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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM UNIVERSITY OF COMMERCE - Tran Thu Phuong STATE MANAGEMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM IN SOME NORTHWESTERN PROVINCES, VIETNAM Major: State management Code: 9310110 Doctoral thesis summary on State management Hanoi, 2022 The thesis is completed at Vietnam University of Commerce Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Bui Xuan Nhan Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Thanh Reviewer 1: ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… Reviewer 2: ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… Reviewer 3: ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… The thesis will be defended at Vietnam University of Commerce At…… (time) …… ……… ……… ………… (date) The thesis is available at: National Library of Vietnam Library of Vietnam University of Commerce LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO THE THESIS Tran Thu Phuong (2018), Some problems facing the development of community-based tourism in the Northwest sub-regions, Vietnam, Journal of Science, Hanoi Open University, No 49, 11/2018, pp 24-33 Bui Xuan Nhan, Tran Thu Phuong (2019), Provincal government management in developing community-based tourism – a case study in Son La province, Proceedings of the international scientific conference "Tourism in Lam Binh-Tuyen Quang: potential, situation and solutions", ISBN: 978-604-67-1413-2, organized by Tan Trao University - Tuyen Quang and Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University Thailand, 11/2019, pp 517-525 Bui Xuan Nhan, Tran Thu Phuong (2019), Discussing state management for community-based tourism development, Travel Magazine, ISSN 0866-7373, No 11/2019, pp 46-48 Tran Thu Phuong (2020), Hoa Binh strengthens the effectiveness of state management for community-based tourism, Travel Magazine, ISSN 0866-7373, No 8/2020, pp 36-38 Tran Thu Phuong (2020), Research on state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam, Journal of Science, Hanoi Open University, ISSN 0866-8051, No 72, 10/2020, pp 13-25 Tran Thu Phuong, Pham Thi Thanh Hoan (2021), Criteria for assessing state management for community-based tourism development in Vietnam, Journal of Science, Hanoi Open University, ISSN 0866-8051, No 82, 08/2021, pp.23-29 Tran Thu Phuong (2021), Assessment of community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces , Proceedings of the international conference on “Culture, Education & Tourism with economic development”, co-organized by Educational and Scientific Institute of Culture, Sports and Tourism; Faculty of Tourism - Da Lat University, and Faculty of Tourism & Hospitality – HUFLIT university, ISBN: 978-604-80-5756-5, 08/2021, pp 1205-1210./ INTRODUCTION Rationale Tourism has been paid much attention by many countries thanks to its great socio-economic benefits However, in addition to the great economic contribution, the rapid development of tourism also causes undesirable effects Thus, from the 1970s, community-based tourism (CBT) was firstly introduced as an alternative to mass tourism There have been a few published researches that have analyzed and clarified the concept, characteristics and necessary conditions for CBT development; the role of stakeholders in CBT development and the content of state management in CBT development, etc However, there are still many debates about the necessary basic conditions and contents of state management, especially provincial state management for CBT development, etc Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify these issues In Vietnam, tourism development has contributed more and more to the country's socio-economic development CBT was developed many years ago and is getting more and more attention The Northwest region is a potential area for tourism development and early development of CBT The development of CBT in the Northwest in recent years has had a lot of positive impacts, but it has also revealed some limitations and hidden many unsustainable development contents The reasons include objective and subjective ones, most of which are closely related to the role of state management)for CBT development at the provincial level in the Northwest region The concern is how the State shows its role and use its management tools so that CBT in the Northwest can develop as expected, contributing to improving the lives of people, making active contributions to the preservation, promotion and dissemination of the unique cultural values of the ethnic groups? Up to now, there have been many researches on CBT development, sustainable tourism development, state management of tourism and other related issues in in the world, in Vietnam and in the Northwest region There are only a few studies on the role of the State in CBT development, CBT development policies, suggestions or recommendations related to the content of State management for CBT Naturally, state management for CBT is a content of state management for tourism, but the object is CBT with its specific characteristics Without clarifying the objectives, content, relationships among its stakeholders and other specific characteristics of state management for CBT, it is impossible to scientifically explain the successes and limitations of CBT and its activities, State management for CBT development as well as proposing solutions with scientific basis to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of state management for CBT development in general and local state management of CBT development in some Northwestern provinces In addition, to overcome the inadequacies in state management for CBT in the Northwest, state management activities at the provincial level for CBT need to be analyzed and evaluated comprehensively to find out the existing limitations and the reasons for these limitations For the above reasons, the topic: "State management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces, Vietnam" was chosen Research aim and tasks - Research aim: systematize and establish a theoretical basis for state management for CBT development at the provincial level; explain the role, content, relationship of the stakeholders and how to evaluate the results of state management for the development of community-based tourism at the provincial level; analyze and evaluate the status of state management for CBT development in some provinces in the Northwest; propose and suggest solutions to improve the state management for CBT development in a sustainable way and contribute to economic and social development, natural resources and environment protection in some provinces in the Northwest region of Vietnam - Research tasks: To systemize some theoretical and practical issues related to CBT, state management for CBT development to promote the value of humanity tourism resources in some local To analyze and assess the status of CBT development, state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam to indicate advantages, limitations, causes and provide a basis for subsequent proposals To propose and suggest solutions to improve state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam to 2030 - Research questions: What are the objectives, contents and tools of state management for CBT developemnt at the provincial level? What is the current status of CBT development and state management for CBT development at the provincial level in some provinces in the Northwest region of Vietnam currently? Which criteria are used to evaluate and what factors affect the state management for CBT development at the provincial level? What are the successes and limitations of state management at the provincial level for CBT developement in some Northwestern provinces and what are the causes of those successes and limitations? To contribute to the improvement of state management for CBT developement in some provinces in the Northwest, what solutions and recommendations are needed? Research subject and scope Research subject: theoretical and practical issues related to state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam Research scope: About content: The thesis focuses on researching state management for CBT development at the provincial level in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam with main contents based on the management process approach: 1) Implementing national development strategies/plans, formulating the implementation of the local CBT development strategies/, plannings/plans; 2) Creating and implementing policies, guidelines and regulations on CBT development based on its authority; 3) Organizing the state management apparatus for tourism in the locality; 4) Carrying out inspection and supervision activities on the local CBT development In addition, the thesis also mentions the content of