IV. CAC LUAN DIEM VE MO HINH LAP HIEN CUA BO MAY QUYEN LI/C NHA NU^OC
6.Neu to chu-c bp mdy h^nh phdp theo Phuong dn II thi cac quy
pham hien djnh ve Chu tjch nude do dugc ghi nhdn trong mdt Phan rieng
bipt ciia HPSD dl cap din mgt thilt chi Nha nude dgc lap la Nguyen thu qudc gia (khdng thugc nhanh QHP nira) va se tryc tilp lam Chu tjch Hgi ddng Hien phdp vdi tu each Id ngudi true liip ddng ddu nhdnh quyin KTrHP (ngoai ba nhdnh QLP, QHP vd QTP) dl BVHP bdng vipc diiu hda, phdi hgp vd KSQL nhd nude nen nhiing ca sd hiin dinh vi QHP
Viet Nam chi do Chinh phii thuc hien; 2) Nhirng nguyen tdc ca bdn ciia
QIIP thi van giir nguyen nhu trong Phutmg an I (da neu tren day) va;
3) Rieng cdc quy pham hien dinh vc cac CQHP trong Chinh phii thi cdn
dugc ghi nhan Id gom cac Bd (co cau) irong 27 ITnh vuc (da liet ke trong Phutrng an I) + 4 ITnh vuc ma Ciui lich nutic neu theo Phuang an I thi
true Hip diiu hdnh, nhirng neu theo Phuang an II thi chi chi dgo (md khdng true tiep lanh dao nhu d Phuang dn I) nhieng vdn di Idn vd quan trgng han cd la: Ngoai giao, Qudc phdng. An ninh vd BVPL.
§4. Mo hinh hi§n dinh cua cac quy pham ve to chCrc quydn tu> phap
1. Nhu-ng CO- sd hien djnh vc QTP trong HPSD eiia giai doan xdy dyng NNPQ Viet Nam can dugc ghi nhan trong mdt phdn ddc lap theo
mat trong hai md hinh td chire BMQL nhd nude nhu sau: 1) Md hinh A - ba nhdnh quyen lire nha nude truyen thdng la QEIP, QLP vd QTP (cd
TAHP dl thuc hipn ca chire ndng chuyen trach BVHP, vdi Phuang dn I -- thudc he thdng VKSND hoae Phuong an II - khdng thudc nhdnh quyen
lyc thii ba nay); 2) Md hinii B - bdn nhdnh quyen luc nhd nude (vi ngoai ba nhanh truyen thdng kia, cdn cd them nhanh quyen lire nha nude thu tu - KTrHP) vd nhdnh thir tu se do Ilt)i ddng BVEIP ddc lap (neu Chii tjch
nude trirc tiep dieu hanh mdt sd CQHP thudc 4 ITnh vyc da neu tren) bode thilt ehl Nguyen thu quoc gia (vi Chii tjch nude se tryc tiep lam Chu tjch Hgi ddng Hiin phdp) dam nhiem. Nhu vay, d ddy chi de cap den vipc td chuc QTP trong HPSD theo Md hinh A va chinh vi vdy nhirng ca sd biln
djnh vl QTP can dieu chinh ba nhdm van de co ban va quan trpng la:
1) Cac quy djnh chung ve bd may tu phdp; 2) He thing Tda an vd; 3) He thdng VKSND (nlu theo Phuang an 1).
2. Cac quy djnh chung ve to chiic bo mdy tu- phdp trong HPSD cua
giai doan xdy dirng NNPQ can khdng djnh vl mat lap hien nhieng nguyen tdc ca bdn eua QTP (1) va cdc ea quan tuphdp - CQTP (2), ma dudi day
chiing ta se lan lugt xem xet.
