THOI DUONG DAI
''It takes two to make a truth"
Q.L.Ausl:in, 1950)
1
Tritt hqc Au My the ky XX la cong trinh bien dich do SQ do so�n gia Phan Qµang Dinh chat l9c, tong h<;ip va nghien ngam tit nguon tl.i li�u phong phu cua nhieu nha nghien Cl.Ill ljch SU triet h9c c6 uy tin nhu Remo Bodei, Chrisl:ian de Lacampagne, Denis Huisman, Andre Vergez, Bernard Morichere, Samuel E. Stumpf vaDonald C.Abel, V. v ... Quyen sachcong phu nayth�t c6 nhieu uu diem: n6 khong chi cho ta m9t hue tranh
178 • BUI VAN HAUdN
trong "m9t the ky phong phu va VO cung soi dc;,ng" ma con la m<)t bang luqc do' co gang "tai phoi tri nhung duong kinh duong vi de thu dtnh vt cac tQa dc;, cua nhung canh gioi tinh than cua chung ta\ giup nguoi dQC de theo doi CUQC hanh trinh phuc t.;ip ay. Phan "van tuyen" doi dao dliQ'c so.;in gia day cong phien djch cang tq.O Cd h9i cho nguoi dQC dliQ'C tnjc tiep thliong thuc nhung do.;in triet van sue tich va tieu bieu nhat cua tung moi triet gia duQ'c gioi thi�u. Nhung, dang tan thliong hdn ca van la phlidng phap bien so.;tn cua tac gia. Ong khong ch9n "kieu trinh bay tuyen tinh, tuc gioi thi�u nhung chuoi y kien duqc noi ket nhau boi sqi chi mong manh cua tien trinh thoi gian", cung khong chQn "kieu mo ta hen ngoai mQi khung canh ve nhung h� thong duqc thu gQn va dung ta.ch roi duqc gia dinh la c6 mc;,t ton t.;ti dc;,c l�p va phi thoi". Trai l.;ti, ong "thich kieu hj slj hdn: trinh bay nhung man canh ly thuyet duqc phan chia thanh nhang phac thao khai ni�m trong d6 dan xen va doi chung nhung l�p lu�n cua cac tac gia mang quyet tam giai minh nhung van ,te'trQng d.;ti cung la nhung van de thiet than doi voi chung ta". Duqc gQ'i hung tu phlidng phap bien so.;tn tren day cua tac gia, chung toi xin phep dong g6p them m<;>t vai y kien nh6 chung quanh vi�c trinh bay triet hQC Au My the ky xx
nhli m<)t toan canh va dong thoi nhli m<;>t bang luqc do',
nhan tac gia, nha xuat ban va Cong ty sach Thoi D.;ii cho toi vinh h�nh duqc viet doi loi gioi thi�u cho b<) sach quy nay.
TRO CHUY(N JRJ(T HOC • 179
2
Neu ta thu tim hieu triet h9cAuMythekyXXdudi g6c dQ Heh SU cua khai ni�m va cua cac van de, at ta tru'dc het phai tl.;i hoi: "triet h9c the ky XX" c6 nghia la gi? Phai chang nen triet h9c du'dng d<;1i ay chi la "thoi ky du'dng d<;1i" cua m9t nen triet h9c vinh cuu, bat bien (philosophia perennis), ho�c d6 la triet h9c ve/ cua tho'i duang d(;li vdi m9t n9i dung d�c thu nhu' each n6i cua Hegel: triet h9c "nam bat thoi d<;1i cua minh bang tu' tu'dng"?
Tu dau the ky XIX, nghia la tu sau st;i ra doi cua y
thuc ljch sit, triet h9c Tay phu'dng duong nhu' da chia tay vdi quan ni�m ve m9t nen "triet h9c vinh cuu", "sieu thoi gian". Dieunayd6ngnghia vdi vi�cxem ban than "thoi ky du'dng d<;1i" cua chinh minh nhu' m9t "van de" can du'Q'c suy tu'dng va xu ly ve m�t triet h9c. M¢t khi ly tinh con nguoi da d�t ninh vao trong dien trinh Heh SU thi nguoi lam triet h9c cfing khong con dung tren m9t quan diem sieu lich SU de hy v9ng c6 kha nang xem xet va danh gia tong quan ve dien trinh thoi gian Va S\t phat trien CUa tu' tu'dng m9t each "khach quan" du'Q'C nua. N6i khac di, tinh Itch SU cua triet h9c da tr6' nen thiet yeu gan lien vdi ban chat cua triet h9c, va, do d6, tinh hinh duang dt;ii cua
triet h9c cung ch{nh la tinh hinh cua triet h9c duang d(;li.
3
Di vao C\l the, neu ta muon xac dinh cai "du'dng d�i" nay, ta c6 the tiep c�n bang hai each: ljch sit ho�c loc;ii