promotion, cooperation and human resource development in CBT development About space: The thesis studies in provinces (Hoa Binh, Son La, Dien Bien) About time: the secondary data is collected from 2015 to 2019, the primary data is collected in 2020, the solutions are proposed to 2030 New contributions of the thesis Theoretical contributions (i) The thesis systematizes and clarifies concepts, objectives, contents, tools of state management for CBT development as well as the relationship among its stakeholders at the provincial level based on the approach to state management functions and characteristics of CBT (ii) The thesis researches and develops a set of criteria for evaluating the performance of state management activities at the provincial level for CBT development based on the application of Outcome model and the evaluation criteria of state management of ADB, including: effectiveness, efficiency, relevance and sustainability The application of this set of criteria will help to measure the results of state management for CBT development more realistically, clearly and specifically, as a basis for assessments and conclusions about the results of state management activities for CBT development Practical contributions (i) The thesis researches and draws lessons on state management for CBT development at the provincial level, which can be applied to the Northwest provinces on the basis of analyzing experiences on state management for CBT development in some localities in Vietnam and in the world (ii) The thesis assesses and analyzes the current state of state management for CBT development in some provinces in the Northwest region from 2015 to 2019, explaining the causes and factors leading to the success and limitations of state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces (iii) The thesis proposes a system of fairly synchronous, feasible solutions and some recommendations to contribute to improving the state management for CBT development in accordance with the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of some Northwest province in Vietnam The thesis’ findings can establish a scientific basis and references for planning strategies, policies for CBT development in Northwestern provinces in its overall socio-economic development Structure of the thesis Apart from the introduction, conclusions, list of published works related to the thesis, reference and appendix, the thesis is structured into chapters as follows: Chapter 1: Literature review on studies related to state management for community-based tourism development and research methods of the thesis Chapter 2: Theoretical issues and practical experiences on state management for community-based tourism development at the provincial level Chapter 3: Current status of state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam Chapter 4: Solutions and recommendations to improve state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW ON STUDIES RELATED TO STATE MANAGEMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM AND RESEARCH METHODS OF THE THESIS 1.1 Literature review on studies related to state management for community-based tourism development 1.1.1 Literature review on community-based tourism - Concept of community-based tourism: CBT definitions mostly agree that community’s participation and empowerment are at the core of CBT The literature review also shows that, in some countries, many concepts are still considered synonymous with CBT such as ecotourism, rural tourism, etc., although they are different in nature In addition, there are researches suggesting that CBT should be considered as a supplement, not a substitute, and as a tool to help minimize, or at least reduce, the undesirable effects of underdevelopment In Vietnam, authors basically only synthesize concepts and definitions that have been given abroad and use one of them in specific research - Models of community-based tourism development: Literature review on this aspect shows that there are many different models of community-based tourism that have been deployed in the world In Vietnam, there are three main directions: (1) Summarizing successful community-based tourism models at home and abroad, (2) Proposing community-based tourism models in a specific area of Vietnam, and (3) Evaluating the existing models of community-based tourism and propose improvement solutions - The influencing factors and conditions for community-based tourism development and sustainable development of community-based tourism Literature review on the success and failure of CBT shows that they can vary depending on the location and the characteristics of the community Regarding the conditions for CBT development, researches show that: CBT should only be started when some basic essential conditions are met Additionally, in recent years, many researches have also begun to research on sustainable CBT, conditions and factors to ensure sustainable CBT as well as evaluate these factors for existing models, considering based on or pillars (economy, environment, society and management) 1.1.2 Literature review on state management for community-based tourism development - Research on the role of the State for community-based tourism development Up to now, there have been quite a few published researches showing the important role of the State for CBT development Studies show that the State plays an important role in CBT development - About the content and solutions to improve state management for community-based tourism development Content of tourism state management in general and state management for CBT in particular have been mentioned by many studies Some of the mentioned contents about state management for CBT development include: providing budget for tourism development, financial support for communities to enhance their capacity and professional skills; promulgating regulations on protection of tourism resources and environment, empowering communities to own tourism resources; raising the awareness of the community about the two-way impacts of tourism in the area where they live, supporting the community in infrastructure development, marketing and promotion or land use planning and land management; promulgating labor and environmental regulations; capacity building and skills training; providing essential infrastructure, social and environmental services; supporting promotion activities; providing information services, education, consulting and tourism cooperation initiatives, etc - About policies to develop community-based tourism Most of the existing researches on policies related to CBT development confirm that policies are always the most important factor for CBT development and that these policies need to be approached in a holistic, clear and appropriate with each locality’s features - About the assessment of state management for CBT development’s results The review of studies shows that there is a lack of research related to quantitative assessment of the level, results and effectiveness of state management for tourism, and that for CBT development 1.1.3 Research gaps The existing studies are mainly related to the role of the State for CBT development, the role of CBT policies and some proposals and recommendations related to tourism state management in general, and state management for CBT development in particular, in which there are quite a few researches related to state management at the provincial level in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam Some contents related to state management for CBT have been studied, but these are mainly proposed based on the analysis of the limitations of CBT in a specific location There have been no researches studying and proposing a system of general solutions for the whole region and specific solutions for each province in the Northwest region to improve the state management for CB development In addition, the above studies have not mentioned in-depth the concepts, goals, contents, and methods of specific assessment of management contents, relationships among its stakeholders, influencing factors as well as other distinctive features of state management for CBT development related to the specificity of CBT Domestic researches on CBT and state management for CBT development in general and that in the Northwest in particular were mainly carried out before the 2017 Law on Tourism took effect From the above conclusions, it can be seen that the research topic of the thesis is a gap that needs to be studied 1.2 Research methods 1.2.1 Methodology The thesis uses dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the basis for selecting research methods of the thesis The thesis approaches the research object from the systematic, historical and the practical point of view Besides, the thesis also studies state management for CBT development