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HẢI PHÒNG UNIVERSITY FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT ASIGNMENT ON CROSS CULTURAL COMMUNICATION A STUDY ON THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS TO EXPRESS FORMALITY IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH Students : Do Thi Hoang Anh Pham Thi Kim Ha Nguyen Anh Thu Nguyen Thi Binh Class : Teacher Training English – Japanese Class_ K18 HẢI PHÒNG, 2020 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HẢI PHỊNG KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ TIỂU LUẬN MƠN HỌC GIAO THOA VĂN HÓA A STUDY ON THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS TO EXPRESS FORMALITY IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH Nhóm sinh viên: Đỗ Thị Hồng Anh Phạm Thị Kim Hà Nguyễn Anh Thư Nguyễn Thị Bình Lớp: Đại học Sư phạm Anh – Nhật_ K18 HẢI PHÒNG – NĂM 2020 TABLE OF CONTENT PART I: INTRODUCTION 1 Aim of the study Method of the study Signification of the study PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 CULTURE AND LANGUAGE 1.1.1 Culture 1.1.2 Language 1.1.3 The link between language and communication 1.2 COMMUNICATION AND CROSS-COMMUNICATION 1.2.1 Definition of communication 1.2.2 Definition of cross-culture communication 1.3 VERBAL COMMUNICATION 1.3.1 Definition of verbal communication 1.3.2 Features of verbal communication 1.3.2.1 Subjectivity and objectivity 1.3.2.2 Formality and informality 1.3.2.2.1 Definitions of formality and informality 1.3.2.2.2 Features of formality and informality 10 CHAPTER II: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS 12 2.1 DAILY CONVERSATION 12 2.2 BUSINESS CONVERSATION 12 2.3 PUBLIC CONVERSATION 12 CHAPTER III: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS IN ENGLISH 14 3.1 DAILY CONVERSATION 14 3.2 BUSINESS CONVERSATION 14 3.3 PUBLIC CONVERSATION 15 CHAPTER IV: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 16 4.1 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 16 4.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 17 4.3 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS 17 PART III: CONCLUSION 18 REFERENCES 19 PART I: INTRODUCTION Aim of the study This research aims to study the using of stock words and loan words to express formality in Vietnamese and English In brief, the study would seek to answer the following questions: - What are the major similarities and differences in using stock words and loan words to express formality in English and Vietnamese? - What are the factors that affect the choice of stock words and loan words in two cultures? Method of the study This research is based on both theoretical discussion The theoretical background was selected with reference to many sources such as books, articles, and websites Signification of the study The study is hoped to be a useful source for both pedagogical and research purpose Specifically, equipped by the outcomes of the study, language teachers and learners may find the subject matter no longer complicated but motivating uses of stock words and loan words to express formality in English so that English learners can understand deeply stock words and loan words and can be confident in using these words successfully PART II: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER I: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 CULTURE AND LANGUAGE 1.1.1 Culture According to Moore (1985:4), Culture is “The whole of the knowledge, ideas and habits of society that are transmitted from one generation to the next.” Culture, as stated by Fay “is a complex set of shared beliefs, values, and concepts which enables a group to make sense of its life and which provides it with directions for how to live” (Holliday, A et al (2004:60)) In relation to language, Culture is emphasized as “the total set of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, social habits… of the member of a particular society” (in Richards et al (1985:94)) According to Cambridge English Dictionary Online, culture is, "the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a particular group of people at a particular time." In Nguyen Quang’s opinion (1998:3), culture is “a share background (for example, national, ethnic, religious) resulting from a common language and communication style, custom, beliefs, attitudes, and values Culture in this text does not refer to art, music, literature, food, clothing styles, and so on It refers to the informal and often hidden patterns of human interactions, expressions, and viewpoints that people in one culture share The hidden nature of culture has been compared to an iceberg, most of which is hidden underwater! Like the iceberg most of the influence of culture on an individual cannot be seen The part of culture that is exposed is not always that which creates cross-cultural difficulties; the hidden aspects of culture have significant effects on behavior and on interactions with others.” Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn (1952:47) also pointed out that "Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning elements of further action." UNESCO firmly held on to a definition of culture, originally set out in the 1982 Mexico Declaration on Cultural Policies: “In its widest sense, culture may now be said to be the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group It includes not only the arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions and beliefs” (UNESCO, 2001:148) 1.1.2 Language Language is described as “the human faculty that enables us to exchange meaningful messages without fellow man being by means of discourse and texts, which are structured according to the rules and convention of the particular language that we share with them” by Jackson and Stockwell (1996:2) Another linguist, Widdowson (1996: 4) states that language is so uniquely human, and it distinguishes us so clearly from other animals He also claims that what is particularly striking about language is the way it is fashioned as systems of signs to meet the elaborate cultural and communal needs of human societies "A language is distinctively human", in Delahunty and Garvey’s words (1994: 15) Language is not only our main link with the outside world, it is also a marker that distinguishes us from the other animal creatures we share the world with According to Crystal (1992: 212), language is "the systematic, conventional use of sounds, or written symbols human society for communication and self- expression.” 1.1.3 The link between language and communication Culture, in relation to language, is emphasized by Richards et al (1985: 94) as “the total of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behaviors, social habits of the member of a particular society by Levine and Adellman (1993) as "a shared background, eg: national, ethic, religions, resulting from a common language and communication style, customs, beliefs, attitudes and values”; and is evaluated and clarified by Nguyen Quang in “Intercultural Communication” (1998:3) Goodenough (1975) in Wardhaugh (1986: 217) describes "a society's culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members." Basing on such perspectives, we should be fully aware of the link between culture and communication Culture is a set of human-made objective and subjective elements that in the past have increased the probability of survival and resulted in satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche, and thus became shared among those who could communicate with each other because they had a common language and they lived in the same time and place Culture includes the "subjective" elements- elements such as "values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society We can see that all the subjective cultural beliefs and values you hold influence your interpretation of the world and interactions in it The relationship of language and culture can be obviously derived because language functions as the principal means whereby we conduct our social lives As Federico Fellini claims “A different language is a different view of life” (in Samovar, L.A and Porte, R.E 1991:164) “A different language is an aspect of its culture The relation of language to culture is that of part to whole" has been acknowledged by Good enough (1957) (in Hudson 1980: 83), Kramsch (1998:3) identifies this correlation by three aspects of language and culture as follow: (1) language expresses cultural realty; (2) language embodies cultural reality; (3) language symbolizes cultural reality Language usage and style reflect the personality of a culture in much the same way they reflect the personality of an individual Such relationship between language and culture is further emphasized because there is no doubt, however, that there is a correlation between the form and content of a language and the beliefs, values, and needs present in the culture of its speakers From recognizing this relationship, it is noted that language and culture are inseparable, language and culture have the power to maintain national or cultural identity The link between language and culture is evident because language is the primary means of instructing members of a society in culturally acceptable practices and behaviors for social interaction, in the appropriate relationships to the physical environment The sharing of a common or similar worldview and system of values that only results in a shared ability for verbal communication but also possible other forms of culturally determined ways of communication Nguyen Quang highly appreciates this correlation between language and culture: "There is an obvious correlation cultural factors, language, and communicative competence, which require an appropriate consider People are aware that one cannot master a language without understanding of its cultural background, and that a strong impinge on any communicative behavior, either verbal or non-verbal communication.” (Nguyen