2.1. Nhieng nguyen tac ca bdn cita QTP cdn phai dugc khdng djnh la chi do cac Tda dn (neu theo Phuang an I) va cac VKSND (neu theo
Phuong an II) thye hien, md cu the Id 5 nguyen tdc hien djnh sau ddy:
1) QTP d Vipt Nam dugc thyc hipn bdng thu tyc td tyng ve Hien phdp (neu td chire QTP theo Md hinh A), hinh sie vaphi hinh sie (hdnh
nhimg ca sd ciia ehl dg hien dinh, nhan thdn, cdc quyin ty vd tir do cua con ngudi va cua cdng dan, cung nhu hda binh va an ninh ciia nhdn loai.
2) Tuyet ddi tuan thii nhu-ng nguyen tdc ca ban dugc ghi nhdn (nhu da neu trong Myc 1 Chuang thii nhdt) tai Hiin phdp nay trong boat ddng
tuphdp de bao dam cho boat ddng tu phap thyc su ddc lap vi su thye thi
edng ly, cdng bdng va le phdi trong mpt NNPQ dich thuc cua nlidn ddn, do nhan dan va vi nhan dan.
3) Ddc lap chiu trach nhipm trong qua trinh thyc hien cac chuc ndng, iham quyen dugc Hiin phap va luat quy dinh ddi vdi bd may tu phap.
4) Hgp tap cimg vdi cac nhanh quyen lyc nha nude khdc irong viec thyc hien cdc chiic ndng, thdm quyen ciia moi nhdnh dl bdo dam cho c0
che phan cdng, phdi hgp vd kiem sodt giira cdc nhdnh quyin luc nhd
nude dugc thyc thi mdt cdch ddng bd, thdng nhdt vd cd hieu qua cao trong cdc ITnh vyc ho^t dpng Nha nude vi Igi ich chung ciia Td qudc va nhdn dan.
5) Thyc sy cdng tdm, vd tu, khach quan va khdng dugc dl cho bit ky sy thien kien chinh tri hay sy tdc dgng cua cd nhan hay nhdm ngudi ndo cd the lam anh hudng den hoat dgng to tyng tu phap ma Hiin phdp va cac Ludt cd lien quan quy djnh.
Ngoai ra, cung can khang dinh la cac quy djnh cua he thdng phdp ludt qudc gia ve td chire va boat dgng cua bg mdy tu phdp d Viet Nam phai tuypt ddi tuan thu va dya tren cac nguyen tdc hiin djnh ca ban tren.
2.2. Cdc quy pham hien dinh vi cdc CQTP edn phai khdng djnh
nhirng ngi dung theo hudng nhu sau:
1) Cdc CQTP d Vipt Nam tao thanh h? thong Tda dn, bao gdm TAHP va cac TAND (Phuang an I) bode la bao gdm cdc ca quan tdi phdn tu phap tao thdnh hp thdng Tda dn vd cdc ca quan kiim sdt tu phdp tao thdnh h | thdng Vi^n kiem sdt (Phuang an II). Trong trudng hgp to ehirc QTP theo Md
hinh B (quyin KTrHP la nhanh dgc lap thiir tu), thi cdn quy djnh la cdc CQTP
d Viet Nam chi bao gdm he thdng TAND tham quyin chung.
2) Cac CQTP Id ddc lap, chi tuan theo Hiin phdp, phap luat va khdng phy thudc vao bat ky ca nhdn, ca quan hay td chuc ndo.
3) Cac CQTP trong pham vi nhiing thdm quyen va chuc ndng ciia minh CO nhiem vy bao vp nhirng ca sd cua chi do biln djnh, nhan than
(linh mang, sue khdc, danh du va nhan pham cua ca nhdn), cac quyen va tu do ciia con ngudi va ciia cdng dim, ciing nhu tinh phap die tdi thugng eua Mien phdp va phap luiil. gdp phan ciing cdng ddng qudc te giir gin hda binh va an ninh ciia nhan loai.