from an interindustry point of view 1.2.2 Research methods used in the thesis 1.2.2.1 Data collection and analysis Applying this method, in the first step, the documents, previous researches, status reports, legal documents related to CBT development, state management for CBT, especially related to the Northwest region are identified 1.2.2.2 Comparative analysis On the basis of the collected data, the results of tourism development, CBT development, state management for CBT development in Northwestern provinces over the years during the research period are analyzed and compared Results of tourism development, CBT development among localities in the Northwest region and among localities in the region are compared with that of national average and those of other localities at similar development stages The comparative method is applied when studying the experiences of some localities to draw lessons from the state management for CBT development for localities in the Northwest; compare the level of tourism development, CBT and state management for CBT development among localities in the Northwest region and with other localities across the country 1.2.2.3 Descriptive statistics This method is used to summarize and describe primary data collected through sociological surveys 1.2.2.4 IPA analysis The thesis uses the IPA analysis method to consider the factors that have been well developed, should be maintained or should be enhanced at some CBT sites in the Northwestern provinces through the survey’s results from tourists 1.2.2.5 Professional solution This method is used to consult experts on the evaluation criteria of state management for CBT development Besides, it is used to evaluate the results of state management of CBT development in some localities in the Northwest based on given questionnaire 1.2.3 Data collection methods 1.2.3.1 Secondary data collection The secondary data used in the thesis are collected from the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism of the provinces in the Northwest region, the General Department of Tourism, the General Statistics Office of Vietnam The research results related to the research content of the thesis are collected from textbooks, monographs, scientific researches, articles nationally and internationally 1.2.3.2 Primary data collection Respondents: There are groups: (1) Experts, researchers; (2) Tourism businesses; (3) Residential communities at CBT sites; (4) Tourists Principles and tools for building questionnaires The survey is carried out through questionnaires following these stages: designing, consultation with experts, trial survey, and completion of the questionnaire Due to the Covid-19 epidemic, the survey was conducted both online and offline The offline one was applied for local communities, while the online one was applied for the remaining subjects Sample size According to Helen Doll (2019) Vasileiou, Konstantina (2018), for surveys using only descriptive statistical analysis (qualitative analysis), guidelines for determining the number of samples required to obtain reliable analytical results are generally unclear Most studies assume that the number of samples required is the number of samples reached at the “saturation point” In this approach, the number of samples is not predetermined, which the researcher collects and analyzes at the same time, until the obtained analytical results are almost unchanged, then stops and the number of samples is determined as number of samples surveyed up to the time of stopping Some authors have used this approach, however, for simplicity, the number of samples is taken first according to the sample size for surveys where quantitative analysis is performed According to Alain, Decrop (1999) and Helen Doll (2019), if the obtained results have a low standard deviation, the number of samples and the results can be trusted, otherwise, the research sample should be supplemented and the analysis continues The thesis applies the approach of some of the above studies with the number of samples taken in advance according to the sample size for the surveys with quantitative analysis (with a minimum sample size of times the total number of important variables: n=5*m with m is the number of independent questions) The thesis uses the standard deviation of the calculated results to check the convergence of the results, if the standard deviation is less than 1/3 of the mean value of the calculated parameters, the results are accepted Questionnaires’ contents and delivery - Questionnaires for tourists: having main contents: assessment of the importance and performance of 10 factors affecting CBT development in the Northwest provinces The performance of 10 influential factors and satisfaction with their trips were required to be assessed for each province There are 400 tourists approached through 10 travel companies in Hanoi having visitors to these provinces and 100 people from the PhD student’s friends and relatives The link to the online survey was sent by the PhD student to 100 people (in the list of friends and relatives) via mails or direct messages For the remaining 400, the link to the online survey was sent via 10 travel companies As of October 2020, the PhD student received feedback from 450 tourists, of which 178 guests rated for all provinces, 142 guests only rated Hoa Binh, 28 guests only rated Son La , 13 guests only rated for Dien Bien, and the rest rated for out of provinces - Questionnaire for experts: the thesis uses different questionnaires The first questionnaire is related to consultation with experts on 20 predefined items of criteria for assessing the results of state management for CBT development at the provincial level A list of 120 experts for consultation was made and invitations were sent by emails with a link to the online questionnaire By the end of April 2020, 113 responses were received The results show that 14 items received over 70% of the consensus with a high degree of influence indicators have low agreement (less than 50%) Based on the above analysis results, a list of 14 items is used to evaluate the results of state management for CBT development at the provincial level in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and suitability The second questionnaire is designed to survey experts about the results of state management for CBT development in some provinces of the Northwest region, Vietnam in an online form The questionnaire is divided into two main parts: (1) Assessing specific state management activities for CBT development based on each content of CBT management (developing and organizing the implementation of CBT strategies, CBT development planning and plans; policies, regulations on 10 the goals of CBT development So, state management for CBT development at the provincial level is the one that is implemented in the territory of a province whose local government is the management subject In other words, state management for CBT development at the provincial level is the impact of the provincial authority on CBT development activities based on the decentralization of functions and management tasks to achieve the local socio-economic goals set out in each period 2.2.2 The necessity of state management for community-based tourism development at the provincial level Firstly, only the state (at the provincial level is the local authority) has the capacity and resources to organize CBT development Secondly, the state is the main actor in formulating and implementing policies and laws on CBT development Thirdly, state management ensures CBT development in the right direction Fourthly, state management ensures to minimize undesirable factors from CBT development 2.2.3 Objectives, contents and tools of state management for community-based tourism development at the provincial level 2.2.3.1 Objectives of state management for community-based tourism development - Ensure CBT to contribute to local socio-economic development, improve income and living standards of the local community from tourism activities - Ensure the increased participation of the local community in tourism activities, towards the full empowerment of the local community in the development and management of tourism activities - Make full use of tourism resources, but protecting the environment and preserving tourism resources, especially without disrupting the structure of the nation's precious cultural tourism resources - Ensure national security and social stability, limiting unwanted factors from CBT development 2.2.3.2 Contents of state management for community-based tourism development a) Implementing national tourism development strategies/plannings, developing and organizing the implementation of strategies/plans/plannings for community-based tourism development of the local community - Tourism development strategies - Tourism development plannings - Tourism development plans b) Deploying and promulgating based on its authority and implement policies, guidelines and regulations on community-based tourism development - CBT development policies - Regulations on CBT development c) Organizing the local state management apparatus for tourism Organizing the state management apparatus for tourism in the locality is understood as the activity of setting up agencies, stipulating specific tasks and powers for each agency to perform the tasks of state management for tourism in the locality based on the legal regulations d) Inspection, examination and supervision of community-based tourism development Inspection and supervision activities in the CBT development include: inspect and examine the implementation of the law on tourism enterprises; inspect and examine the implementation of 11 contents supporting CBT development; inspect and examine tourism environment protection CBT development; handle law violations e) Promotion and human resource development in community-based tourism development Tourism promotion is considered an important activity to develop tourism and CBT It is a way to introduce tourism products and services to tourists Regarding human resource development, due to the specificity of CBT, which is managed by the community who directly sells tourism products, it is especially important to train, support and provide them with knowledge and skills in tourism 2.2.3.3 State management tools for community-based tourism development - Law on tourism - Administration, economy, and technology - Propaganda and encouragement 2.2.4 Criteria for evaluating state management results for community tourism development The development of criteria for assessing state management for CBT development is done as follow: - Make a list of criteria: including criteria and 20 items - Consult experts on the list of criteria - Adjust and define a list of contents under criteria for evaluating state management for CBT development To evaluate the results of implementing state management for CBT development at the local level, the following criteria can be used: effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability and suitability 2.2.5 Factors affecting state management for community-based tourism development 2.2.5.1 Objective factors a) Natural, cultural and soio-economic factors - Natural factors - Cultural and soio-economic factors b) Factors of international integration and the development of science and technology International integration is an inevitable development trend in the context of rapid globalization and regionalization In the world, the development of science and technology, especially the achievements of 4.0 technology revolution, will have a strong impact on tourism development in the coming years Therefore, activities of state management for tourism need to be further studied to promptly adapt to that development 2.2.5.2 Subjective factors - The legal system of tourism of the country - Local socio-economic development strategy - Organizational model of the management apparatus of local governments at all levels 2.3 Experience in state management for community-based tourism development of some provinces at the provincial level and lessons learned for some Northwestern provinces 2.3.1 Experience in state management for community-based tourism of some provinces at the provincial level 2.3.1.1 Experience in state management for community-based tourism development of some localities abroad a) Experience in state management for community-based tourism development in Himachal Pradesh, India - The success of homestay development policy and CBT promotion 12 In 2008, Himachal Pradesh developed and implemented a project to develop homestays until 2015 In 2013, Himachal Pradesh issued a new tourism development policy, which emphasized ensuring the benefits of the community and mainly protecting its resources Accordingly, tax policies and other supports for homestays continued to be extended At the time of project implementation, only about 30 households participated After 10 years of implementation (as of 2018), a total of 1,604 homestays registered to t the project Up to now, this project has received 25 national awards for CBT in rural areas b) Experience in state management for community-based tourism development in Mae Hong Son province, Thailand – Success lesson on stakeholder engagement To promote CBT development, Mae Hong Son asked the government to support infrastructure development to the center of the province and its districts Mae Hong Son actively developed infrastructure to villages throughout the province With the coordination of both the public and private sectors, with the coordination of the Department of Tourism and Sports, CBT in Mae Hong Son developed quite well, especially in Pai district, where it is a testament to the successful development of CBT Up to now, every year, Mae Hong Son welcomes about 800,000 tourists with a total revenue of about 3,500 million Baht (about 2,540 billion VND), in which CBT plays an important role 2.3.1.2 Experience in state management for community -based tourism development of some localities in the country a) Experience in state management for community-based tourism development in Quang Nam province – Lesson on issuing policies to encourage the development of community-based tourism in a reasonable way and strengthen international cooperation in CBT development One of the reasons for the development of CBT in Quang Nam in recent years is the province's proactive and timely implementation of tourism development policies, with emphasis on CBT In parallel with promulgating supporting contents for CBT, Quang Nam has been proactive in expanding relationships with other localities in the country, especially international cooperation b) Experience in state management for community-based tourism development in Quang Binh province - Lessons on failure in management when there is a lack of direction for CBT development and no timely supervision and guidance of local authorities Except for CBT in Chay Lap village, where the project was formed with support from NGOs, community-based tourism in other areas is a spontaneous model Up to now, it can be seen that, after a period of development and certain contributions to the socio-economic and life of the community, CBT in Quang Binh in general has not developed as expected The main cause of this situation, in terms of state management, is the lack of specific orientation in the development of community-based tourism 2.3.2 Lessons learned for some provinces in the Northwest - Community-based tourism development policies Experiences in the country (Quang Nam) as well as abroad (India) show that, for areas with difficulties but with potential for tourism development, CBT can still develop if there are reasonable incentive policies and specifically; beneficiaries should be closely monitored and proactively handled in case they are no longer suitable 13 - Development and implementation of sustainable community-based tourism development orientation Each locality must have specific orientations to develop CBT with a vision of at least 10 years with specific goals, targets and roadmaps described in relevant projects State management organs must promptly guide those participating in tourism activities to ensure the correct implementation of the set orientations To implement the CBT development orientation, it is necessary to mobilize the participation of many relevant agencies and consulting organizations In order for CBT to develop, the state needs to support infrastructure, especially roads from CBT sites to the main roads; support in tourism vocational skills training which must be suitable with the characteristics of the community and long-term plans - International cooperation Actively strengthen international cooperation with relevant organizations to receive financial and technical support, including capacity building for the Departments of Culture, Sports & Tourism - Human resource development An important task of the state management is to support the community to have the necessary skills when participating in CBT activities - Propaganda and promotion The contents and methods of propaganda and promotion must be researched and conducted to suit the characteristics of each locality In addition, attention should be paid to integrating the introduction of community-based tourism in all relevant activities CHAPTER CURRENT STATUS OF STATE MANAGEMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOME NORTHWESTERN PROVINCES OF VIETNAM 3.1 Overview of socio-economic characteristics and community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 3.1.1 Overview of the Northwest According to the zoning in the Master Plan on Tourism development of Vietnam to 