Quang 2002:10) 1.2 COMMUNICATION AND CROSS-COMMUNICATION 1.2.1 Definition of communication According to Nguyen Quang’s word, “Communication is the process of sharing meaning through verbal and nonverbal behavior” (Nguyen Quang, 1998:3) Communication is “a symbolic process in which people create shares meaning” (Lustig, 1996:29) “Comunication, then, is vital to our lives To live is to communicate” (Hybels, 1992:5) Hybels says that “Communication is any process in which people share information, ideas, and feelings That process involves not only the spoken and written word, but also body language, personal mannerism and style” (Hybels, 1992:5) Communication is defined as “the exchange of ideas, information, etc between two or more person” (Richards et al., 1992:64) To our observation, communication can take place in many different ways General speaking, two categories of communication can be identified The first is verbal communication; that is communication using language and speech to share or exchange information The second is nonverbal communication; that is communication without use of language but depending rather on other channels such as body language, eye contact, physical appearance, attitude distance and physical contact In our daily situations, we apply different ways, either verbal or non-verbal communication, however, in many cases both, to different partners Certainly, each human language is a system for communication If communication is to be successful, the people involved need to share the same referential meaning of the words they are using To communicate effectively the speakers share the linguistic knowledge, interaction skills and cultural knowledge Samovar, L.A and Porte, R.E (1991: 12) hold that human communication is the process through which symbols are transmitted for the purpose of eliciting a response The importance of communication on human behavior is dramatically underscored by Keating when e writes "Communication is powerful: It brings companions to our side or scatters our rivals, reassures or alerts children, and forges consensus or battle lines between us" (cited in Samovar, L.A and Porter, R.E 1991: 12) What she is mentioning is that communication- your ability to share r beliefs, values, and feelings- is the basis of all human contact 1.2.2 Definition of cross-culture communication Cross-culture communication can be understood in a simple way: “Cross communication (also frequently referred to as interculture communication, which is also used in a different sense, thought) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures” (en.wikipeadia.com) According to Nguyen Quang (1998:3): “Communication (verbal and nonverbal) between people from different cultures; communication that is influenced and culture values, attitudes and behavior: the different of culture on people’ reactions and response to each other” “Cross-culture communication can be stated as “an awareness that specific culture and/or social and/or linguistic and/or economic and/or historical and/or gender-based differences matters in cross-cultural interaction, demonstrated through appropriately shaping one’s discourse with individual of different backgrounds from one’s own” (www.global-workforce.globalization.org) 1.3 VERBAL COMMUNICATION 1.3.1 Definition of verbal communication Verbal communication means “sharing things by mean of words” (www.importantindia.com) “Verbal communication is the spoken or written conveyance of a message Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manioulate” (en.wikipedia.org) Verbal communication refers to the use of sounds and language to relay a message It serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the processes of learning and teaching Verbal communication is divided into two ways: Oral communication and Written communication Oral Communication is the process of expressing information or ideas by word of mouth This can be done by face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television and voice over internet Written Communication is a type of interaction that makes use of the written word A written message may be printed or hand written In written communication, messages can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc Written communication is influenced by the vocabulary, grammar, writing style, precision and clarity of the language 1.3.2 Features of verbal communication 1.3.2.1 Subjectivity and objectivity Each nation, in general, has its own typical perception on the ego, society and nature, on the interrelationship of subject and object It is generally accepted that there are two main ways of perception, the first one prefers the ego being the only subject in the Universe known as Subjectivity and the other regards the ego as an object among others known as Objectivity in which Vietnamese culture tends to be more subjectivity colored while Angclicist’s cultures tend to be more objectivity colored This is cleared in the use of