IV. CAC LUAN DIEM VE MO HINH LAP HIEN CUA BO MAY QUYEN LI/C NHA NU^OC
1.De dan Trong Mue §3 "G/c quy phgm hiin dinh vi QTP trong gia
dogn xdy dirng NNPQ Viet Nam" ciia Phan IV nay, chiing ta dd de cap din CO chi BVHP chuyen niich vd liip trung do TAHP vdi lie cdch Id co quan td timg tuphdp cao nhdt vd duy nhdt vi Hiin phdp dam nhiem. Tuy
nhien, nhu dd neu tren, khi de cap den ca che BVHP tai diem "3. Tdi phsin Hien phap cho Nha nude Vi^t Nam", theo dl xudt eiia ddng chi
DS Mudi, dl cho ca ehl BVHP dugc thiec .su (chu khdng phdi chi la hinh thirc) "mang tinh dgc leip cao" ddi vdi hai nhanh QLP vd QHP, thi ca che
nay nhat thilt phdi dugc thanh lap theo 1 trong 2 phuang dn nhu sau:
1) Md hinh A - BMQL nha nude duge td chire tren ca sd ba nhdnh quyen
Urc truyin thdng (QLP, QIIP, QTP) vd ehirc ndng BVHP se do TAHP
thugc nhdnh quyin luc thir ba (QTP) dam nhiem; 2) Md hinh B - MQL nha nude duge td chire tren ca sd bdn nhanh quyen lyc (ngodi ba nhdnh
quyin lyc truyin thdng la QLP, QHP va QTP, phdi cd nhdnh quyen lyc
tnmg liic ndy se do mdt thilt ehl ddc lap trong BMQL nhd nutre thudc
nhdnh quyen lyc thii tu ddm nhipm. Vipc xdy dyng ca quan BVHP dpc lap, chuyen trdch va tap trung theo dl xuat ciia dong chi Dd Mudi Id hoan todn c6 ca sd khoa hgc va thyc tien. Bdi le gan ddy, GS.TS. Nguyin Ddng Dung da rdt thdng than chi ra mdt sy that cho phep khdng djnh vl
sy nhugc quyen cua mdt sd quan chuc, co quan cdng quyin d edp cao nhat trong hp thdng quyen lyc nhd nude da din mue bdo ddng vd can phai sdm dugc chdm diit: "Thyc tl cd rdt nhiiu hoat ddng vi biln, nhung cho den nay chua cd mdt quyet djrJi ndo dugc Qudc hgi tuyen bd la vi hiin" (•TL 63, tr.l4). Do dd, ca chi BVHP chuyen trdch vd tap trung thugc Md hinh B nay lai cung cd thi dugc thanh lap theo 1 trong 2 phuang dn sau:
1.1. Phuong dn thd nhdt - cac quy dinh vl quyin KTrHP trong
HPSD se dugc ghi nhan trong mdt Phdn ddc idp (ngodi 3 Phan ddc lap vl
QLP, QHP va QTP) mang ten Id "Nhung ca sd hiin dinh ciia quyin KTrHP" vd tham quyin BVHP se do chinh Hgi ddng BVHP thuc hiin vi Chil lich Hgi ddng BVHP khdng phdi Id nguyen thit qude gia (do Chii
tjch nude van diing dau nhdnh QHP vd thdm chi tryc tilp chi dao va diiu
hanh 8 - 9 Bg/ca cau trong bdn ITnh vyc Id Ddi ngoai, Qudc phdng.
An ninh va BVPL (nhu da phan tich vl QHP tai Myc §2 tren day thugc Phdn II nay).
1.2. Phuong dn thd hai - cdc quy djnh vl quyin KTrHP trong HPSD se do HDHP dudi su chu tich cua chinh nguyen thii qudc gia thvc hiin
(do Chu tjch nude trong Phuang dn ndy khdng cdn la ngudi dirng ddu nhdnh QHP nhu trong Phuang dn thu nhat nira va nhanh QHP liic nay chi cdn cd cac quy ph^m hiin djnh ve Chi'nh phii ma thdi), cdn cac quy pham hien djnh ve Chii tjch nude se dugc ghi nhan trong mgt nhanh quyin lyc
dgc lap thir tu (bao gom ca cdc quy ph^m biln djnh vl HDHP) ngoai 3 Phan dgc lap (vl QLP, QHP vd QTP) mang ten "Nhung co sd hiin dinh ciia nguyen thu qudc gia".
