IV. CAC LUAN DIEM VE MO HINH LAP HIEN CUA BO MAY QUYEN LI/C NHA NU^OC
3.C^c quy djnh chung ve to chu-c b? m^y hanh phap vdi tu each la
Chuang ddu tien thugc Phdn "Nhung ca sd hiin dinh cua QHP" trong
HPSD cua giai do^n xay dyng NNPQ Vipt Nam cdn diiu chinh ngi dung
cy thi cua hai nhdm van dl - nhung nguyen tdc ca ban ciia QHP (1) va
cdc CQHP (2).
3.1. Nhung nguyen tdc hiin dinh co bdn ciia QHP cdn phai dugc khang djnh la QHP d Vipt Nam do Chii tich nude ddng ddu va Chinh phii thyc hipn (Phuang an I) hodc la do Thit tudng dung ddu va Chinh phii
thyc hipn (Phuang dn II), ddng thdi cac quy djnh cua he thdng phdp ludt
qudc gia vi \6 chiic, hoat ddng cua bd mdy hanh phdp b Vipt Nam (dii theo phuang dn nao chdng niia) jMi tuyet ddi tudn thii vd dua utn cac nguyen tdc ca
ban nay, ma cy the Id:
1) Tuypt ddi tuan thu nhirng nguyen tdc hiin djnh ca bdn ve td ehirc
BMQL nhd nude trong ho^t dgng hdnh phdp dk bdo dam cho cac CQHP
thyc sy xung ddng Id cac ca quan phyc vy cho y chi, nguypn vgng va Igi ich cua nhan dan.
2) Thyc thi mgt cdch nghiem chinh, chinh xac vd day du d mue t6i da cdc ca che phdp ly dl bdo vp cdc quyin va ty do ciia con ngudi va cua cdng dan.
3) Ddc lap chju trach nhiem trong qud trinh thuc liien cdc chuc nang, thdm quyin dugc Hien phap \a luat quy djjih ddi vtVi bd may hanh phdp.
4) Hgp tae eiing vdi eac nhanh quyin luc nhd nude khde trong vice thuc hien cdc chuc nang. tham quyen ciia moi nhanh de bdo ddm cho co
che kiem tra vd can bang giira cdc nhanh quyen lue nha nude dugc thirc
thi mdt each dong bd, thdng nhat va cd hieu qua cao trong cac ITnh vyc boat ddng Nha nude vi lgi ich chung ciia Td qudc va nhdn ddn.
5) Tdn trgng thuc sy tinh ddc lap ciia bg mdy tu phap vd co che Kl rllP ma Hien phap va lual quy djnh.
6) Khdng can thiep trai phap luat vao qua trinh thuc hien cdc ehirc ndng va thdm quyen ciia cac nhanh quyen lire nhd nude khde ma Hien phiip vd ludt quy dinh.
3.2. Cdc CQHP trong HPSD ciia giai doan xay dung NNPQ Viet
Nam (nlu theo Phuang an 1) cdn dugc ghi nhan theo hudng la:
1) Bao gdm cdc CQHP true thudc Chu tick nude vd cdc CQHP tnrc thudc Chinh phii (Phuang dn I) hodc la cac CQHP trong Chinh phii
(Phuang an II) - d TW va cac Uy ban nhdn dan - d cdc dja phuang. 2) Nhung vdn dl ve td chdc, boat ddng, ehirc ndng va tham quyen eua cdc
CQHP true thudc Chii tich nude vd eac CQHP true thudc Chinh phii, ciing nhu
ciia cac UBND do Hiin phdp va cac ludt tuang img quy dinh.
3) Cae CQHP trong pham vi thdm quyen vd chuc ndng cua minh cd nhiem vu quan ly nhd nude ve mat hdnh chinh, thi hanh Hien phap vd phap ludt trong cdc ITnh vuc ciia ddi song xa hgi de bao ve nhung ea sd ciia chi dp hiin dinh, nhan than, cac quyen va t^ do ciia con ngudi va ciia cdng dan, cung nhu tinh phap ehl tdi thugng va hipu luc true tiep ciia Hiin phap, cac quy djnh ciia phdp lual, gdp phdn ciing cgng dong qudc te giCir gin hda binh va an ninh ciia nhdn loai.