prepositions of locations, addressing forms and addressing relationships, the provisionalism, the infixes for doers of actions and the use of lexico – modal markers 1.3.2.2 Formality and informality 1.3.2.2.1 Definitions of formality and informality A look at some recent literature in sociolinguistics, the ethnography of speaking, and related fields (e.g., Gumperz and Hymes 1972; Bauman and Sherzer 1974; Sanches and Blount 1975; Fishman 1968; Bloch 1975; Kirshenblatt-Gimblett 1976; papers in Language in Society; Working Papers in Sociolinguistics) suggests three principal senses of formality, which are potentially confused with each other These different senses have to with whether the formality concerns properties of a communicative code, properties of the social setting in which a code is used, or properties of the analyst’s description For instance, many authors use formality in the sense of an increased structuring and predictability of discourse Here, formality is an aspect of code, such that the discourse is subject to extra rules or some greater elaboration of rules In this vein, for example, Bricker (1974:388) and Gossen (1974:412), both writing on the Maya, and Fox (1974:73) who writes on the Rotinese, all describe “formal speech” as marked by special structuring- notably redundancy, and syntactic or semantic parallelism Others have emphasized the predictability of structured discourse; they have argued that a “formal style” reduces the variability and spontaneity of speech (see Joos 1959 and Wolfson 1976) For example, Rubin’s (1968) paper on bilingualism in Paraguay discusses formality in terms of limitations on the kinds of behaviors that are acceptable and on the amount of allowable variation (conceived as deviation from a norm) Other authors use formality/informality as a way of describing the characteristics of a social situation, not necessarily the kind of code used in that situation The relevant characteristics of the situation may have something to with a prevailing affective tone, so that a formal situation requires a display of seriousness, politeness, and respect For instance, Fischer (1972), describing ways of speaking among Trukese and Ponapeans, discusses the use of ‘‘respect vocabulary” and “formal etiquette” as displays of politeness marking a formal situation In Fishman’s (1972:51) discussion of “lecture like or formal situations” formality seems to be understood as the opposite of levity and intimacy Ervin-Tripp (1972:235), too, relates formality to politeness and “the seriousness of such situations.” Not all authors agree on just what formality means about a situation, however Rubin (1968) lists formality as a situational variable separate from “degree of intimacy” and “degree of seriousness.” For Labov (1972: 113), formality of situational context is what makes a speaker pay increased attention to his or her speech Finally, many authors use formal to refer to a technical mode of description, in which the analyst’s statement of the rules governing discourse is maximally explicit Although most linguists apply this sense of formality (as “explicitness”) only to the statements made by an outside observer, some anthropologists also apply it to a people’s own analysis of their social order When Murphy (1971:159), for instance, speaks of “the formal, conscious models of society held by its members,” he refers to those conceptions of society and behavior that infornnants can present in explicit verbal statements For other an- thropologists the explicit statements need not be verbal: see Leach’s (1965: 15-16) discussion of nonverbal ritual as a way in which social structure, or a people’s ideas about social structure, are made explicit and “formally recognized” 1.3.2.2.2 Features of formality and informality According to Bui Tuan Anh in “Cross-cultural communication”, the features of formality and informality are divided into aspects: The length of utterances, the use lexico – modal markers, the use of stock words and loan words Vietnamese cultural contact with the Chinese goes back more than two thousand years One thousand years of Chinese domination followed by another thousand years of tribute-state status and continued cultural contact with the powerful neighbors to the north As Chinese is the chief source of loan words in Vietnamese, it is necessary to explain in more detail the historical sociolinguistic relationship between Chinese and Vietnamese Over a quarter of the database in this study consists of words of Chinese origin However, an even larger percentage of words have entered Vietnamese via written transmission, 70% or higher of the Vietnamese lexicon is Chinese in origin A majority of Chinese vocabulary entered Chinese without the presence of a large bilingual community, so it can be assumed that Sino-Vietnamese borrowing occurred largely via written language The two primary eras of borrowing via spoken contact include the Han Dynasty and the modern era, both of which are periods