2. Cdc quy pham hien djnh ve quyen KTrHP - mot nhanh quyen
lu-c nha nude d^c lap thir tir (ngoai ba nhdnh truyen thong). Theo Md hinh B nay, vi quyin KTrHP dugc coi Id nhdnh quyin luc doe lap thd tu
(ma khdng thugc nhanh QTP) nen cdc quy dinh chung vl td chuc bd may tu phdp vd hp thdng Tda dn (nhu da phdn tich tren ddy vl ca bdn van giu
cdn dieu khoan nao de cap den 'TAW? nt'a. vi ndi dung quyen KTrHP
dutre cu the' hda htrn hang cae tjuy pliani hien dinh trong Phdn dtic lap ngoai 3 Phdn dl cap vl 3 quyin la QIP- QI IP vd Qi'P (nhu dd neu tren) -
Phan "Nhieng cir sir hien dinh cua uiiycn KTrHP" hodc la Phan "Nhieng ca Sir hiin dinh cua nguyen iliu qudc gia". ehii thay ddi tir "tham phan" =
tu "thanh vien" va cum tu "LAIIP" bang cum lir "Hdi ddng BVHP" (hodc Id cum ur "HDI 11^"). Nhu \ay, cae quy dinh trdng Phdn ddc lap
(ngoai 3 Phan dl cap ve 3 qu\en la QLP, QIIP vd QTP) "Nhung ca sd hien dinh cua quyen KTrHP" can dieu ehinh hai nhdm vdn de co bdn vd quan trgng htrn ca - cac quy djnh chung ve bd may KTrHP (1); dja vj
phap ly, CO cau Id chire va thdm quyen ciia Hdi ddng BVHP (2) - md dudi day diimg ta se lan lugt xem xet.
2.1. Cdc epiy dinh ehung ve Id chuc ho may KTrHP cdn ghi nhdn
trong HPSD nhiing ndi dung theo hudng - nhCrng nguyen tdc ca ban eiia quyin KTri IP (I) va, ca quan Klri IP (2).
1) Nhimg nguyen tac ctr ban cua quyen KTrHP cao nhdt d Viet Nam can dugc khang djnh rd rang vd dirt khoat v e mat lap hien la chi do mgt ca quan KTrHP duy nhdl la Hgi ddng BVHP thuc hien va tiep theo
dd, can liet ke nhirng nguyen tdc cu the nay la: a) Quyen KTrHP duge
thuc hien bang boat ddng lai phdn vd gidi thich Hien phdp; b) Tuypt ddi
tuan thil nhung nguyen lac ca ban ciia vice Id chuc BMQL nha nude dugc ghi nhan tai Hien phap nay de bao dam cho quyen KTrHP thyc su ddc lap vi sy thuc thi cdng ly, cdng bang va le phai trong mdt Nha nude phap quyin dich thirc eiia nhdn ddn, do nhan dan vd vi nhdn dan; c) Ddc lap chju trach nhiem Inrng qua trinh thirc hien cac chuc ndng, thdm quyen du?c Hien phap va luat quy dinh doi vtii bg may KTrHP; d) Hgp tdc ciing vd. cae nhcinh quyen luc nha nirt'rc khac irong vice thue hipn cac chuc ndng, thdm quyen ciia moi nhanh de bdo diim cho ca che phdn cdng, phdi hgp vd kiem sodt giiia cac nhanh quyen luc nhd IIIKVC dugc thirc thi mdt cdch ddng bt). thdng nhat v a cd hieu qua cao trong cac ITnh vuc boat dting Nhd nude vi lgi ich chung eiia Td qudc vd nhan dan; d) Thuc su cdng tdm, vd tu, khach quan va khdng dugc de cho bat ky sy thien kiln chinh tri hay sy tdc dgng cua cd nhan hay nhdm ngudi nao ed the lam dnh hudng den quyen KTrHP md Hien phdp va cac lual cd lien quan quy djnh. Ngodi ra, d day cung can ghi nhan them la: Cac quy djnh ciia he lhdng phdp ludt qudc gia
ve to chiic va boat ddng cua bg mdy KTrHP d Viet Nam phai tuyet doi tudn thil va dya tren cdc nguyen tdc ca ban dugc ghi nhdn lai khcdn 1 Dieu nay.
