CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY, DATA, AND GENERAL FINDINGS
4.1. Expansion in English Clause Complexes
4.1.2. How does Expansion Work in English Clause Complexes?
4.1.2.3. How does Enhancement Work in the English Clause Complex?
The logico-semantic relation of enhancement works in two ways: (i) in a paratactic complex, the enhancing clause coordinates the enhanced clause with circumstantial features, and (ii) in a hypotactic clause complex, the enhancing clause attributes the enhanced clause with circumstantial features.
In English clause complexes, the general working rule of enhancement is that: the enhancing clause integrates certain circumstantial elements such as time, place, manner, condition, cause / effect, reason, and concession, to the enhanced clause. The commonest English conjunctives of enhancement are classified as below:
(i) conjunctives of time: when, while, once, since, for, before, after,soon afterwards, etc.
(ii) conjunctives of place: where, in which, wherever, etc.
(iii) conjunctives of manner: by, by means of,in the way that etc.
(iv) conjunctives of condition: if, unless, in case, in the event that, providing that, provided, etc.
(v) conjuntives of cause / effect: because, since, as, etc.
(vi) conjunctives of reason: because, since, as, etc.
(vii) conjunctives of effects and consequences: so, thus, therefore, consequently, etc.
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(viii) conjunctives of purpose: in order that, so that, etc.
(ix) conjunctives of concession: though, although, even though, despite, etc.
In English paratactic clause complexes of enhancement, as the constituent clauses are both free clauses - one enhances the other with circumstantial features, it might appear that the constituent clauses are not logically related in content without the cohesive devices – the conjunctives. Thus, while the relations of elaboration and extension can, in many cases, be demonstrated through just structural linking - adjacency and punctuations, the relation of enhancement is strongly dependent on the meaning of the conjunctives. An evidential support for this argument is that: the choice of conjunctives can affect the meaning of enhancement in the clause complex, as exemplified below.
180a. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, || and therefore be a router.
(106_24) (integrating consequence)
180b. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, || or else be a router.
(integrating condition)
180c. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, || for it is a router.
(integrating reason)
180d. Each must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, || though it is a router.
(integrating concession)
As can be seen, the change of the conjunctive group and therefore into other conjunctives affect the relation between the constituent clauses, thus affect the meaning of the whole complex. In clause complex 106_24, with the conjunctive group and therefore, the meaning of enhancement is: integrating the consequence to the process in the enhanced clause: because the device can forward traffic unrelated to its own use, it is a router, that‟s what routers are for. If the conjunctive groups are substituted by or else like in 180b, the meaning of enhancement changes to be: because the device can forward traffic unrelated to its own use, it is NOT a router. If the conjunctive group in 106_24 is substituted by for like in 180a, the meaning of enhancement changes to be: because the device is a router, it can forward traffic unrelated to its own use (that is one function of a router). If the conjunctive group is changed into though the meaning of enhancement changes to be: the device is a router but it can forward traffic unrelated to its own use (routers do not normally do so.
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In hypotactic clause complexes of enhancement, the enhancing clause is, in traditional grammar term, the adverbial clause of time, place, condition, manner, cause, effect, condition, concession, etc. The relation of enhancement works not only by the use of hypotactic conjunctives but also by structural binding and verb forms (in non-finite clauses).
181. This sequence is continued,|| as long as there is enough current flow to power the load. (101_26) (attributing circumstantial feature of condition)
182. Survival is the rule if the vital systems are unaffected or minimally affected.
(102_38) (attributing circumstantial feature of condition)
183. It is not, however, devoid of drawbacks || as Taverna only supports web services.
(106_9) (attributing the circumstantial feature of reason)
184. Although Jolicloud isn't extensively configurable, || some gems can be found under Local Settings. (106_77) (attributing circumstantial feature of concession) 185. When the injured player was the ball carrier, all tacklers involved in the tackle were recorded for tackle height. (109_35) (attributing circumstantial feature of time) 186a. But the explosiveness of the subject dictated a code of silence that precluded candid conversations, ||creating an understanding that the word must never find its way into the final document. (107_63) (attributing circumstantial feature of consequence)
187a. However, using his wit and smooth talk once again, || he manages to deceive the king and the queen, ||exploiting their greed for gold and their lust for power. (110_10) (attributing circumstantial feature of condition - attributing circumstantial feature of manner)
188a. To argue this point theoretically, || this paper develops a new model, […] ||while allowing for a legislature with multiple legislators and differently sized constituencies.
(108_2) (attributing circumstantial feature of purpose)
The relation of enhancement can work through the use of verb forms in the enhancing clause because it can be interpreted in such a case that the actual conjunctive needed is hidden and can easily be recovered through the content of the clauses. Clause complex 107_63, 110_10, and 101_46 can accordingly be recovered as:
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186b. But the explosiveness of the subject dictated a code of silence that precluded candid conversations, ||so it creates an understanding that the word must never find its way into the final document.
187b. However, because he uses his wit and smooth talk once again, || he manages to deceive the king and the queen, ||in the way that he exploits their greed for gold and their lust for power.
188b. As the paper aims to argue this point theoretically, || this paper develops a new model, […]|| while allowing for a legislature with multiple legislators and differently sized constituencies.
Such conjunctives as so, because, in the way, as can be recovered thanks to the judgment on the relation between the content of the clauses, and the judgment can sometimes varied among peephole. Thus, non-finite enhancing clauses are not as explicit in enhancement as finite enhancing clauses.
In addition, in a clause complex of hypotactic enhancement, the enhancing clause, apart from the finite and non-finite structure, can also be verbless. That verbless clause as in 110_79 in 189a is possible because the process in the enhancing clause is relational and can easily be inferred as in 189b.
189a. Back in Lahore,|| […] ||Changez warns his pursuer:||‗‗It seems […] you Americans are all under cover assassins‘‘ (110_79)
189b. When he is back in Lahore,|| […] ||Changez warns his pursuer:||‗‗It seems […]
you Americans are all under cover assassins‘‘