in which large Chinese communities resided in major cities in Vietnam, though neither era was a time when most of the Chinese loan words entered Vietnamese In Vietnamese, the words of Vietnamese origin are more informal than that of Chinese one are more formal The English vocabulary is not consistent It consists of two classes - indigenous and borrowed repositories In terms of numbers, loan word repositories are significantly larger than indigenous repositories In fact, stock words make up only 30% of the total number of words in English vocabulary However, British people tend to use stock words more when speaking In addition, the stock words have a wider range of lexical and grammatical 10 values, they are highly polymorphic and effective in forming phrases and formulating sentences In many cases, a loan word, is practically indistinguishable from an indigenous word without careful etymology analysis The amount of lexical words borrowed and their role are determined by the historical development of the people who speak that language The most effective way to borrow is to borrow directly from another language as a result of contact with other countries For example: "geisha" from Japanese, "shanghai" from Chinese, “aodai” from Vietnamese There are many different approaches to loan classification The borrowed word can be classified according to the nature of the borrowed word In English, the words of AngloSaxon origin are more informal than that of French one are more formal 11 CHAPTER II: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS IN VIETNAMESE 2.1 DAILY CONVERSATION A: Cậu thần tượng chương trình ca nhạc tối qua? B: Chà, có nhiều thần tượng dành mộ cho nam ca sĩ AP A: Ồ,ca sĩ AP sao? Cậu thích anh điểm gì? B: Anh có giọng hát tốt kĩ trình diễn tuyệt vời Cịn cậu sao? A: Tớ thích ca sĩ Hồng Hải Anh mệnh danh hoàng tử Vpop đặc biệt sở hữu chất giọng khỏe 2.2 BUSINESS CONVERSATION B: Xin lỗi, cho tơi hỏi ơng có phải kĩ sư A không? A: Phải, Xin hỏi anh là… B: Tôi A từ công ty xuất nhập KBS Rất hân hạnh đón tiếp ơng! Hoan nghênh ông đến làm việc công ty chúng tơi Nếu có u cầu hay mong muốn gì, ơng bảo tôi, xin đừng khách sáo A: Cảm ơn tiếp đãi nhiệt tình anh B: Chắc ơng mệt không? A: Tôi mệt B: Vậy khách sạn để ngài nghỉ ngơi trước, 6h tối tơi đến đón ơng dùng bữa 2.3 PUBLIC CONVERSATION At the airport 12 A: Chào quý khách, anh định bay đến đâu nhỉ? B: Tơi đến thành phố Hồ Chí Minh A: Cho phép xem hộ chiếu anh B: Được A: Anh có gửi hành lý khơng? B: Chỉ túi A: Anh để giúp hành lý lên bàn cân A: Đây thẻ lên máy bay anh Chuyến bay anh khởi hành lúc 03:20 Ghế anh ghế 26 E B: Cảm ơn 13 CHAPTER III: THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS IN ENGLISH 3.1 DAILY CONVERSATION A: Welcome to Royal Restaurant B: Can I get you something to drink? A: Yes, please What can you recommend? B: The Malbec is excellent, a red wine from France A: That sounds good to me I'll have that one B: And are you ready to order your food? A: Yes A: Will you be having a starter? B: Yes, please I'd like the chicken soup B: What would you like for the main course ? A: I'll have the grilled beef steak, medium rare, please B: And for dessert? A: A cheese baguette, please B: Very good I will bring your order over right away 3.2 BUSINESS CONVERSATION A: We have enjoyed working with you B: Thank you It's been a lot of fun A: We would like you to join our team B: Are you offering me a job? A: Yes, We would like you to join our company B: This would be a great business opportunity for me A: My secretary will email you the job description and our salary offer 14 B: When you need an answer? A: We would like an answer by the end of the week B:Ok I will think about it carefully and let you know by Friday 3.3 PUBLIC CONVERSATION A: Hello, sir! How can I help you? B: I want to book a ticket for a flight to Da Nang City for the first of June A: Give me a second, please B: Ok I can wait A: Flight No 981 leaves at 5.40 PM on June 1st Is that OK with you? B: That’s great A: Do you want economy class or first class ticket? B: I choose economy class ticket A: Do you have any other questions? B: When I have to check in before the flight? A: You have to be there an hour before the departure time Here is your ticket Remember the flight number is AA 981, leaving from gate B: Thank you A: Thank you Have a wonderful trip 15 CHAPTER IV: SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 4.1 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE Loan words tend to find formal language in academic journals, official documents or formal speeches and notices where it brings an extra degree of seriousness to the subject As a general rule, it is not appropriate for everyday situations Here are some examples of loan words with their equivalents in stock words – notice that the formal words are often longer than the standard terms It can be tempting to use formal vocabulary in the hope that it will add more weight to what we are saying, or just sound