2020, with a vision to 2030, the Northwest belongs to the Northern midlands and mountainous tourism region The Northwest has outstanding natural and cultural tourism resources, which are favorable conditions for tourism development 3.1.2 Socio-economic situation in the Northwest, Vietnam In recent years, the economy in the Northwest has developed, the economic structure of localities has changed in a positive direction, the life of the community has been continuously improved, the poor households have decreased significantly However, up to now, the Northwest is still a poor and difficult area of Vietnam 3.1.3 The situation of community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces, Vietnam 3.1.3.1 Main results of tourism development in the Northwest, Vietnam Over the past many years, the socio-economic development, the infrastructure and the living standards of the population in the Northwest have been improved Accordingly, tourism has also 14 had a positive development Despite achieving many positive results, compared with many other localities, tourism development in the Northwest still has many limitations 3.1.3.2 Community-based tourism development in in some Northwestern provinces Tourists to CBT sites Analysis of statistics from the reports of the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism shows the trend of increasing tourists to CBT sites in the period of 2015-2019 The results of the thesis’ survey with tourists going to CBT sites in the Northwest show that the average trip time of a domestic visitor to the Northwest provinces is 2.69 days, spending about 200,000250,000/day/person Tourism products at CBT sites Although there are many CBT products, they are not really associated with the identity of the community, leading to the failure to create a highlight to attract tourists From the results of the tourist survey, it is shown that there are many factors that are important to tourists, however, the level of implementation in practice in localities is low such as: traffic to CBT sites in locality, infrastructure, tourism skills of people at CBT sites The survey results also show that, although there have been many products that attract tourists, the exploitation of specific cultural values as well as the preservation of these values is still at a modest level Based on the results from the tourist survey, the thesis has built an IPA analysis chart for 10 factors that affect CBT development in provinces of Hoa Binh, Son La and Dien Bien: the factors are highly appreciated and should be maintained in all provinces as safety (A) and friendliness of the community (T); The factors that are still limited, which should be paid attention to are the traffic to CBT sites (G), the natural environment (M), customs and habits (P), and the tourism skills of the community (K) 3.2 Analysis of the current state of state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 3.2.1 Organizing the implementation of the national tourism development strategies/plannings, developing and organizing the implementation of strategies, plannings and plans on the local community-based tourism development 3.2.1.1 Organizing the implementation of the national tourism development and community-based development strategies/plannings Regarding the implementation of the general guidelines of the Party and State on tourism development, over the years, the Northwest provinces have issued specific plans for dissemination and implementation Organizing the implementation of the strategy and planning of tourism development and CBT development: In terms of strategies: according to the Strategy on Tourism Development of Vietnam to 2020, with a vision to 2030, the typical tourism products of the Northern Midland and Mountains (including provinces in the Northwest) are cultural and ecological tourism associated with learning about cultural identity of ethnic minorities) In terms of plannings: implementing the strategy on Tourism Development of Vietnam to 2020, with a vision to 2030, many plans have been developed 3.2.1.2 Developing and organizing the implementation of strategies, plannings and plans on the local community-based tourism development 15 The provinces in the Northwest region not have separate CBT development plannings Contents on CBT development are often included in local tourism development plannings The planning and implementation of tourism development plannings in each locality show the initiative in state management activities of local authorities, but these plans lack specific objectives on CBT In addition, despite great efforts to implement the approved plans, it has not yet met the expectations of tourists, as shown by the assessment of the high level of implementation of the above factors, as analyzed above 3.2.2 Promulgating and organizing the implementation of local community-based tourism development policies within the authority 3.2.2.1 Community-based tourism development policies - Direct support policies - Indirect support policies 3.2.2.2 Regulations on community-based tourism development Up to now, Son La and Dien Bien have had regulations on CBT development applied from the Law on Tourism and other relevant documents In 2016, Hoa Binh province issued a number of regulations related to CBT, in 2019, Hoa Binh adjusted the above Regulations However, even after adjustment, some contents are still difficult to implement The results from the expert survey on contents "Developing and implementing regulations on CBT development" show that the content on "Regulations to ensure security and safety at CBT sites" receives the best evaluation for all localities The lowest score belongs to the content "Regulations on providing statistical information, forecasts and policies to encourage and support CBT development for those participating in CBT development" 3.2.3 Organizing state management apparatus for tourism in some Northwestern provinces, Vietnam The state management apparatus for tourism activities in the Northwestern provinces includes the Provincial People's Committee, the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the People's Committees of districts and cities and other relevant units The results of the expert survey on organizing state management apparatus for tourism and CBT show that the contents are rated quite low, which is quite similar among the localities, of which the two contents rated the lowest are "The capacity of the state management apparatus for tourism to meet the requirements of CBT development management" and "The coordination among departments, branches, etc in CBT development management” 3.2.4 Inspection, examination, supervision and handling violations in community-based tourism development In the Northwestern provinces, the Inspection Division is under the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism performing the function of inspecting, supervising and handling violations and complaints about CBT activities directly In recent years, the inspection activities of the Departments of the Northwest have been conducted seriously According to the results of the community survey, 90% of the respondents said that the government sometimes inspects CBT activities which are not overlapping or troublesome The enterprises survey’s results give similar results with more than 92% saying that the inspection is normal 16 3.2.5 Human resource development, promotion and cooperation in community-based tourism development Over the years, Northwestern provinces have been proactive in developing human resources for CBT However, due to limited resources, localities in the Northwest have not been able to regularly organize training to improve knowledge and experience for state management officials as well as workers in the field of tourism The use of technology in management activities in general and in communication with businesses, residents and visitors has not yet received adequate attention The opinions of tourism experts on the content of training CBT human resources in some Northwestern provinces showed that the lowest score belonged to the content "Providing statistics and assessing the quality of CBT tourism human resources of state management organs” (3,00) In addition, the content "Regularity of training and training on CBT" is only 3.16 In recent years, Northwestern provinces have paid much attention to the promotion of CBT All provinces have websites introducing CBT sites as well as other guides related to CBT in the locality Apart from websites, provinces pay little attention to CBT introduction on social networks and other media The Northwest provinces have also focused on cooperation activities in the state management of tourism development, CBT development The opinion of experts on the content of association and cooperation in state management for CBT development shows that the