4) Chi cd cdc CQ TP mtii cd thdm quyen giai quyet vd dua ra phdn
quyet cudi cimg ve mat phap ly ddi vdi cac vu viec td tung ve Hiin phe'ip (neu td chuc QTP theo Md hinh A) hinh su va phi hinh sie. Tuy nhien,
trong trudng hgp he thong VKSND thudc nhdnh QTP (Phuang dn II) thi
can quy djnh Id: chi cd cac ca quan leu phdn tu phdp mdi cd thdm quyen gidi quyet va dua ra phan quyel ddi vdi cac vu viee td tyng ve Hiin phdp, hinh su vd phi hinh su.
5) Bat ky hanh vi nao (bdng hanh ddng bode khdng hdnh ddng)
nham can thiep, can trd, tac ddng hoae gay anh hudng tieu eye ddi vdi viec thyc hien tham quyen hien djnh eiia cdc CQTP deu Id su vi pham nghiem trong Hien phap va phdi bj xu ly nghiem khac theo ludt dinh.
3. Cac quy pham hien dinh ve he thong Tda an (chung cho ca hai
phuong dn thudc Md hinh A - khi he thdng VKSND ihueic hodc khdng thiieic nhdnh QTP deu dugc) trong giai doan xdy dyng NNPQ Viet Nam can dieu chinh ndm nhdm van de ea ban vd quan trgng - dia vj phdp ly va
ctr cdu cua he thdng Tda an (1), nhiing nguyen tdc ca bdn ve td tung lu phdp ciia he thdng Tda an (2), Tda an Hien phap (3), TANDTC (4) va, dia vj phdp ly eiia Tham phan d Viet Nam (5) - ma dudi ddy chiing ta se xem xet timg nhdm vdn de nay.
3.1. Dia vi phdp ly vd ca cdu ciia hi thdng Toa dn trong HPSD can
ghi nhdn theo hudng nhu sau:
1) He thdng Tda an d Viet Nam bao gdm TAHP vd cdc TAND Id
nhiing ca quan xet xu dpc lap, thuc hien quyin tu phdp theo nhu-ng tham quyen tuang ung do Hiin phdp va cdc Luat tuong irng quy djnh.
r r y f f
2) TAHP la ca quan tu phap duy nhdl vd cao nhdt ve kiem tra Hien phdp trong BMQL nhd nude dpc lap thyc hipn QTP bdng hoat ddng td
tung ve Hiin phdp. TAHP Viet Nam duge td chiic chi mgt cdp d TW. 3) Cac TAND la cdc co quan tu phdp thdm quyen chung trong BMQL nha nude ddc lap thyc hien QTP bdng hoat ddng td tung ve hinh
su va phi hinh su. H? thdng cdc Tda an thdm quyin chung do ludt dinh (tuc la se do Luat "Vi h^ thdng Tda dn nhdn ddn d Viet Nam" quy djnh) hodc bao gdm (neu theo Phuong an quy dinh cy thi theo tinh thdn Nghj quyit 49/NQ-TW ve CCTP): a) Cac Tda an dp nhdt cap tai cdc khu vuc; b) Cac Tda an dp nhj cap t^i vung; c) Cac Tda an dp tam cdp t^i miin va;
d) TANDTC d TW.
4) Vipc thanh lap cdc Tda dn quan su cdc cdp do Ludt "Vi he thdng Toa dn nhdn ddn d Vi^t Nam" quy djnh.
5) Khdng dugc thanh l^p cac Toa dn d§c bipt.
3.2. Nhirng nguyen tdc ca ban vl to tyng tu phap cua he thdng Tda dn can ghi nhan vl mdt hien djnh nhOng ngi dung nliu la:
1) Tham phan va Hgi thdm binh ddng, dgc lap va chi tuan theo Hiin phap va phdp luat.
2) Toa dn xet xu tap the va quyit djnh theo da sd. 3) Tda dn xet xir cdng khai, trir trudng hgp do luat dinh.
