CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY, DATA, AND GENERAL FINDINGS
4.1. Expansion in English Clause Complexes
4.1.2. How does Expansion Work in English Clause Complexes?
4.1.2.1. How does Elaboration Work in English Clause Complexes?
In English clause complexes, the working principle of elaboration is: a clause paratactically or hypotactically elaborate the other by restating it - exposition, clarifying it - clarification, or giving examples about it – exemplification. Conjunctives are different for different relations.
In a clause complex of elaboration, the taxis relation between clauses can influence the relative positions of constituent clauses in the complex. In a paratactic complex, as the whole elaborated clause is the domain for elaboration, the elaborated clause always precedes the elaborating clause. In a hypotactic clause complex, only a part of the elaborated clause is the domain for elaboration, the elaborating clause can be positioned at the middle, final, or even the initial position of the clause complex.
157. Born in the ports of Buenos Aires and Montevideo at the dawn of the twentieth century, || tango became one of the first urban popular music genres in South America.
(107_100) (hypotactic, elaborating clause – initial position)
158. However, the similarities between the Korean War and the Vietnam War (1959- 1975), || which occurred during most of the M*A*S*H era, || were uncanny (107_30) (hypotactic, elaborating clause – middle position)
159. Typically this is done by numerical integration, || which introduces additional cost. (106_3) (hypotactic, elaborating clause – final position)
160. A fifth argument for the BBA paradoxically grows out of one of the arguments commonly made against it: || it would be purely symbolic. (108_76) (paratactic, final position)
As regards the relation of exposition, in a paratactic clause complex, the elaborating clause paraphrases the elaborated clause, so the two clauses can be just juxtaposed
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with the use of only punctuation to mark the border of the clauses, or with the use o f paratactic conjunctives like that is (to say), in other words, i.e., I mean, or. In the relation of paratactic exposition, the elaborating clause functions as the apposition of the elaborated clause, restating the same content in the elaborated clause is view from a different position, the meaning of exposition is either generalizing or specifying.
161. Syntax and vocabulary should be taken as not distinct but interwoven domains; || abstract principles relate to actual lexical items. (110_98) (exposition:
generalizing)
162. I know what he wanted; || he wanted to push a button || and have the machine do what he expected. (106_61) (exposition: specifying)
In a clause complex of hypotactic exposition, the elaborating clause functions as the non-restrictive relative clause of a part of the elaborated clause. The relation of hypotactic exposition is marked with relative pronouns which, who, whose, where, in which, namely, or the verb forms, exhibiting the relation modifying.
163. The identified technologies and user habits allow us to define requirements for the Grid Resource Registry, ||whose most important features are listed below.
(106_14)
164. The situation was similar in Italy, || where children spent even more time watching their heroes in 2010, with an extra 8 minutes a day bringing their total daily viewing time to 2 hours and 44 minutes in the first half-year of 2010. (107_69)
165. This problem forces users to define the first requirement for our system: ||
hiding the technical complexity from the user, || thus allowing him/her to focus on delivering the required application functionality instead of mastering new technologies. (106_17)
In a clause complex of exemplification, one clause illustrates the other. Just like in clause complexes of exposition, the constituent clauses can also be connected just by juxtaposition and punctuation, or with the use of conjunctives like for example, for instance, say. In English clause complexes of expansion, either paratactic or hypotactic, exemplification works by showing, structurally and lexically, that the elaborating clause functions as a specific case of the elaborated clause (the whole
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process in the clause as the domain - whole process illustration or a participant of the clause as the domain – participant illustration).
166. These translations are not particularly odd; || Elizabeth Gaskell, for example, translated working-class dialect in footnotes in Mary Barton. (110_36) (elaborating clause as a specific case of the whole elaborated clause)
167. Greenwood makes the meaning accessible to a middle-class readership whilst insisting that they will access it only on his terms: || like the recipients of Mrs Frankenberg‘s benevolence, he will permit the reader to learn and to see only what he wishes them to learn and to see. (110_37) (elaborating: clause as a specific case of the whole elaborated clause)
168. The justification met a few objections||, say, how to ensure that the child would grow up psychologically healthy after being removed from his own family? (103_78) (elaborating clause as a specific case of a participant of the elaborated clause)
In a clause complex of clarification, either paratactic or hypotactic, the elaborating clause acts as a comment or an explanatory comment on the elaborated clause. The relation of clarification therefore works in three ways: commenting and explaining, or both.
169. First, the parcel is too small; || at best, it would be a small annex to the current park. (103_42) (clarifying: commenting)
170. In the upper right-hand corner is a simple control panel, || just like you would expect on most systems. (106_76) (clarifying: commenting and explaining)
171. In our model, this change will have two effects – || first, it will make the Senator more committed to protectionism for the auto industry, || and second, it will make the Senator a more desirable coalition partner for an agenda-setter. (108_8) (clarifying:
explaining)
172. Mrs Hardcastle uses the term for the necessary purpose of getting Sally out of bed so the family can afford to eat: this does not mean that she is unaware of the medieval punishment and to assume so is as unfair as it is unfounded. (110_39) (clarifying: explaining)
The last point to be drawn out from the observation of the English clause complexes of elaboration is the relative correlation between the moods of constituent clauses. In a
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paratactic clause complex, the whole elaborated clause is the subject for restating, clarifying, and exemplifying, the elaborating clause, always a finite clause, therefore, often assimilates its mood to the clause mood of the elaborated clause. In a hypotactic clause complex, the elaborating clause is often a relative clause, which, in its finite form, is usually in declarative mood.