TRO CHUYlN TRlfT HOC • 169
ay. V�y thl tiep c�n Holderlin la tiep c�n nguon tho ay. Nhung tc}.i sao tiep c�n ma khong tam minh vao? Vi d6
la Uyen Nguyen va trong khi chung ta do dam tren buoc
tien lc}.i gan, thi Uyen Nguyen cling dive voi chung ta trong the 1� rieng bi�t: gan gui ma xa xoi"(l) ...
Dang sau each <lien dc}.t bay bong nhung kha t6i tam ay la <lien trinh tu tu6'ng cua Heidegger duQ'c Bui Giang theo doi sat sao va the nh�p tr9n v�n. Co the chia S\i "tiep c�n" cua Heidegger voi tho Holderlin lam hai th6'i ky: tho'i ky som tu 1934 den 1939 Va tho'i ky mUQn la 1939-1946, voi S\l khac bi�t quan tr9ng.
Th6'i ky som noi b�t voi hai lu�n van: "Holderlin va ban chat cua thi ca" (Bui Giang dich va giang trong Liti
Co Quq,n, An Tiem, 1972, tr. 146-242) va "Sieu hinh h9c nhq,p mon" ( duQ'c Bui Giang dich va giang mc;,t phan trong
Trang Chau Tho ( Que Son, Vo Tanh, 1969, tr. 207-308).
0 th6'i ky nay, Heidegger xem Holderlin la mc;,t thi sI quan tr9ng, nhung khong quan tr9ng vai tu each thi sI, ma nhu la triet gia-thi sI, n6i khac di, tuy Holderlin lam tho, nhung n<;>i dung cua n6 khong phan bi�t v6'i triet gia. Th�t ra, nhung dc].i thi hao Tay phuong nhu Homer, Sophockles, Virgil, Dante, Shakespeare va Goethe thgc hi¢n ban chat cua thi ca con phong phu hon ca Holderlin, nhung tc1-i sao Heidegger lc1-i t�p trung vao Holderlin? Ly
do la vl, theo ong, Holderlin la nha tho lam tha ve' thi ca.
1 Bui Giang: Li H<}i Thang Ba, NXB Van h6a Sai Gem, tai ban 2008, tr. 7 va ti�p. 2008, tr. 7 va ti�p.
170 • BUI YAN NAUON
Ong gQi Holderlin la "thi sI cua nhftng thi sf'(l) khong theo nghia ton vinh ve dang cap ma chi vi Holderlin la nha thd cua ban than thi ca. Holderlin da viet nhftng cau thd ve ban than thi ca nhu the nao, trong chung mljc la m9t thu "sieu - thi ca" mang day du tu each cua m9t nha tu tu6'ng? Xin diem L�i ngan g9n nam diem:
- Hai diem dau tien co ve mau thuan vo'i nhau. Holderlin g9i thi ca la c6ng vi�c "hon nhien thd d(;li
nhat"<2), nhung dong tho'i
cung la cong vi�c "nguy hie'm nhat''(3). Vl le thi ca nay sinh
.. trong ngon ngft, nen cau hoi co the d�t L�i la: ai lam chu ngon ngft va ngon ngft hiem nguy theo nghfa nao?
Holderlin Theo Heidegger, ng6nngft
la cai gi qua "than thiet'' v6'i con ngu6'i, no co the "thoi mien" ta 6' ve ngoai khien ta de bo qua can cd, nen tang. S\i ham ho cua ng6n ngu lam cho cai khong ban chat tro' thanh ban chat, dong tho'i bien ban chat thanh cai gi n6ng n6i, bi phu. Doi di�n v6'i hiem nguy ay, Holderlin
1 Martin Heidegger: Holder/in und das Wesen der Dichtung I Holder/in va ban chdt cua thi ca, Toan t�p, T�p 4, tr. 47. Holder/in va ban chdt cua thi ca, Toan t�p, T�p 4, tr. 47.
2 F.Holderlin: "Dichten: diss unschuldigste al/er Geschii,ffte" (III,77), Sdd. Tr. 31. 77), Sdd. Tr. 31.
3 "Darum ist der Giiter Gefahrlichsten, die Sprache dem Menschen gegeben ... damit er zeuge, was er sei ... " (IV, 246), Sdd. Tr. 31. gegeben ... damit er zeuge, was er sei ... " (IV, 246), Sdd. Tr. 31.
TRO CHUYlN TRIO HOC • 171
da tra gia bang sl.j dien lo.;tn cua rninh, rnc)t sl.j c6 kh6ng the dieu trt hay Cl.Ill chfia bang y hc;>c. "Dien lo.;tn la s6
ph�n cua Holderlin, vi "nhfing hoa tr.ii dau rnua bao gio cfing thu9c ve phan cua than linh" va Holderlin la "hoa tr.ii bi lqch nhat trong Itch SU nude Due". Phai chang ta cfing c6 the n6i nhu the ve Bui Giang?
- Diem. thu ba: con nguoi chi hi�n huu trong ng6n ngfi, va ng6n ngfi bao gio cfing hi�n hfiu trong d6i tho.;ti, trong "n6i" va "nghe". D6 la d�c tning cua con nguoi, b6'i
chi con nguoi m6'i mang thifi tinh, tuc tim thay chinh
minh ngay trong long sl.j v�t khi chung duQ'c tung bu6'c khai m6' bang m9t each nao d6. N g6n ngfi la ndi ta the nghi�rn: ho�c c6 the di sau vao duQ'c vung an m�t, khep kin cua thtjc t.;ti khan do, ho�c chi phai dung l.;ti 6' be m�t cua sl.j hi�n di�n tho sd.