content "The level of cooperation in human resource development in community tourism" is the lowest In addition, although in recent years, the Northwest provinces have been very active in cooperation in promotion and promotion, "The level of cooperation in advertising and promotion related to CBT development" and “Contents supporting promotion and advertising of CBT reflected in local policies” are still in low evaluation 3.3 Assessment of state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 3.3.1 Assessing state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces based on given criteria From the results of the assessment of state management for CBT development based on given criteria, the following comments can be made: - For each locality: the results of evaluation following criteria for localities show that no content in all criteria is scored at a good level (4/5), most of which are in the middle range (between 3/5 and 4/5) - For all localities: the general assessment results in all localities in the Northwest following criteria show that suitability is rated the highest, followed by the effectiveness, sustainability and the lowest one is efficiency, although the scores of all four criteria are not significantly different - Evaluation results of each content in the criteria also show that the development of plannings and plans with appropriate goals and good assurance of security, safety in CBT development are good factors, making a great contribution to the success of state management for CBT development 3.3.2 General assessment of state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 3.3.2.1 Successes and causes a) Successes 17 Firstly, awareness of CBT has been significantly improved Secondly, the localities have focused on building tourism development master plans and plannings, including contents on CBT development Thirdly, although there are limitations in the state management apparatus, the localities have made great efforts to complete state management for CBT development in their provinces, ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of the state management for CBT development Fourthly, training activities for CBT human resources is enhanced and concerned, creating conditions for households and human resources in enterprises to improve their tourism skills Fifthly, the inspection and supervision on CBT activities is carried out regularly, helping guide and correct the observance of the law and regulations in CBT development b) Cause of success - Objective reasons: Policies and laws on CBT development are increasingly completed, creating favorable conditions for state management In addition, the Northwestern provinces have always received the attention of the Party and State through many resolutions and action plans Besides, the support from domestic and foreign organizations in improving management capacity for policy consultants and directly on CBT development is also a factor to help CBT in the Northwest further develop - Subjective reasons: The activeness of the Northwestern provinces in concretizing guidelines and policies on development; promulgating documents to manage CBT development in the locality In addition, the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism have made great efforts to complete the tasks of state management for CBT development in the context of severe shortage of human resources 3.3.2.2 Some limitations and reasons a) Some limitations - Although the propaganda of policies and laws on tourism to the local, activities to raise awareness about the role of CBT in socio-economic development, contributing to poverty reduction of the participants have been implemented, the efficiency is not high, not meeting the requirements of CBT development - CBT development supporting policies is still not incomplete in provinces - The tourism and CBT development plannings are not adjusted quick enough to match the reality of development; the ability to measure and monitor the accomplishment of the goals of CBT development is still low, and the orientations for CBT product development in the master plans are not completely in line with the needs of the market - The results of implementing plannings and projects on CBT development are still limited, reflected in the small number of active CBT sites compared to the objective; tourism infrastructure has not been improved much compared to the target of the planning b) The cause of the limitations - Objective reasons: The State has not had specific policies on supporting the community in economic development through tourism, exploiting traditional cultural elements for tourism development; lack of resources for investment in building tourism technical and material for CBT development; lack of system of standards and regulations on CBT or not having been concretized based on each locality’s identity leading to confusion in guiding the implementation and handling violations 18 - Subjective reasons: The awareness of CBT participants is still limited; not fully understanding the role of CBT with socio-economic development, its specificity and principles Some localities have not paid enough attention to CBT State management for CBT development have made certain efforts, but there are no effective measures and methods to control CBT activities timely, and there is a lack of specific plans/projects on CBT in the locality The coordination relationship among local agencies in the development and management of plans and projects related to CBT is not close enough The fostering, training and support human resources for state management for tourism and CBT development still have shortcomings, not really suitable to local reality, and have low efficiency The tourism state management apparatus has changed many times, causing difficulties for state management activities; lack of a complete and continuous database system on tourism human resources to target management, monitoring and consulting CHAPTER SOME SOLUTIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE STATE MANAGEMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOME NORTHWESTERN PROVINCES OF VIETNAM 4.1 Context, viewpoints and orientations for improving state management for communitybased tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 4.1.1 The development context 4.1.1.1 Community-based tourism development trend in the world and in Vietnam Developing responsible tourism, ecotourism and CBT is a trend and also a requirement for sustainable tourism development The number of tourists being interested in local culture and mountain resorts has increased dramatically Therefore, the development of CBT in regions with great potential such as the Northwest is still one of the priority directions in the content of Vietnam's tourism development strategy to 2030 4.1.1.2 Trends of renewal and streamlined state administrative apparatus Currently, state management in Vietnam is being renewed in the direction of shrinking its administrative apparatus, improving its effectiveness and efficiency Therefore, in the coming years, the state management apparatus in general and the state management for tourism at all levels will generally be organized in a more compact and efficient manner, and at the same time gradually move from administrative management function to serving, creating and providing public services for society 4.1.1.3 Impact of industrial revolution 4.0 on tourism development Under the impact of the 4.0 technology revolution, tourism will continue to grow strongly, many opportunities and challenges will also be opened This requires renewing management methods, and models for both enterprises and state management organs to adapt to the development of science and technology and the tourism industry itself 4.1.2 Some orientations and objectives for tourism development and community-based tourism in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 4.1.2.1 Some key orientations on tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 19 - For Hoa Binh: in 2030 it will receive about million international tourist arrivals and 5.3 million domestic tourist arrivals with a total revenue of about 11,000 billion VND, accounting for more than 10% of the province's GRDP; will build Hoa Binh Lake tourist area into a national tourist area - For Son La: prioritize the development of eco-tourism, tourism associated with safe agricultural products, festivals, cuisine, and community activities Identifying tourism development as one of four breakthrough stages, and at the same time, it is expected to welcome over 05 million visitor arrivals by 2030 with about 250,000 international ones The total tourism revenues expected to reach about VND 5,800 billion GRDP, accounting for 8.61%; - For Dien Bien: focus on building Dien Bien Phu-Pa Khoang into a national tourist area with modern