hinh. Trang tniong hc;;p tn.tdc, ta phai tim ra cac dau moc n()i t9i ( thu()c Heh su tu' tu'ong) hay ngo;;ii t;;ii ( slj ki�n }ieh SU hi�n thljc) lam can cu de viet Iich SU triet hQc. N gu'Q'C 19i, phuong p�ap lo9i hinh thi no Ive di tim cac 4�c diem chung nhat de phan bi�t giua cac hinh thai trong long triet hQc duong d9i ding nhti giua hinh thai du'ong d9i CU.a triet hQC Vdi cac hinh thai tnidc day.
Phuong phap Heh SU hiin thljc, ngo(li tt;ii to ra khong giup ich gi may eho ta: nam 1900 khong c6 slj ki�n triet h9c nao d�c bi�t. N gay ca hai CUQC the chien ( 1914- 1918; 1939-1945) ciing (rat dang ng9c nhien!) khong lam nay sinh cac CUQC nghi lu�n triet hQC tr\jc tiep. Trong The chien II, cac triet gia it nhieu ling he) chu nghia quoc xa chi la so rat it va khong may ten tuoi (Ernst Krieck, Alfred ... ,.,, ... ..-. Baeumler, v.v ... ). Truc:1ng hc;;p Martin Heidegger la mc)t ngo9i I� va chi keo dai khong day mc)t nam. Sau 1945, do'i song "han Jam" CU.a triet hQC }9i tiep tl)C hau nhu "binh thuc:1ng". M¢t so triet gia ten tuoi (Max Horkheimer, Th. W.Adorno, Helmuth Plessner ... ) tro ve l�i Au chau sau thoi gian ti n�n o My van con dung ben le.
TRO CHUY(N TRlfT HOC • 181
Trong khi d6, Tritt h9c phan tich cua khu Vljc Anh - My d.inh hinh tu nhung nam 30-40 chi d.uqc du nh�p va tiep thu o Tay Au m<)t each kha mu<)n ma.�g.tu nhung nam 1960. Con hi�n tliqng h9c, triet h9c hi�n sinh, thong <lien h9c ( cac "d.�c san" cua triet h9c Tay Au) ciing gay tieng vang it oi o khu Vljc Anh - My. Mai den dau nhung nam 1980 moi thay bat dau CO Sl.j giao thoa, h<)i nh�p th\ic s\i giua hai truyen thong triet h9c: Tay Au (l'l:lc dia) vaAnh-My.
Tuy nhien, cac dau m6c Itch SU n9i tq.i cua tu tliong triet h9c l�i rat noi b�t. C6 the n6i: ba tac pham triet h9c cua th�p nien 1920 da thl.jc sl.j c6 y nghia v�ch thoi d.�i va tac d.<)ng cua chung c6 y nghia quyet d.inh d.en vi�c hinh thanh cac loq.i hinh chu yeu va tieu bieu cua toan b<) triet h9c Au My the ky XX. Theo chung toi, d.6 la ba tac pham sau day: Lu�n van logic-triet h9c (Tractatus logico philosophicus (1921)) cua Ludwig Wittgensl:ein; Lich sil va y thuc giai cap ( Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein
( 1923)) cua Georg Lukacs; va Ton tq.i va Thiti gian (Sein und Zeit (1927)) cuaMartin Heidegger. Nhuvua n6i, ca ba tac pham deu c6 y nghia "each m�ng tli tlictng" va d�t
Cd Sd ly lu�n cho ba truyen thong hay ba lo�i hinh triet h9c rieng bi�t.Ta thu diem so qua:
- Quyen Luq.n viin/ (Tractatus) cua L. Wittgensl:ein hoan tat budc ngo�t cua "triet h9c ve y thuc" sang "triet h9c ve ngon ngu" d.a bat d.au manh nha tu Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore V. v ... va, c6 the n6i Iagiay khai sinh cho Trieth9c-phan tich, hay dung hdn, cho Tri et
182 • BUI YAN NAM iON
h9c - phan tich ng6n ngu. Nh6m Vienna (Ao) gom Rudolf Carnap, Moritz Schlick, Otto N eurath, Friedrich Waismann, Hans Reichenbach ... vao nhung nam 1930 deu chu yeu dlja vao Wittgenstein. Do vi�c sap nh�p nuoc Ao vao de che Due nam 1938 khien phan lon cac thanh vien cua nh6m Vienna phai ra nu'oc ngoai ti n�n, nen, t�i Anh va My, hQ tro thanh nhung khu6n m�t tieu bieu cho ca m<)t the h� triet h9c han lam (ke ca K. Popper, du 6ng som giu khoang each voi phai thljc chung va to ra it c6 thi�n cam voi cac each d�t van de cua Wittgenstein). Toan b<) nganh khoa h9c
luq;n hi�n d�i deu mang d�m dau an cua Wittgenstein va
cac thanh vien cua nh6m Vienna.
- Quyen Ljch sit va j thuc giai cap cua Georg Lukacs la nen tang cua "chu nghia Marx Tay Au" hay" chu nghia Marx moi" (Ernst Bloch, Karl Korsch ... ) va ca cho ((Ly
luJn - Phe phan" I Kritische Theorie cua "tniong phai
Frankfurt" lung danh voi nhung Max Horkheimer, Th. W. Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Herbert Marcuse ... Ngay tu tnioc khi phat hi�n cac tac pham thoi tre cua Marx, Lukacs da nhan m�nh den moi quan h� m�t thiet cua
Marx v6'i Hegel, khien lu�n diem cho rang chu nghia Marx la ke "ke thua chinh dang cua triet hQc co dien Due" (Engels) tro nen kha tin hdn. Cach dQC Marx cua Lukacs da day lui vi�c quy gian cac tac pham cua Marx vao kinh te - chinh tri hQC Va mo ra kha nang noi ket giua tu tttong cua Marx voi cac nganh khoa h9c xa h<)i va nhan van - va ve sau,
TRO CHUY(N TRIO HOC + 183
llfl, THOUOMr, ANO ,ouTICi
ARl'AO KAO-.RKAT
v6'i ca phan tam h9c - trong trien v9ng giai quyet nhieu van de triet h9c truyen thong bang cac phttdng ti�n m6'i me. C6 the n6i, khong the hieu "trttong phai Frankfurt" va cac tu ttt6ng canh ta tien b9 6 Tay Au va Bae My neu khong ke den tac d<)ng sau sac Cl.la G. Lukacs.
Neu Tritt h9c -Phan t{ch va Ly lu�n -Phe phan bu<}c phai roi bo nu6'c Bue phat-xit va chau Au day kh6i Itta de tim "v�n may" 6 khu Vljc Anh - My thi tac d<}ng cua tac pham Ton tq.i va 1hili gian cua M.Heidegger tiep t\}C mq.nh me va sau n)ng o ngay tren manh dat Tay Au. Tac pham nay, trong thl,ic te, da lam lu mo cac cong trinh tien phong cua E. Husserl vi da d�t hi�n tttQ'ng hQc tren m9t Cd Sd m6'i, khien cho "trttong phai Heidegger" giuvai tro chu d�o trong doi song triet hQC Tay Au mai cho den cuoi nhung nam 1960. Ly do c6 phan de hieu:
184 • BUI YAN NAM SON