4) Bdt ky hanh vi nao (bdng hanh ddng hoae khdng hanh ddng) nhdm can thiep, cdn trd, tdc ddng hodc gay anh hudng tieu eye ddi vdi vipc thyc hien thdm quyin hiin djnh ciia cac CQHP diu la su vi pham nghiem trgng Hiin phdp va phai bj xir ly nghiem khdc theo luat djnh.
4. Cac quy pham hien dinh ve Chii tjch nude trong giai dosjn xay dung NNPQ Vict Nam (nlu theo Phuang an I) can diiu chinh 5 nhdm vdn dl ca bdn la: 1) Dja vj phdp ly ciia Chii tjch nude; 2) Cac CQHP true
thudc Chil tjch nude; 3) Nhiing thdm quyin cua Chii tjch nude trong cae
ITnh vyc din ndi; 4) Nhirng tham quyin ciia Chii tjch nude trong cdc ITnh
vuc ddi ngoai vd; 5) Thu tyc ddn hach Chu tjch nude.
4.1. Dia vi phdp ly cita Chii lich nude trong HPSD ciia giai doan xdy
dung NNPQ cdn dugc ghi nhdn theo hudng trao quyin dan chii rdng rai
cho nhdn ddn true tilp bdu Chu tjch nude vi 3 ly do chinh rat xdc ddng, ed cdn cd vd bdo ddm sue thuyit phuc Id: 1) Phdi tudn theo diing quy djnh ciia Hdi nghj TW 4 khda XI la ndi - luan dilm tiln bd vd ddn chii
ciia Dai hdi XI va Cuang ITnh 1991 (Phdt triln, bd sung ndm 2011) !a:
"bdo ddm ddn chu duge ihuc hien trong thuc li cudc sdng d nieV cdp, lre:n tdl cd cdc ITnh vuc", "kit ed quyin liec nhd nude ihiige vi nhdn ddn ", "Nhd nude phuc vu nhein ddn, ton trgng, Idng nghe y kiin cua nhdn ddn, ihuc hien ddy du quyin ddn chd cua nhdn ddn..." di ddi vdi Idm - can phdi dl cho nhdn ddn duac hudng quyin true liip hdu ra ngudi dieng ddu Nhd nude ciia minh; 2) Gdn 40 ndm qua, tir khi thdng nhdt dat nude vdo nam 1975 din nay,^ trinh do ddn Iri vd vdn hda phdp ly ciia nhdn ddn la dd tdng len rdt nhieu nen khdng cd ly do gi ma chiing ta cu phai di theo Idi mdn ciia each
suy nghT thien can, hep hdi cua mdt so ngudi mudn 1dm mat uy tin ciia Dang va de cho ddn nghT sai rdng Ddng "chi ndi chu klidng 1dm" bdng thii doan phd hoai ngdm "cd tinh giir mdi" quyin bdu Chii tjch nude chi cho mgt phimi vi rdt hep la 500 dai bilu Qudc hdi/hang chyc tripu cu tri ciia cd nude; 3) Nhdn
dan ta edn tryc liip bdu ra dugc cd mgt tap thi Id Qudc hgi - co quan dgi dien cao nhdt cho y chi vd nguyin vgng eua nhdn ddn gdm ed 500 ngue'/i. Nhu vdy, cdn diiu chinh dia vi phdp ly cita Chu tich nude theo hirdng khdng
djnh Chil tjch nude Viet Nam Dan chii Cgng hda (DCCH)^*^: (*)
Thiet nghT Quoc hpi vdi tix cSch \k ca quan dgi di?n cao nhdt cho y chi cua dan tpc ViC't Nam cSn nghien ciru de sao cho thgt khoa hgc - ten gqi cua qu6c gia can phai phu hgp vdi che dg kinh ti cua n6 - hay tra lai cho To qu6c va nhan dan dung ten ggi co y nghia sdu s6c ciia nuac ta ma Chu tjch Hd CIU Minli da suy ngdm rdt ky khi sic dung no trong Hiin phdp ndm 1946 (vi ro rang la theo cac nha kinh dien ciia CNXH khoa hoc, thi mot khi da la XHCN dich thirc thi
nhat thiet khong the co cdi goi la "so huu tu nhan" trong co ciu kinh te- cua ddt nuoc dugc (nhu Di6u 15 Hiin phap nSm 1992 hi?n hanh ghi nh§n), m^t khdc,
theo Cuong linh "Ve xdy dung ddt nuac trong theri ky qud do len CNXIC (Phat triln, b6 sung nSm 2011) thi nircrc ta mdi chi dang a trong thai ky qud do tiln len CNXH ma thoi ya chinh vi vgy, nlu chang trong HPSD idn nay vai thai do cdu Ihi, chung ta cdn phdi nghiem tuc lam iheo tdm girong Due Ho ve viec dell ten goi cua ddt nuac, thi moi c6 thi tilp tyc ghi nhan hinh thirc so huu nay
dugc), con neu khong thi yi§c dat ten ggi ciia Vift Nam hi?n nay la "XHCN" la
1) La ngue'/i elicng eldu .W;// nue'rc, dai dien cho Viet Nam trong cdc
quan he ddi ndi va ddi ngoai. dong thdi la Tong tu lenh cdc LLVTND Viet Nam.