- Diem thu tu la tu chinh loi thd cua Holderlin:
"nhang gi be'n vang la do thi Sl thiet lq,p nen"(I). Nhung gi tli6'ng nhli vfing hen, thliong trt;i trong the gian deu can dliQ'c "thiet l�p nen, neu kh6ng, chung se bi chirn lap, lan l9n trong m.6' hon mang". De sl.j v�t hien hi�n ra cho ta, ta phai dung vao vung anh sang thich hQ'p. Nhu the, con nguoi kh6ng chi tht;i dc)ng ngoi nhin sl.j v�t chung quanh, roi gc;>i ten chung. N guQ'c l.;ti, chinh thi si aijt ten
cho chung, va chi c6 vi�c aijt ten nay m6'i thiet l�p nen sl.j v�t. Sl,i v�t va ban than Ton t.;ti khong bao gio phdi bay ma phai duqc sang t.;to va thiet l�p. Thi si c6 vai tro 1 F. Holderlin: "Was bleibt aber, stiften die Dichter" (IV, 63), Sdd.
172 • BUI VAN NAMSON
trung tam trong st;t hi�n huu cua con nguoiC1).
- Va sau cung, diem thu nam, l:�i tu mc;,t cau thd khac cua Holderlin: "con ngucti song tren dcti nhu m¢t thi sz"C2).
Song nhu mc;,t thi si la song giua long nhung gi thieng lieng, vita an giau, vita vay g9i, mang ta den ga.'n ban chat cua slj v�t. Stj hi�n huu duQ'c thi si t�o dtjng va thiet l�p la mc;,t qua t�ng duQ'c ban cha ta, ben ngoai quyen nang cua ca nhan moi nguoi. Cung the, thi ca khong chi la m<)t tro chdi voi nhung tu ngu va ngu phap da c6 san, trai l�i, cau t�o nen ban chat cua ngon ngu, qua d6, cau t�o nen ca moi quan h� cua mc;,t dan tc;,c v6'i v�n m�nh Itch SU cua minh. Thi si khong tai t�o cai kha kien, trai l�i, lam cha n6 tr& nen kha kien. D6 cung la y cua Holderlin khi n6i ve Oedipus, nhan v�t than tho�i da tlj m6c mat minh: "C6 le due vua Oedipus c6 thua m<)t con mat!". Nhu Heidegger nh�n xet: c6 le Holderlin cung c6 thua m<)t con mat! Holderlin la thi si cua thcti dt;ii khan kh6,
khi the gioi cu khong con ma the gioi moi chua den. Stj dien lo�n cua nha thd la ket qua cua slj canh gift co ddn, cua vi�c sang t�o nen nhung slj th�t m6'i me, du khong may ai hay biet. Nhu the, trong thoi ky nay, Heidegger
1 Chu<5n chu6n, Chau chtiu, Rung Marylin, Biin Bardot, Nganh Novak, Doa John Keats, MiJn Ha Thanh, Nganh M{lt ni¢m, Doa Novak, Doa John Keats, MiJn Ha Thanh, Nganh M{lt ni¢m, Doa U linh, H<5ng tinh Hqc lam, Qujmh Lai Thi Xu, Nghin thu C6 IZ;tc, Ngay Hy Nga, Dem Be Chi, Hoa tren Ngan, Song H6ng Hoang, ThJm dl;lc v9ng ... (xem them: Mai Thao, M(jt vai ky nifm voi Bui Giang, trong nhiSu tuy�n t�p)
2 "Voll Verdienst, doch dichterisch wohnet Der Mensch au/ dieser Erde" (VI, 25) Sdd. tr. 31. Erde" (VI, 25) Sdd. tr. 31.
TRO CHUY(N TRllT HOC • 173 danh gia cao chat hiQ'ng tu tliong trong thd Holderlin: thi si thiet l�p nen nhfing nhu cau thiet yeu va nghiem tr9ng, vdi "SU m�nh" khoi ph1,1c l�i nhfing gi da suy tan, gay do cua m9t thoi vang son qua khu (nhu nen "ngh� thu�t lctn" cua "h� hinh Hy L�p")C1).
Heidegger viet nhung loi mq.nh me: "Cong vi�c cua chung ta la mang lq.i quyen hjc cho Holderlin". N6i each khac, o day, thi sI va triet gia khong con phan hi�t ve SU m�nh; hQ chi khac nhau O tinh each va phlidng ti�n: m9t hen dung loi an d1,1, it nhieu toi tam, m9t hen SU d1,1ng khai ni�m minh nhien, sang sua. Holderlin la quan tr9ng, nhung chlia phai vdi tu each la ngh� si ma nhu la triet gia: "dung tren dinh nui cao cua thoi dq.i, thau hieu qua khu va dt.t p hong tlidng lai". Ta de dang lien Wong den thoi ky dau cua Bui Giang Mita NgucSn, cua Bui Giang, Heidegger va tu tuang hi¢n df!i ...
"Diti xieu do nguo'n xua anh tra lfli Giaa hu VO em gia nhe nga:n nay ... JJ
Sau mot Nietzsche hd vd, "mat que hudng", Heidegger muon nhin thay ndi Holderlin hinh anh va loi keu gQi cua ke "quy hoi co qu�n", tim l�i duQ'c que hudng da mat.