2) v l ca quan KTrHP edn ghi nhdn nhiing ndi dung cy the theo hudng nhu sau: a) Ca quan KTrHP cao nhdt d Viet Nam la Hdi ddng BVHP (ggi tdt la Hgi ddng bdo hiin); b) Co quan KTrHP ddc lap, chi tudn theo Hiin phdp, phdp luat vd khdng phu thudc vao bat ky cd nhan, ca quan hay td chiic nao; c) Ca quan KTrHP trong pham vi nhirng tham quyen vd chuc ndng cua minh cd nhipm vy bao vp cdc quyen va ty do biln djnh cua con ngudi va ciia cdng dan, ciing nhu tinh phdp che tdi thugng vd hipu lyc tryc tilp cua Hiin phdp, ddng thdi ddu tranh phdng vd chong bit ky hanh vi (dudi dang hdnh ddng hodc/va khdng hdnh dgng) vi hiin ndo hodc bdt ky vdn bdn vi hiin ndo; d) Chi ed ca quan KTrHP mdi cd thdm quyen gidi quyet vd dua ra phdn quyet cudi ciing ve mat phap ly doi vdi cdc vy, viec cd lien quan den Hien phdp; d) Bdt ky hdnh vi ndo (bdng hdnh ddng hodc khdng hanh dgng) nhdm can thiep, cdn trd, tdc dgng hodc gdy dnh hudng tieu eye ddi vdi vipc thye hipn thdm quyen hien djnh ciia da quan KTrHP diu Id sy vi pham nghiem trpng Hien phdp vd phdi bj xu ly nghiem khdc theo luat djnli.
2.2. Cdc quy phgm hien dinh ve dia vi phdp ly, co edu td chuc vd thdm quyin cita Hgi ddng BVHP can ghi nhan nhung ngi dung cy the
theo hudng nhu sau:
1) Hgi ddng BVHP la thiit chi tap trung duy nhdt trang BMQL nhd nude Viet Nam cd thdm quyin cao nhdt vi KTrHP de thyc hien boat ddng
tai phdn va gidi thich Hiin phdp, ddng thdi dua ra phan quyet ve mdt phdp ly doi vdi nhung van de ve tinh hgp hien, vi hien hodc thii tyc td tyng Hiin phdp theo quy djnh cua Hiin phdp va cdc luat tuang ung;
2) Ca cau vd thdm quyin ciia Hgi ddng BVHP - ve ca bdn van giu nguyen cdc quy dinh tuang ung cua TAHP (da xem xet tai Myc §3 tren
cua Phan III nay) chi thay ddi tir "thdm phdn" bdng tir "thdnh vien" va cym tir "TAHP" bdng cym tur "Hgi ddng BVHP") nhung dl trdnh sy trimg
lap nen d ddy chung tdi khdng dan lai niia;
3) Cdng ddn Viet Nam d trong do tuoi khdng dudi 40 vd khdng cdn lam cdng tdc chinh tri trong thdi gian it nhdt 4 ndm trd len tinh den thdi diem dugc bd nhiem, cd phdm chat dao due tdt, cd trinh dg Dai hgc Luat chinli
quy, c(') thdm men cdng lac tn)ng nganh lien quan den phdp ludt tu 15 nam trd len vd ducre thira nhan chung trong gidi luat hpc cua dat nude Id ed trinh do chuyen mdn gioi ve lual hpc, cd ban ITnh kien quyll BVHP, cd thi dutre Chii
tich nirtic de nghi VDB {Qudc hgi - neu la Qudc hdi mdt Vipn) bd iihie-m mgt Idn (khdng thtri luui) lam thanh vien Hdi dong BVHP.
