects the most with AS = 4.03 3.5.2 Factors related to lecturers The survey results on the current situation of the factors related to lecturers were assessed at a fairly influential level, with an average score of 3.85 and SD = 0.752 This shows that the factors belonging to the lecturers have a great influence on the practial teaching management of thermal engineering and technology at universities The factor "Quality and capacity of the teaching staff" has the most influence, followed by the factor "Responsibility of lecturers of vocational colleges for the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology" 3.5.3 Factors related to the management environment and facilities The survey results on current situation of the factors related to the management environment and facilities are evaluated at a fairly influential level with average score = 3.81 This shows that the factors related to the management environment and facilities have a great influence The factor “The encouragement of colleagues” has the most influence, followed by the factor "Mechanisms and policies for lecturers" 3.6 General assessment of the current situation of managing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 3.6.1 Successes The universities that have the major of thermal engineering and technology have always focused on effective practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology The implementation of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology has been implemented in accordance with the provisions of the current Law, in accordance with the training objectives and output standards of the thermal engineering industry, and taking into account the distinct characteristics of the thermal engineering industry professions The implementation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology has achieved certain specific achievements as follows: The universities all focus on performing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology such as implementing goals, program content, practical teaching, teaching methods, facilities, equipment and finance for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology The studied universities have used flexible methods of organizing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology, suitable to the goals of each specific practical teaching module, and the characteristics and conditions of students The facilities, basic equipment as well as specialized practical teaching equipment for thermal engineering and technology have been invested in sufficient quantity, and meet the modernity in practical teaching Financing for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology is also made in accordance with regulations, timely serving practical teaching activities of thermal engineering and technology The practical teaching activities of the lecturers are focused, from the preparatory stage, to the stage of class teaching and the final stage Students' practical learning activities are also focused, students are active and creative, responsible for preparing practical activities as well as students' tasks during practical hours These tasks are all performed at a good level, so the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities has gradually confirmed its effectiveness, which is an important factor contributing to the success of teaching thermal engineering technology at university The management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities has made a positive change, going in line with the requirements of improving the effectiveness of practical teaching in order to meet the output standards and requirements of the current thermal engineering professions The management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities is carried out in accordance with the regulations of the Ministry of Education and Training, in line with current practice The management subjects have paid great attention to the practical teaching management of thermal engineering and technology In particular, the input management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology such as input management for students, lecturers, curriculum, facilities has been focused on and has initially been evaluated to perform at a good level The management of factors affecting the process of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities is quite good The schools have effectively managed to organize the practical teaching and learning activities of thermal engineering and technology The management of the output factors affecting the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities has performed quite well The content of testing and evaluating the practical teaching activities of engineering technology lecturers has been significantly improved in terms of developing standards, evaluation criteria, assessment process, assessment force as well as using assessment results to improve practical teaching efficiency in thermal engineering and technology 3.6.2 Limitations and causes In addition to the above advantages and successes, the process of surveying and evaluating the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities has some limitations as follows: - Regarding practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university: Implementing the goals of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university has been focused on However, the goal of strengthening vocational skills in thermal engineering and technology is only moderately accomplished The content and practical teaching program of thermal engineering and technology at the university should focus more on practical modules such as basic electrical practice, industrial freezing practice The content of these practical modules needs to be more advanced, modern and practical Practical learning activities of students have been focused on doing with seriousness, selfdiscipline and positivity However, at the end of practical learning, it has not been effectively implemented Its performance is assessed at the average level The use of facilities and equipment for practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at universities is still limited, especially the use of laboratories, which are not accordant with the procedures, ineffective Using and storing equipment and facilities in the teaching room haven’t been done properly - Regarding the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university: + The management of input factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university The results of the survey on the current situation of input management for students studying thermal engineering and technology at the university were very effective However, directing the organization of the differentiation of student inputs by course, academic performance, demand, motivation to learn practical subjects of the thermal engineering technology teaching program, etc has not been implemented effectively yet + The management of process factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university The management of lecturers implementing the content of the practical teaching program of thermal engineering and technology at the university needs to focus on developing the practical teaching program, updating and building practical teaching program of thermal engineering and technology in accordance with training objectives + Current situation of managing output factors for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities The management of the inspection and evaluation of practical teaching activities of lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology is still limited in the following stages: Directing the forces for the preparation of testing and evaluation; Organizing the examination and evaluation of practical teaching activities of lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology The management of student feedbacks on practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university is limited in directing the determination of criteria for collecting student feedbacks after the practical teaching period; Organizing student feedbacks after the practical teaching period; Directing the use of feedback to adjust the program content and practical teaching methods in thermal engineering and technology + Current situation of managing contextual factors affecting practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Management subjects perform at an average level in aspects related to mechanisms and policies; educational development trends; political, economic, cultural and social situation of the locality The causes of limitations: Some managers of functional departments of the universities, faculty managers still have limited capacity to organize practical teaching activities for thermal engineering and technology In the training program, the time devoted to theory is still a lot, the time spent on practice has not met the actual requirements of practical teaching Funding for practical teaching and learning activities in thermal engineering and technology is still limited Facilities and equipment for practical teaching are not very good Chapter PROPOSED SOLUTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF THERMAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY AT UNIVERSITIES 4.1 Principles of proposing management solutions Proposing solutions is based on the following principles: Principle of ensuring scientificity; Principle of ensuring practicality and feasibility; Principle of ensuring the synchronization; Principle of ensuring efficiency 4.2 Proposed solutions for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.1 Solution 1: Direct practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university to be in accordance with the correct process 4.2.1.1 Objective of the solution The purpose of the solution to direct practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities to be in accordance with the correct process is to build a process of organizing practical teaching, improving the effectiveness of practical teaching through that clear teaching process The stages of the process are associated with the implementation of the responsibilities of the stakeholders, which creates convenience in the implementation, helping the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology to be carried out in accordance with regulations and flexibly, improving the effectiveness of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology, aiming to help learners develop practical capacity and adapt to professional activities, creating favorable conditions for lecturers and students in the teaching and learning process 4.2.1.2 Content of the solution - Develop a process of organizing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university - Direct the organization of practical teaching of lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology according to the correct process - Direct the organization of practical study of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology according to the correct process 4.2.1.3 Method of implementing the solution (1) Develop a process of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university (2) Direct the organization of practical teaching of lecturers teaching thermal engineering and technology according to the correct process (3) Direct the organization of practical study of students majoring in thermal engineering and technology according to the correct process 4.2.1.4 Conditions for implementing the solution - Fully disseminate documents on management of the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology at universities; - Organize training for lecturers, managers, and technical staff with necessary knowledge and skills in practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university - Build and perfect the process of organizing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.2 Solution 2: Organize practical learning activities for students majoring in thermal engineering and technology to meet professional requirements 4.2.2.1 Objective of the solution The purpose of this solution is to organize practical learning activities for students majoring in thermal engineering and technology in an effective and high-quality manner to meet professional requirements 4.2.2.2 Content of the solution Organize practical learning activities for students of thermal engineering and technology, including stages such as: students' preparation for practical study; students' practical study of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.2.3 Method of implementing the solution The rectors, the Board of Directors guide the departments and faculties of electrical engineering and technology to develop practical learning plans for students by each semester and for the whole school year; organize the implementation