tourist facilities and techniques; high quality tourism products By 2030, the province will have welcomed about 1.6 million visitor arrivals (including 350,000 international ones) The total tourism revenue is about 3,500 billion VND 4.1.2.2 Key orientations and objectives of developing community-based tourism in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam For Hoa Binh province: - Identify Mai Chau as the main CBT site of Hoa Binh with the main product of visiting the villages - Continue to build some more typical CBT sites in Muong regions of Hoa Binh - Develop typical CBT sites representing ethnic groups - Encourage community communities to participate in providing tourism products, and at the same time promote tourism development in craft villages The objectives of CBT in Hoa Binh to 2030 is specifically defined as follows: develop 290 homestays with a capacity of 4,350 people; create 1,126 jobs with 812 direct ones; It is expected that there will be 1.7 million visitor arrivals to CBT sites with the total revenue from CBT tourists accounting for 19.5% of the province's total tourism revenue For Son La province: the orientation of CBT of Son La is reflected in the tourism development plannings and related projects Priority focus areas are Ang village (Moc Chau), Hua Tat village, Phu Mau village (Van Ho); Bo, Mong, Hum, Surf, Copyright, Bon For Dien Bien province: Dien Bien aims to strengthen the formation of CBT sites in highland areas where there are many ethnic minorities; speeding up the development of support programs for community to develop CBT; build high quality tourist culture villages 4.1.3 Viewpoints, objectives and orientations for improving state management for communitybased tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam to 2030 4.1.3.1 Viewpoints - Improving state management for CBT development in association with changes in awareness about the role and contributions of CBT in tourism development in the locality - Improving state management for CBT development in order to optimally exploit tourism potentials and promote sustainable CBT development; help improve living standards, reduce poverty and contribute to socio-economic development of the locality in particular and of the Northwest in general 20 - Improving state management for CBT development to improve its effectiveness in the context that Vietnam's tourism has been oriented to develop into a spearhead economic sector and the current and future impacts of the technological revolution 4.0 - Improving state management for CBT development must be based on reference and experiences in state management for CBT in domestic and foreign localities 4.1.3.2 Orientations to improve state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam - Completing strategies, plannings and projects related to CBT of the entire Northwest region as well as in each locality in the direction of innovating its content and methods for developing strategies, planning, and proposals - Completing CBT development policies to make them suitable to local characteristics and needs of beneficiaries; integrate CBT orientations in new rural development policies and other support policies of the State in the area - Completing the organization of tourism state management in the Northwest provinces to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of state management activities for CBT development; training to improve capacity and qualifications for state management staff on tourism, management of CBT development, etc to meet the requirements of state management activities; continue to review and issue policies related to training and development of CBT human resources in order to improve the quality of human resources - Strengthening the inspection and examination of CBT activities in order to grasp the developments of CBT activities in reality to take appropriate management measures, create a fair and healthy business environment in CBT - Improving the efficiency of cooperation on state management for CBT development among localities in some provinces in the Northwest region of Vietnam 4.2 Some solutions to improve state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam 4.2.1 Common solutions for provinces 4.2.1.1 Improving proposals related to community-based tourism development in association with innovations in their content and implementation methods a) Creating the community-based tourism development proposals CBT development proposals of the Northwestern provinces at provincial level need to ensure a number of principles and demonstrate the following basic contents: firstly, ensuring the uniformity and suitability; secondly, using the potential rationally, promoting the advantages of CBT, identifying and selecting the places to give priority for CBT development; thirdly, meeting market demand; fourthly, ensuring the ability to monitor the results of CBT activities; fifthly, ensuring sufficient resources to implement the orientations and objectives of CBT development; sixthly, ensuring the flexibility b) Developing and implementing In order to develop a suitable CBT development proposal, it is necessary to ensure that relevant units and organizations are involved from the very beginning The People's Committees of the Northwestern provinces can assign the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism to assume the prime responsibility, 21 and at the same time coordinate with relevant units in the process of developing and implementing the project with clear assignments 4.2.1.2 Completing policies and concretizing standards related to community-based tourism development a) Completing policies For support policies - Support CBT sites - Support households at CBT sites For preferential policies The Northwestern provinces need to issue specific policies and projects to encourage investment in areas that have impacts on supporting CBT according to Decree 57/2018/ND-CP b) Promulgating regulations on management and standards related to community-based tourism development - Regulations for CBT sites - For the “National standard on homestay” (TCVN7800:2017) and “ASEAN Community-based tourism standard 2016” 4.2.1.3 Strengthening inspection, examination, supervision and handling violations in communitybased tourism development activities - Inspecting the implementation of legal regulations on managing social security, environment protection at CBT sites following Directive No 18/CT-TTg dated September 4, 2013 of the Prime Minister - Examining cases of advertising and selling of non-authentic products, enticing customers to affect security and order at CBT points - Innovating inspection and examination forms to meet the requirements of the inspection work and at the same time causing no troubles for the inspected subjects at CBT sites - Training inspection teams to improve their professional qualifications and knowledge about tourism and CBT to meet the needs of tourism development - Supporting or coordinating with other units to support tourists; coordinate with the Tourist Support Center (if established) in receiving and handling tourists' complaints, etc 4.2.1.4 Continuing improving and strengthening the local tourism state management apparatus, strengthening the provision of information and developing CBT human resources - For provinces having Provincial Steering Committee for Tourism Development (Hoa Binh, Dien Bien): The Steering Committee needs to be consolidated and its operational efficiency needs improving - Regarding staff performing state management work for CBT development: For the provincial level: assign staff in charge of state management for CBT development in the Tourism Management Division at the Departments of Culture, Sports and Tourism For districts and cities: build capacity of officials at the Culture and Information Department For communes having CBT sites: foster knowledge of tourism development, knowledge of state management for CBT development for officials 22 For CBT sites: review the management model, direct the suitable management models to each CBT site, and try to empower the community as much as possible - Prepare conditions to be able to collect and provide basic information on CBT development in the world and in the country; building a feedback and response system for businesses, community and tourists on digital technology platform - Research and adjust methods to organize training courses more effectively - Review and evaluate the qualifications of state management officials in tourism and related fields to plan training and retraining 4.2.1.5 Improving the effectiveness of cooperation about state management for community-based tourism development in some Northwestern of Vietnam - Cooperation and connection among localities in the Northwest, Vietnam - Cooperation and connection among localities in the Northwest with