4) Thdnh vien khdng duang nhien ciia Hdi ddng BVHP d Viet Nam: a) Khdng the ddng thdi lam viec trong bien che co hiiu thudc bdt ky ca quan cdng quyen ndo ciia BMQL nha nutre hay bat ky doanh nghiep ndo (trir boat ddng gidng day - NCKH); b) Khi nhdn chire vy phdi tuyen the chi phuc vu Hien phap, phap luat va cdng ly; c) Ddc lap va chi tudn theo Hien phdp vd phap luat trong qua trinh thirc thi cdng vu; d) Khdng the bj bat giam hodc truy td neu khdng cd cdn cir do phdp ludt quy dinli; d) Duge lam viec den tudi 70 tudi neu linh trang sire Lhoe khdng can trd viec thuc thi cdng vu; e) Cd the bj dinh chi bode tude tham quyen cdng vu, trong trudng hgp vi pham dao dire nghe nghiep, bj ky lual bode bj truy cim TNHS.
5) Nhiing thdm quyen eiia Hdi ddng BVHP ve ca bdn cdn dugc ghi nhdn nhu cdc quy pham tuong img ve nhiing thdm quyen cua TAHP (chi
thay ddi tu "thdm phe'in" bdng tir "thdnh vien" va cum tir "TAHP" bdng cym tir "Hdi ddng BVHP") nhung cung de triinli su tning lap nen d day
chung tdi khdng dan lai nua.
3. Cac quy pham hien djnh ve KTrHP vdi tu each la thdm quyen cija Hpi ddng Hien phap thuoc nguyen thii quoc gia mpt thiet che Nha nude doc lap (ngoai 3 nhanh quyen luc truyen thong). Day chinh la phuang an dya tren yeu cau ciia dong chi Do Mudi (nhu da neu trong
thu ma Bdo "Lao ddng" da dang) cd ket hgp vdi tinh than chi dao trong
Nghi quyit Dai hdi Ddng Idn thir XI, Cuang ITnh 1991 (Phdt triln, bo sung ndm 2011) va Hdi nghj TW 2 khda XI vl dinh hudng sua ddi, bd
sung chi; djnh Chu tjch nude vdi tu cdch Id nguyen thu qude gia Id: "Nghien edu xeic dinh rd hern quyin hgn vd trdch nhiim cua Chu tich nude eii ihuc hiin ddy dii chdc ndng nguyen thii qudc gia thay mat Nhd nue're^ vi ddi ndi, ddi ngogi vd thdng ITnh cdc luc lugng vii trang nhdn ddn, quan he giiea Chit tich nude vdi eeic ca quan thuc hiin quyin liip phdp, hdnh phitp vd Iu phdp" - tire Chii tjch nude dirng ngodi ba nhanh
phdi hgrp vd kiim sodt viee thuc hien ba nhdnh quyin luc ndy nen vi /ay, se Id hgp ly neu nhu Chii tjch nude ddng thdi la Chu tjch HDHP n.idm
thyc hien thdm quyin BVHP chuyen trdch vd tap trung de xu ly cue van bdn hodc nhirng hanh vi vi pham Hiin phdp. Nhu vay, phdn ddc lap
"Nhieng ea sd hiin dinh cua nguyen thit qude gia" trong HPSD cua giai doan xdy dung NNPQ Viet Nam cdn dieu chinh ba nhdm vdn de Idn va
quan trgng ban cd - cdc quy djnh chung ve che djnh nguyen thu qude gia (I), nhiing tham quyin ciia Chu tjch nude (2) va HDHP (3) ma dudi day chiing ta se lan lugt xem xet.
3.1. Cdc quy dinh chung vi chi dinh nguyen thit qudc gia can ghi
nhdn vl mat lap biln nhung ndi dung theo hudng Id: 1) Nhirng nguyen tdc CO ban eua ehl djnh nguyen thii qudc gia; 2) Dja vj phdp ly ciia Chu
tjch nude vd; 3) Thu tuc dan hach Chii tjch nude. Vi hai ndi dung sau ve CO ban giong nhu hai ndi dung tuang irng ve Chii tjch nude (da xem xet
tai Myc §2 tren ddy cua Phdn III nay) nhung de Udnh sy trimg lap nen d day chung tdi khdng dan lai nira) va chi de cap den ngi dung ddu lien, ma theo dd cdn ghi nhdn Id:
1) Nguyen thu qudc gia la mdt thiet che Nha nude ddc lap ndm
ngodi cdc nhdnh QLP, QHP va QTP, dugc nhdn dan iiy quyen cho Chu tjch nude dam nhipm dl thyc hipn nhu-ng tham quyen vd hoat dgng theo
cdc quy djnh cua Hiin phdp va Ludt "Vi Chii tich nude quy dinh".