of the plan; organize tests and evaluate students' practical learning results 4.2.2.4 Conditions for implementing the solution The functional agencies of the Ministry of Education and Training pay attention to and guide universities that train students in thermal engineering and technology in organizing practical learning activities for students The Rector, the Board of Directors, the University Party Committee and the political and social organizations of the university direct and closely supervise the faculties in organizing the students to carry out practical learning in accordance with the regulations 4.2.3.Solution 3: Organize capacity building for management subjects in managing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 4.2.3.1 Objective of the solution The purpose of the solution is to improve the capacity and effectiveness of the management subjects in managing practical teaching at all stages and content, making the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology more professional and appropriate, thereby implementing the practical teaching well and effectively, contributing to improving the quality of the training in thermal engineering and technology at the university 4.2.3.2 Content of the solution - Direct and appoint the subjects that manage the practical teaching of the thermal engineering and technology to receive training in training institutions to foster the management capacity in the field of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology - Direct the implementation of self-improvement activities for school administrators in managing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.3.3 Method of implementing the solution + Direct the identification of training needs in the form of intensive training for staff who manage the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university (Vice-Principal, Deputy Head of Functional Department, Dean of Faculty) + Contact educational institutions that have the function of fostering managers for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology to procedures, form, quantity, targets, and make decisions on appointing staff attend intensive training courses 4.2.3.4 Conditions for implementing the solution Principals of universities that train thermal engineering technology need to develop regulations on self-improvement activities of management capacity for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology in their universities in order to have legal regulations and create material and spiritual conditions for the effective implementation of regulations on selfimprovement 4.2.4 Solution 4: Direct the innovation of methods of testing and evaluating practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 4.2.4.1 Objective of the solution The purpose of the solution is to overcome limitations in managing the evaluation and assessment of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology, ensuring accuracy, objectivity and fairness when testing and evaluating students’ results On the other hand, this solution also aims to unify the method of organizing the examination and evaluation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the personal level, as a basis for the improvement of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.4.2 Content of the solution - Direct increased communication activities to raise awareness of managers, lecturers and students of thermal engineering and technology about the basic principles in innovating testing methods and assessment, as well as innovative directions of testing and evaluating the results of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology - Organize, develop and implement the process of innovating testing and evaluation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities based on principles such as: diversity of forms, methods, techniques of testing and evaluation - Develop a plan for coordination between the school and the thermal engineering and technology employers in organizing, monitoring and evaluating the practical learning results of students in the thermal engineering industry This acts as the basis of designing criteria and organization forms for evaluation to ensure objectivity, science and comprehensiveness 4.2.4.3 Method of implementing the solution - Diversify forms, methods and techniques of testing, assessing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology - Be multi-dimensional in testing, assessing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology - Be innovative in the management of testing, assessing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.4.4 Conditions for implementing the solution Develop a regulatory document on the examination and evaluation of the results of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities Provide guidance and make it publicly available for units and individuals to have grounds for implementation Develop mechanisms, policies and working environment Motivate and encourage lecturers to be proactive and creative when organizing testing and evaluation activities 4.2.5 Solution 5: Develop the relationship between the university and the unit using human resource in thermal engineering and technology in practical teaching 4.2.5.1 Objective of the solution The purpose of the solution is to develop the best cooperative relationship between schools and business units using human resource in thermal engineering and technology to contribute to improving the efficiency of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology meet the needs of the labor market as well as the requirements of enterprises employing human resource in thermal engineering and technology 4.2.5.2 Content of the solution - Direct the development of mechanisms and policies to ensure the cooperative relationship in practical teaching between the university and the units using human resources in the field of thermal engineering - Organize cooperation activities between schools and employers in practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.5.3 Method of implementing the solution - Direct the development of mechanisms and policies to ensure the cooperative relationship in practical teaching between the university and the units using human resources in the field of thermal engineering - Organize cooperation activities between schools and employers in practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.2.5.4 