generally more impressive or sophisticated We should generally try to resist this temptation Using loan words in everyday situations can make your writing sound pompous or pretentious We may also make what you've written sound unintentionally funny, as some writers deliberately choose formal vocabulary to create a comic effect Take a look at these versions of the same sentence: ✗ Passengers were stranded without comestibles and beverages for hours ✓ Passengers were stranded without food and drink for hours ✗ Con chào mẫu hậu Con học ✓Con chào mẹ Con học The use of the formal terms comestibles and beverages in the first version is distracting: the words get in the way of what the sentence is actually saying The stock words in the second sentence have much more impact The abuse of using Sino-Vietnamese words mẫu hậu in the first version makes words unnatural and incompatible with communication situations The word mẹ in the second sentence makes sentence more smoothly 16 So we not always use borrowed words to express the meaning of a sentence The choice of using borrowed words depends on the circumstances and subjects of communication If you overuse the loan word, it will cause confusion for the listener and reduce the efficiency of communication Sometimes the use of stock words is better for communication because they are popular and informal 4.2 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE In Vietnamese, the use of loan words will often be found in special days such as wedding party, longevity wishing ceremony, funeral, death anniversary It is different than English They will tend to use informal words rather than formal words on these occasions Take a look at these examples: In Viet Nam: Chúc hai bạn trăm năm hạnh phúc sớm sinh quý tử In England: Happy wedding 4.3 CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS As mentioned above, English and Vietnamese have some similarities as well as differences in the use of the word stocks and loan words to express formality in communication In order to understand and be able to use securities and loan terms, students should have access to as much authentic material as possible such as movies, books, and newspapers Additionally, socio-cultural factors must be considered when students decide to use words 17 PART III: CONCLUSION Thus, borrowed words and root words play a very important role in the language system depending on each situation, they have different expressions Therefore, it requires users to have knowledge when using words, avoiding word abuse and misuse of circumstances This not only affects the logic of the sentence but also makes it difficult for the listener to understand From the findings of the study on using stock words and loan words, we can see the similarities and differences in Vietnamese and British cultures Therefore, people are able to raise their culture awareness; it is extremely necessary for understanding languages and features of two cultures People who learn two languages or have had experiences of living in two countries, Vietnam and England, can avoid cultural shocks as well as As a result, they have more effective communication because the use of these words can significantly contribute to make the very first good impression between people in a communication 18 REFERENCES Nguyen Quang (1998) Cross-cultural Communication CFL - Vietnam National University - Hanoi Nguyen Quang (1999) Intercultural Communication Vietnam National University Hanoi, College of Foreign languages Nguyen Quang (2008) Nonverbal communication across cultures NXB Khoa học xã hội Blum-Kulka, S (1987) Indirectness and politeness in requests: Same or Different? Journal of Pragmatics, ii, 131-14-6 Cumshudova Gulshan, May 2008, History of loan words in english Sourcesof loans Calques Periodical states ofenglish vocabulary-Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University,teacher (https://www.academia.edu/36744547/HISTORY_OF_LOAN_WORDS_IN_ENGLISH_ SOURCES_OF_LOANS_CALQUES_PERIODICAL_STATES_OF_ENGLISH_VOCA BULARY) Darwin (1872), The expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Erving Goffman (1971), Relations in Public Lustig, M and Koester, J (1996) Intercultural competence Interpersonal Communication across Cultures Harper Collins College Publishers Mark Alves (2009) Loanwords in Vietnamese / Từ mượn Tiếng Việt / 越南語的 外来词 (https://www.academia.edu/13883311/Loanwords_in_Vietnamese_T%C6%B0_m%C6% B0%C6%A1_n_trong_Ti%C3%AA_ng_Vi%C3%AA_t_%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97% E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%8D) 19 10 Peter Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th Penguin, (2000) 11 V Chandra Sekhar Rao The Significance of the Words Borrowed Into English Language, April 2018 20 ...TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC HẢI PHÒNG KHOA NGOẠI NGỮ TIỂU LUẬN MƠN HỌC GIAO THOA VĂN HĨA A STUDY ON THE USE OF STOCK WORDS AND LOAN WORDS TO EXPRESS FORMALITY IN VIETNAMESE