2) Nhii:ng nguyen tdc ca ban eiia che djnh nguyen thu qudc gia la:
a) Tuypt doi tudn thu nhimg nguyen tdc ca ban dugc ghi nhdn tai Hit-n phdp ndy dl xung dang la bilu tugng cho ddn tdc va la ngudi dai dipn cho Nhd nude trong eac quan he ddi ngi va ddi ngoai; b) Thyc thi mdt each nghiem chinh, chinli xdc vd ddy dii d mirc tdi da cdc ca che phap ly de bao vp cdc quyin vd ty do cua con ngirdi vd ciia cdng ddn; c) Ddc lap chju trdch nhiem trong qud trinh thyc hien nhiing thdm quyen dugc Hien phdp vd
luat quy djnh ddi vdi Chu tjch nude; d) Diiu hda, phdi herp vd kiim sodt
cdc nhdnh quyin luc nhd nude khdc (QLP, QHP vd QTP) trong viec thirc hipn cae ehirc ndng, thdm quyin ciia moi nhdnh de bdo ddm cho ca die
kilm tra vd cdn bdng giira cdc nhanh quyen lyc nha nude dugc iliirc ihi
mdt cdch dong bd, thong nhdt vd ed hieu qud cao trong cac ITnh vuc boat ddng Nha nude vdi lgi ich chung ciia To qudc va nhan dan; d) Tdn trgng thyc sy ddc lap ciia bd may lap phdp, hanh phap vd tu phdp ma Hien phap
va phap ludt quy djnh; khdng can thiep irai phap ludt vdo qud trinh thyc hien cac chuc ndng, thdm quyen ciia cac nhanh quyin luc nhd nirtic khac ma Hien phdp vd phap hull quy dinh.
3) Cdc quy dinh ciia he lhdng phap lual qudc gia ve boat ddng ciia (^hii tjch nude d \iel Nam phai tuyet ddi luan ihii va dya tren cac nguyen tac c(r ban dirtrc ghi nhan tai khoan 1 Diiu nay.
3.2. Cdc quy phgm hien dinh ve thdm quyen cita Chu tich ntee're cdn
ghi nhan rd rdng nhung ndi dung theo hudng phan djnh dirt khoat 3 nhdm thdm quyen theo linh than chi dao Irong 3 van ban neu tren ciia Ddng la:
1) Miirng thdm quyen ciia Chu tich nutre vai tu each la nguyen thu qudc gia; 2) Nhung thdm quyen ciia Chii tich nircrc vdi tu cdch la thdng ITnh cdc LLVTND; 3) Nhirng thdm quyen cua Chii lich nude trong quan he vcii cdc ca quan thuc hien QLP (Qudc hdi). QHP (Chinh phu) vd QTP (he thtdng TAND vd he thong VKSND).
3.3. Cdc quy phgm hiin dinh ve HDHP ve ea bdn ghi nhdn nhiing npi
dung theo hudng cae quy pham hien dinh tuong irng vl TAHP vd Hdi ddng BVEIP (da xem xet tren day) la: 1) Nhirng nguyen tac co ban ciia quyen KTrHP; 2) Co quan KTrHP; 3) Dja vj phap ly vd co cdu to chuc ciia HDHP vd; 4) Nhung thdm quyen ciia HDHP. Vi vdy, dl trdnh su iriing hip nen d ddy chiing tdi klidng dan lai nira ma chi dc cap din ndi dung dau tien, vd chi luu y mdt sd dae diem khac biet la:
1) Quyen KTrHP cao nhdt d Viet Nam chi do mgt ca quan KTrHP duy nheit la HDHP do Chu tich nude lam Chit Hch Hdi ddng ndy thyc liipa
2) Khdc vdi TAHP va Htii ddng BVHP, sd luting 5 ngudi Id cdc dng vien lu nhdnh QHP la elo Chinh pint gidi thieu.