Conditions for implementing the solution - University leaders, thermal engineering departments and faculties, students and business units using human resource in thermal engineering and technology are supportive of this mutually beneficial, two-way relationship - Both parties need to be proactive and supportive in achieving the common goals 4.3 Test the solutions 4.3.1 Aims of the test The test aims to: 1) Evaluate the necessity of the proposed solutions for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 2) Evaluate the feasibility of the proposed solutions for the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology 4.3.2 Test subjects This study was conducted on 50 educational administrators and 100 lecturers at universities with the major of thermal engineering and technology, including Hanoi University of Industry; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City; Vinh Long University of Technology and Education; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education 4.3.3 Test methods The test is perfomed using questionaires The survey form is presented in the appendix a The level of necessity assessment of solutions includes: Level 1: Not necessary; Level 2: Less necessary; Grade 3: Moderately necessary; Level 4: Quite necessary; Level 5: Very necessary AS: 1.0 – 1.80 – Not necessary; AS: 1.81 – 2.60 – Less necessary; AS: 2.61 – 3.40 – Moderately necessary; AS: 3.41 – 4.20 – Quite necessary; AS: 4.21 – 5.0 – Very necessary b The level of feasibility assessment of solutions includes: Level 1: Not feasible; Level 2: Less feasible; Level 3: Moderately feasibile; Level 4: Quite feasible; Level 5: Very feasible AS: 1.0 – 1.80 – Not feasible; AS: 1.81 – 2.60 – Less feasible; AS: 2.61 – 3.40 – Moderately feasibile; AS: 3.41 – 4.20 – Quite feasibile; AS: 4.21 – 5.0 – Very feasibile 4.3.4 Test results The thesis has conducted a test of the necessity and feasibility of the proposed solutions Research results show that these solutions, when testing for necessity and feasibility, are assessed as necessary and feasible at a high level 4.5 Test results of one solution The thesis has chosen solution 3: "Organize capacity building for management subjects in managing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities" for testing at the following universities: Hanoi University of Industry; Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City; Vinh Long University of Technology and Education; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education This study was conducted on 50 educational administrators Experimental research results for the solution: "Organize capacity building for management subjects in managing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities " are expressed on contents: (1) Direct and appoint management and teaching subjects to receive training in training institutions to foster the management capacity in the field of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology; (2) Direct the implementation of self-improvement activities for school administrators in managing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology There was a statistically significant change in the level of implementation of the two contents of the experimental solution: (1) Direct and appoint management and teaching subjects to receive training in training institutions to foster the management capacity in the field of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology; (2) Direct the implementation of self-improvement activities for school administrators in managing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology Based on the statistically significant change in the results in the experimental group between the two measurements before the test and after the test, with the solution: "Organize capacity building for management subjects in managing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities” in practice, the better implementation of the stages in this management content will lead to improved efficiency in practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology This research result is an important practical basis for the implementation and application of this solution in the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at universities in the current period This result has reflected the effectiveness of the proposed solution and also proved the hypothesis of the experiment CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion 1.1 Regarding theoretical aspect The management of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at university is the oriented, purposeful, planned and systematic influence of a subject on its objects on the process of practical teaching Students, faculty and related forces through the elements of the practical teaching process (inputs, processes, outputs and contextual factors) to achieve effective practical teaching in thermal engineering and technology at the university The management of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at university follows CIPO model Based on the CIPO model, the thesis determines the content of managing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university, including: Input management; Managing the practical teaching process; output management and context management on the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 1.2 Regarding practical aspect The research results on the current situation of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities are quite good However, there are certain differences in the assessment of the performance of these aspects: Current situation of realizing the goals of practical teaching; Current situation of implementing practical teaching program content; Current situation of organizing methods for pratical teaching; Current situation of lecturers’ practical teaching of thermal engineering technology; Current situation of students' performance; Current situation of using facilities, equipment and finance for practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities The research results on the current situation of managing practical teaching of thermal engineering technology at the university are at an average level However, there are definite differences in the assessment of the performance of these aspects of this content Specifically, the management of input factors and the management of process factors of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university