2) Phdi khdng dudi 40 tuoi va cu tni thudng xuyen tren Idnh thd Viet Nam tren 15 nam linh din ngay bau cir Chii tjch nude ciia ndm tuang ung.
3) Do nhdn ddn bdu ra theo nguyen tdc bdu cu ty do, true tiep, phd
thdng dau philu vd bd philu kin vdi nhiem ky 5 ndm (mdt ngudi khdng dugc lam Chii tjch nude 2 nhiem ky lien luc).
4) Bdo ddm vice tudn thii cdc quy djnh ciia Hiin phdp vd phdp ludt,
cung nhu cae quyin va tu do ciia con ngudi vd cua cdng dan dugc tdn trgng va thuc thi mdt each nghiem chinh va thdng nhdt trong hoat dgng ciia BMQL nha nude.
5) Diiu hda mdi quan he phdn edng, phdi hgp vd kiem sodt quyen luc
giira cdc ca quan cdng quyin thudc tat ed cdc nhdnli quyen lire Nha nude; 6) Khdng kiem nhiem vj tri lanh dao trong bat ky co quan cdng quyin ndo ciia BMQL nhd nude d TW (NIU theo Phuang dn II - khdng tach rieng 2 nhdm CQHP).
7) Khi nham chuc phdi tuyen the vdi nhan ddn.
Ngoai ra, trong nhdm van dl ndy, HPSD cung cdn quy djnh them la: 1) Le tuyen the nham chire eiia Chii tjch nude Viet Nam DCCH phai dugc to chuc trgng thi vdi su chirng kien ciia cdc dai bieu Qude hdi va
cdc Thdm phdn T.AHP {Thanh vien Heii ddng BVHP - nlu chuc ndng
KTrHP la nhdnh quyin luc dgc lap thir tu ma khdng thudc nhanh QTP); 2) Phd Chil tjch nude Vipt Nam DCCH do nhdn ddn bau trong lien danh ciing Chil tjch nutre vdi nhiem ky 5 ndm theo nguyen tdc bdu cu tu do, tnrc tilp, phd thdng ddu philu va bd philu kin, la ngudi giup Chii tjch nude lam viec vd cd thi dugc Chii tjch nutre iiy nliipm thay Chii tjch
nude thuc hipn mdt sd tham quyin do lliln phdp hoae Ludt "Ve Chu tieh nude" quy djnh vd; 3) Nhirng van dl cu thi lien quan den che djnh Chii tjch nude se do Ludt "Vi Chii tich nue'rc" quy djnh rieng.
4.2. Ce'ic CQHP true thugc Chii tich niee'rc trong HPSD (nlu theo Phuang dn 1) can dugc djnh nghTa Id Bg (ea edu) qudn ly nhd nude ve
mat hdnh chinh d TW Irong ITnh viec tuong ieng md Hiin phdp quy djnh thugc thdm quyin chi dgo eiia Chu tieh nude, ddng thdi viee quy dinh eac
CQHP nay cd thi theo I trong 2 hudng la:
1) Hudng thii nhdt - chi quy dinh ehung vl cdc ITnh vuc va mang
tinh chdt md dl thuan tien cho viee thdnh lap cac CQHP mdi khi cdn thilt ma khdng cdn phdi sua ddi Hiin phap nhu sau: a) Qudc phdng; b) Ngoai giao; c) An ninh va; d) BVPL.