4) Vipc xet xu dugc tiln hanh bdng mipng, tryc tilp va lien tyc. 5) Bao dam tinh phdp che toi tliugng ciia hipu lyc tryc tiep cua Hiin phdp. 6) Bdo dam quyen ty do sir dyng tilng ndi, chur vilt dan tgc ddi vdi ngudi khdng biet ngon ngii tiln hanh to tyng.
7) Bao dam sy tranh tyng dan chii cua cdc ben tham gia to tyng. 8) Bao ddm quyen binh dSng trudc phdp lu$t va Tda dn ciia cac ben tham gia to tyng.
9) Bdo dam quyen c6 luat su bdo chita hodc quyin tu bdo chiia ciiia ngudi bi bugc tgi trong td tyng hinh su, ciing nhu quyin cd luat su bdo v§ hodc quyen tu bdo v^ cua cdc ben trong td tyng phi hinh sy.
10) Nghiem cam bat ky hanh vi (bdng hanh dgng hodc khdng hdnh dgng) nao nhim can trd, tdc dgng ho$c gay anh hudng doi vdi boat dgng to tyng cua cdc Tda dn.
Ngodi ra, trong nhdm van de nay cdn ghi nh§n bd sung them nhOng ngi dung sau: 1) Cdc quy p h ^ va nhiing nguyen tdc tiln bg dugc thiJra
nhan chung ciui ph:ip luat quoc tc vI to UIIIL: Ur phap la bd phdn cdu thanh eiia pluip luiii t|uue gia Vici N;ar ve id lung i r f)liap; 2) Phdn quyet (ban an hoae quyll dinh) do Ida an tuyen -.loi \ di \ a vice tuong ung neu dd ed hieu luc phap lual thi duang nhien cd g.a Iri bat huge tren pham vi ca nude vd phdi dugc tdt ca cac phap nhan va the nhan tdn trgng; ciing nhu phai dugc chap hanh nghic>ni chinh bdi bat ky ca quan, Id chuc, don vj, ngudi cd chire vu hoae cdng dan nao cd lien quan; 3) Nhirng ca sd phdp ly ciia viec td chire, nhiing tham quyC-n \'a eac dae diem boat ddng ciia he thong Tda an d Vict Nam do cac LIKTI luong irng quy djnh va; 4) Trong
khi thuc hien boat ddng id lung do: \ di nhiing van de Hien phap, hinh sir va /)/;/ hinh sic (hanh chinh. lao dgng, dan sir. kinh le, hdn nhdn va gia
dinh) thudc thdm quyin cua minh, cac tda an d Viet Nam cd quyen vipn dan true tilp cac quy dinh ciia Hien phap, cung nhu ciia cdc Luat vd cdc van ban dudi Lual tutrng irng hien hanh khac.
3.3. Cdc quy pham hiin dinh vi TAHP (chi iheo Md hinh A - td chire BMQL nhd nude theo ba nhdnh quyen luc truyen thdng vd ehirc nang
BVHP la thudc tham quyen ciia QTP). Vi co die tdi phdn do TAHP d Viet Nam thuc hien cung chinh la 1 trong 2 phuang an md nguyen Tdng
bi thu BCHTW Dang - ddng chi Do Mudi da de xudt tai diem "3. Tai phan Hien phap cho Nha nuoc Vict Nam" trong thu "V/v gdp y siea
ddi, bd sung Hiin pheip ndm 1992" ngay 12/11/2011 (Xem cu the ban:
(•TL 17, tr.2). Nhu \'ay, neu theo phuang an trao tham quyen BVHP eho TAHP thi cac quy pham hien dinh ve ctr cau td chire vd nhirng tham quyin ciia ca quan id lung Mien phap nay can ghi nhdn nhung ndi dung nhu sau:
1) TAHP gdm cd 17 thanh vien; ngoai mgt cuu Tdng Bi thu BCHTW Ddng va me)t cuu Chii tjch nude la cac thanh vien duong nhien