achieved a good level The management of output factors and the management of the context of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology reached the average level This shows that the management of the output factors of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology is still limited, especially in the management of student feedback on practical teaching The management of contextual factors is also limited in aspects such as issues related to mechanisms and policies; educational development trends; political, economic, cultural and social situation of the locality Based on the theoretical and practical research results of the thesis and the principles of proposing solution such as: Principle of ensuring scientificity; Principle of ensuring practicality and feasibility; Principle of ensuring the synchronization; Principle of ensuring efficiency, solutions have been proposed to manage practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities These solutions, when testing the neccessity and feasibility, are assessed as necessary and feasible at a high level The thesis has conducted a test of 01 solution " Organize capacity building for management subjects in managing the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities" in practice Experimental results confirm that this solution, when applied in practice, has contributed to improving the efficiency of managing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities in the current period and can be applied to reality Recommendations 2.1 For the Ministry of Education and Training In the context that Vietnam has been promoting the industrialization and modernization of the country, the demand for human resources in the thermal engineering industry is huge This depends on the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at the university In order to practical teaching and manage the quality of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities to achieve good results, the Ministry of Education and Training needs to have direction and pay attention to this issue in directing about the objectives, output standards, methods of organizing practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology as well as the force of lecturers, skilled experts, skilled workers in the field of thermal engineering and technology to participate in organizing practical teaching activities at the university The Ministry of Education and Training regularly inspects and supervises the quality management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 2.2 For universities Principals, board of directors of the universities which offer training in thermal engineering and technology should: Pay close attention to directing the practical teaching of thermal engineering technology and the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology; Facilitate in human resources, funding, teaching conditions, and facilities to ensure practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology; Use and select appropriate and effective management measures in practical teaching management of thermal engineering technology Principals, board of directors of the universities which offer training in thermal engineering and technology should direct, inspect and supervise departments and faculties to carry out practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology and the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology with good results The functional departments of the university need to closely coordinate with the thermal engineering and technology departments to well organize the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering technology 2.3 For thermal engineering and technology departments at the university Thermal engineering and technology departments in universities should coordinate with other departments to well perform practical teaching and the management of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology Thermal engineering and technology departments in universities should well organize practical teaching, which is reflected in the effective implementation of factors related to the input of practical teaching, factors related to the practical teaching process and factors related to the output of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology Faculties cooperate with departments of the school to well organize the assessment of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology This assessment is based on the criteria and standards of practical teaching of the Ministry of Education and Training and of the universities, as well as the specific characteristics of practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at universities 2.4 For faculty members of thermal engineering and technology departments Lecturers are those who directly conduct practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology and ensure the effectiveness of this practical teaching activity Therefore, the lecturers need to well perform the following specific activities: Prepare lectures, organize teaching activities in class; organize practical activities for students, organize examination and evaluation of students' practical learning according to the required standards THESIS RELATED PUBLICATIONS Pham The Vu (2020), Management solutions to the quality of the practical teaching of thermal engineering and technology at university, Journal of Social Psychology, vol 11 Pham The Vu (2021), Current situation of the quality management of input factors affecting practical teaching, Journal of Educational Equipment, vol 232(1), 2021 Pham The Vu (2021), Current situation of managing factors affecting the practical teaching process of thermal engineering and technology at universities, Journal of Educational Equipment, vol 232(1), 2021 ... kỹ thuật nhiệt trường đại học tr nh sư phạm giảng viên tổ chức với mục đích dạy người học củng cố, vận dụng kiến thức h nh thành kĩ năng, kĩ xảo thực hoạt động nghề công nghệ kỹ thuật nhiệt, góp... xảo thực hoạt động nghề góp phần hình thành phát triển lực thực nghề sinh viên - The concept of practical teaching in thermal engineering and technology Dạy học thực hành ngành công nghệ kỹ thuật. .. triển kỹ năng, kỹ xảo cần thiết - The concept of practical teaching Dạy học thực hành trường đại học tr nh sư phạm giảng viên tổ chức với mục đích dạy người học củng cố, vận dụng kiến thức h nh thành