2) Hudng thu hai - quy djnh vl cdc CQHP cu thi true thudc Chd tieh nude nhu sau: a) Bg Qudc phdng; b) Bd Ngoai giao; c) Tdng cue Tinh bdo ddi ngogi (tren ca sd tach Tdng eye V ra khdi Bd Cdng an va
Tdng eye II ra khdi Bg Quoc phdng); d) Bg An ninli (tren co sd tach Tong eye An ninh I va Tdng eye An ninh II ra khdi Bd Cdng an hipn nay); d) Bg Canh sdt (tren ca sd tach cdc Tong eye Canh sat ra khdi Bd Cdng an); e) Bg Tu phdp; f) Tdng Thanh tra Nhd nude (tren ca sd td chuc lai Thanh
tra Chinh phu hien nay va nlu khdng giao trd lgi chuc nang kiim sat
chung cho he thong VKSND, cdn nlu giao thi gidi thi ca cdu ndy);
g) Tdng Cdng to (ed thi gpi la Viin Cdng id TW-nsu VKS chuyin thdnh
VCT thudc QHP) va; h) Uy ban dieu tra TW (nlu tach rieng cae ca cdu diiu tra hinh sy dang cd ra khdi mdt sd Bg, ngdnh hien nay).
4.3. Nhieng thdm quyin hiin dinh eua Chu lich nude Irong cdc iTnh vuc ddi ndi cdn dugc khdng djnh theo hudng la cdn cu vdo cdc quy djnh
cua Hiin phdp va cac ludt cua Viet Nam, Chii tjch nude vdi tu cdch la
ngitdi ddng ddu Nhd nude xdc djnh nhiing phuang hudng ca bdn (PHCB) trong chinh sdch ddi ngi cua Vipt Nam. Vi vdy, cdn quy djnh
trong cac llnh vyc ddi ngi, Chii tjch nude c6 29 tham quyin sau:
1) Bd nliipm, mien nhiem va each chuc Thii tudng Chinh phii vdi sy
phe chudn cua VLP (Qude hgi - nlu la Quoc hdi 1 Vien);
2) Bd nhipm, mien nhiem vd cdch chiic cdc Phd Thu tudng Chinh phu va nhirng ngudi dieng dem cdc CQHP thugc Chinh phu theo dl nghi
ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu;
3) Tryc tilp diiu hanh cac CQHP tryc thudc Chu tich nude theo quy
djnh cua Hien phdp va ludt, ddng thdi bd nhipm, mien nhipm va each chiirc nhiing ngudi dung ddu cdc co quan nay;
4) Bd nhiem, mien nhiem va each chuc cac Kiem sat vien VKSND (Neu he lhdng VKSND khdng chuyen thdnh he thdng VCT de thudc nhanh QI IP ma van thudc nhanh QTP nhu hien nay);
5) Bd nhiem, mien nhiem va each ehirc cac niam phan TAND cac cdp;
6) Gidi thieu de Thieemg nghi ^'iin - VDB {Quire hgi - neu la Qudc hdi 1 Vien) bd nhiem cac Thdm phdn TAHP {cdc thdnh vien khdng duang nhien Hgi ddng BVHP - neu chire ndng KTrHP Id nhdnh quyen lyc dgc
lap thir 4 khdng thudc nhanh QTP);
7) Gidi thieu de VDB {Qudc hgi - neu la Qudc hdi 1 Vien) bd nhiem
Chdnh an TANDTC va Vien trudng VKSNDTC; dong thdi dl nghj VDB rnien nhiem hoae each chire Vien trudng VKDSNTC;
8) Chil tga cac phien hep ciia Chinh phu ve cdc ITah vuc boat dgng ciia cdc CQHP Irirc thudc Chii tich nude;
9) Nghe Thu tudng bdo cao ket qua cac phien hgp ciia Chinh phii ve cdc ITnh vyc hoat ddng ciia cdc CQHP tryc thudc Chinh phu hodc tr\tc Hip tham du cdc phien hpp nay khi xet thdy can thiet;
10) Thdng qua quyet djnh ve viec tir chiic ciia Chinh phu;