va sudt ddi ma khdng can phai qua bdl ky quy trinh nao, sd thdm phan
cdn lai ciia TAHP do VDB (Que'jc hgi - nlu la Quoc hdi 1 Vipn) bd
nhipm, mien nhiem hoae bai nhiem Ihco de nghj ciia Chii tjch nude vd tren ca sd gidi thieu ciia cac ca cau trong BMQL nhd nude d TW theo ty
le tutrng irng tir mdi ca cau nhu sau: a) 1/3 ngirdi do VLP {Qudc hgi -
nlu la Quoc hgi 1 Vien) gitri thieu; b) 1/3 ngudi do TANDTC gidi thieu;
2) TAHP theo dl nghj cua VDB, VLP, 1/4 cdc dgi biiu eiia mdi Vien ndy, Chu tjch nude, Chinh phii, TANDTC, VKSNDTC (nlu VKSND
chua chuyen thdnh VCT thudc QHP) bode 1/6 dai dipn ciia chinh quyin dja phuang tdt ca cae tinh, thdnh pho true thugc TW, cd tham quyin kiim tra de xem xet vd dua ra phdn quyit (dudi hinh thue quyit djnh hoae kit
ludn) ddi vdi nhu-ng vy vipc vl tinh hgrp hiin ciia tat cd cdc vdn ban sau ddy: a) Cdc vdn bdn do hai Viin ciia Quoc hdi, ciing nhu Tdng Kiim toan
Nhd nude, Tdng Thanh tra vl nhan quyin hoae Ngdn hdng Nhd nude ban hdnh; b) Cdc vdn ban do Chii tjch nude ban hanh; c) Cdc van ban do lanh dao Chinh phii, cung nhu Bd trudng, Thii trudng co quan ngang Bg ban hdnh; d) Cdc vdn ban do TANDTC hodc VKSNDTC ban hanh; d) Cdc vdn bdn do ca quan ehinh quyen dja phuang tinh, thdnh pho trirc thugc Trung uang ban hdnh; e) Cac vdn ban do lanh dao Cc4p TW ciia cac td chuc chiah tri - xa hgi, td chiic xa hgi, to chire nghi nghiep, td chuc xd hdi - nghi nghiep, dan vj kinh te hoae lyc lugng vu trang nhdn ddn ban hdnh; bdt ky van bdn ndo do cae chii thi neu tai cae dilm tir "a" din "e" khodn 1 Diiu ndy ty minh (bode phoi hgp) ban hdnh; g) Cdc Hipp udc qudc tl, cung nhu eac vdn ban khde do ngudi ed chuc vy cao cdp nhdn danh Nha nude bode Chinh phii Viet Nam ky ket vdi nude ngodi nhung chua cd hicu luc phdp ly; h) Cdc dieu (khodn) ludt dd (hodc phdi) dugc dp dyng trong trudng htpp cy the tren co sd dl nghi ciia Tda dn hodc ea quan dp dyng diiu (khodn) ludt tuong ung.
3) TAHP CO thdm quyen kiim tra dl xem xet vd dua ra phan quyit (dudi hinh thire quyit djnh hodc kit ludn) ddi vdi quy djnh trong bat ky van bdn phdp ludt ndo da (hoae phdi) dugc dp dung trong trudng hgp cu the ma bj khieu nai la xam pham den cac quyin va ty do hiin djnh ciia con ngudi va cua cdng dan.
4) TAHP cd thdm quyen giai quyit nhung vu viec tranh chdp vl phdn djnh thdm quyin giira: a) Cae ca quan nhd nude d TW; b) Cdc ca quan d TW vdi cdc ca quan chinh quyin dja phuang cdp tinh, thdnh phd tryc thudc TW.
5) TAHP theo de nghi ciia mdt trong cdc chii thi neu tai khoan 2 Dieu ndy cd thdm quyin gidi thich Hiin phdp va cdc Luat ciia Viet Nam, cung nhu cdc vdn bdn phdp ludt qudc te khi cd mdu thuan vdi cdc vdn ban phdp ludt qudc gia.