organizations specialized in community-based tourism development 4.2.2 Solutions for each province 4.2.2.1 For Hoa Binh province - Completing and implementing community-based tourism development plannings/projects - Promulgating policies, completing regulations on managing community-based tourism activities 4.3.2.2 For Son La province - Developing and implementing community-based tourism development project - Completing support policies and promulgating regulations on managing community-based tourism activities 4.2.2.3 For Dien Bien province - Completing the tourism development planning in the province's socio-economic development master plan and developing a community-based tourism development project - Promoting the implementation of existing community-based tourism development orientations - Promulgating policies and regulations on managing community-based tourism activities - Cooperating to develop community-based tourism 4.3 Some recommendations 4.3.1 For the Government, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs Firstly, it is necessary to concretize CBT development policies of the State in the Northwestern provinces soon; integrate the contents of supporting CBT development in the “National target program for socio-economic development in ethnic minority and mountainous areas in the 20212030 period”; The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism considers and develops an effective coordination mechanism for tourism development activities in general and CBT in particular for the Northwestern provinces, integrating promotional activities on CBT, human resource development for CBT in the tourism development program of the Northwest Secondly, increase resources to invest in building infrastructure for tourism development in general and CBT in particular; The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development supports the development of CBT models associated with building new rural program; build roads to tourist sites 23 making it possible to develop CBT, and contribute to reaching the goal of new-style rural area; The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism increase investment in conservation, and support Northwestern provinces in researching, evaluating and identifying specific CBT products Thirdly, review the standards and regulations related to CBT in Northwestern provinces to concretize in accordance with the locality 4.3.2 For Vietnam Tourism Association - Support the provinces in the Northwest to connect with tourism businesses in Northwestern provinces; establish CBT sub-associations under local tourism associations; organize famtrips, help to bring visitors to CBT sites and provide professional support to members of the CBT network in the Northwest - Strengthen the public-private communicating mechanism at the national and provincial levels related to CBT development, support Northwestern provinces in cooperating to promote CBT through fairs organized by the Association CONCLUSION With the unique characteristics of CBT as indicated, CBT development requires a long-term approach, aiming to maximize benefits for the local community and limit the negative impacts of tourism on communities, and their resources and environment The Northwest is a potential region for tourism development, especially with the traditional cultural values of ethnic minority communities With attractive tourism resources, in recent years, CBT in the Northwest has achieved remarkable successes, having certain impacts on the socio-economy, contributing to economic restructuring, poverty reduction, and creating new sources of livelihood, income for the local community However, besides the achieved results, CBT in the Northwest also reveals many limitations, one of the important reasons is that the role of state management in the region has not been fully implemented Although localities in the region have been very proactive in demonstrating the role of state management, there are certain limitations in state management for CBT development in the Northwestern provinces; specific orientations and goals for CBT development have not been clearly shown; policies to promote CBT development have been issued but have not been put into practice, etc Compared to the set objective and tasks, the thesis has accomplished the following contents: Firstly, it has systematized the basic and core contents of state management for CBT development; clarifying the concept, characteristics, roles, contents and relationships between the management entities in the state management for CBT development of the local government at the provincial level The thesis has built a set of criteria to evaluate the effectiveness, efficiency, suitability and sustainability of state management for CBT development and identify factors affecting state management for CBT development Research and select experience of some localities in the world and Vietnam in state management for CBT development, thereby drawing common lessons for Northwestern provinces Secondly, on the basis of the common approach in the studies of state management activities and state management for tourism in general, and state management for CBT development in particular, the thesis has clarified the current state of CBT development, state management for CBT 24 development in some Northwestern provinces following the main contents of state management activities for CBT development, such as: formulating and implementing CBT strategies/plannings; promulgating and implementing policies and regulations on CBT development within the authority; organizing the state management apparatus on tourism; the inspection, examination and supervision of CBT; human resource development, promotion and cooperation in state management of CBT The analysis and evaluation’s results have shown the successes and limitations of state management activities for CBT development in some provinces in the Northwest Thirdly, the thesis has proposed viewpoints, some orientations and solutions to improve the state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces In the viewpoints of improving the state management for CBT development, the thesis has emphasized that the improvement of state management for CBT development must be associated with a change in awareness about the role and contributions of CBT in the local socio-economy; improve the effectiveness and efficiency of CBT management, etc Proposed orientations and solutions related to the renovating strategies and plannings of tourism and CBT development; improving policies and regulations related to CBT and strengthen inspection, supervision and handling of violations related to CBT activities, etc The research results are expected to make a certain contribution to the theory and practice of CBT management, in line with the requirements on CBT development of Northwestern provinces The results of the thesis can be a meaningful reference source for localities in the Northwest in formulating policies to rationally exploit unique tourism resources for CBT development, contributing to improving the lives of the local community Despite great efforts, the thesis cannot avoid certain limitations Due to the fact that the statistics on tourism activities, CBT activities, and state management for CBT development in the localities are very limited, the statistics on this field are generally not sufficient enough to comprehensively reflect the aspects of CBT and state management for CBT development The results of the survey have not been fully collected for the subjects of businesses and local communities, while the opinions of those are very important Therefore, the research results can not reflect comprehensively the overall opinions of all stakeholders on the results of state management for CBT development in some provinces in the Northwest In the future, the author hopes to have conditions to go on with more in-depth researches on this topic, clarifying the theoretical issues of state management for CBT development in the context of integration and development of science and technology, especially in the 4.0 technology revolution The author wishes to receive valuable ideas from scientists, managers, and experts to further improve the thesis./ ... introduce tourism products and services to tourists Regarding human resource development, due to the specificity of CBT, which is managed by the community who directly sells tourism products,... consultation with experts, trial survey, and completion of the questionnaire Due to the Covid-19 epidemic, the survey was conducted both online and offline The offline one was applied for local communities,... provinces , Proceedings of the international conference on “Culture, Education & Tourism with economic development”, co-organized by Educational and Scientific Institute of Culture, Sports and Tourism;