11) Chi dao, ddng thdi true tiep dieu hdnli nhiing van de Idn va quan trgng ban cd trong cae ITnh vyc an ninh vd bdo ve phdp ludt (BVPL);
12) Thiuih lap Vdn phdng Chii tjch nude de giiip vipc eho Chii tjch nude. 13) Xac djnh ngay bdu cir dai bieu Quoc hgi, Hdi ddng nhan dan dia phuang cac cap;
14) Td ehirc tnmg cau dan y theo cac quy djnh ciia Hien phdp va ludt; 15) Dua ra sang kien lap phap vd trinh du an ludt trong cdc ITnh vuc thudc quyen hanh phdp;
16) Ky va cdng bd cac ludt da dugc Qude hdi thdng qua theo quy trinh do Hien phdp quy djnh;
17) Dgc thdng diep hdng ndm trudc Quoc hgi ve tinh hinh trong nude, cung nhu ve nhiing phuang hucing ea ban cua chinh sach ddi ngi vd ddi ngoai eua Nhd nude;
18) Quyet djnh tdng thudng hudn chuang, huy chuang, gidi thudng qudc gia vd danh hipu vinh dy Nha nude;
19) Quyet djnh ddc xd;
20) Ban hanh Sdc lenh, Chi thi ma nhung vdn ban nay khdng duge trai vdi Hien phdp va ludt.
21) Thanh lap va giir chuc Chii tjch Hdi ddng Qudc phdng \d An ninh vdi quy ehl phdp ly do ludt djnh;
22) Phe chudn chu thuyet qudn su cua Vipt Nam;
23) Chi dao, ddng thdi tryc tiep dieu hanh nhirng van dl Idn va quan trgng hon ca trong ITnh vuc qudc phdng;
24) Bd nhipm, mien niiiem va each chuc cdc ham, cap sT quan cao cap vd cdc chiic vy cao cdp trong cdc LLVTND;
25) Bd nhiem va mien nhipm Bd Tdng tu lenh tdi cao cac LLVTND Viet Nam;
26) Ban bd tinh trang chien tranh timg phan hoae toan bd tren ISnh thd qudc gia trong nhirng trudng hgp do ludt djnh khi cd hanh ddng xdm luge hodc nguy ca xam luge tryc tiep tir ben ngoai lanh thd Viet Nam vd
thdng bdo ngay cho VDB {Qudc hgi -nlu la Qudc hdi 1 Viin)-^
27) Ban bd tinh trang khdn cap timg phan hoae toan bd tren Idnh did quoc
gia trong nhung trudng hgp do ludt djnh vd thdng bdo ngay cho VDB {Qude hgi -neu la Qude hgi 1 Vi$n).
4.4. Nhiing thdm quyen eua Chu tjch nude trong cdc ITnh vuc eddi ngogi cdn dugc khdng djnh theo huting la can cu vao cdc quy djnh ciia Hien phdp va cae luat cua Viet Nam, Chu tjch nude vdi tu each la ngudi ddng ddu Nhd nude xac djnh nhirng phuang hudng co ban trong chinh sdch ddi ngogi cua Viet Nam. Vl vay, HPSD cdn quy djnh trong cac liTnh
vyc ddi ngoai, Chii tjch nude cd 6 thdm quyen sau: 1) Lanh dao chinh sdch ddi ngoai cua Viet Nam;
2) Chi dao, ddng thdi tryc tiep dieu hdnh nhung van de Idn vd quan trpng ban cd trong ITnh virc ngoai giao;
3) Bd nhiem, mien nhiem va each chire cae ham, cdp vd cdc chuc vu cao cap khac thudc Bt) Ngoai giaux cung nhu trieu hdi dai dipn ngoai giao ciia Viet Nam d nutVc ngoai va cac lc chiirc qudc te;
4) Quyit djnh vice lien hanh cac cudc lidi dam, thuang thuyet va vdi
su dong y ciia VDB {Qude hgi - neu .a Quoc hdi I Vien) ky ket cdc hiep udc